PR 9e ISM 01, Graphs

Chapter 1
Graphs
(f) Quadrant IV
Section 1.1
1. 0
2.
3.
5 ( 3 ) = 8 = 8
32 + 42 = 25 = 5
4. 112 + 602 = 121 + 3600 = 3721 = 612

Since the sum of the squares of two of the sides
of the triangle equals the square of the third side,
the triangle is a right triangle.
5.
1
bh
2
14. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
6. true
7. x-coordinate; y-coordinate
Quadrant I
Quadrant III
Quadrant II
Quadrant I
y-axis
x-axis
8. quadrants
9. midpoint
10. False; the distance between two points is never
negative.
11. False; points that lie in Quadrant IV will have a
positive x-coordinate and a negative y-coordinate.
The point ( 1, 4 ) lies in Quadrant II.
x + x y + y2
12. True; M = 1 2 , 1
2
2
13. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
15. The points will be on a vertical line that is two

units to the right of the y-axis.
Quadrant II
x-axis
Quadrant III
Quadrant I
y-axis
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Chapter 1: Graphs
16. The points will be on a horizontal line that is

three units above the x-axis.
26. d ( P , P2 ) =
1
( 6 ( 4) )2 + ( 2 (3) )2
= 102 + 52 = 100 + 25
= 125 = 5 5
27. d ( P , P2 ) = (0 a) 2 + (0 b) 2
1
= ( a ) 2 + ( b ) 2 = a 2 + b 2
28. d ( P , P2 ) = (0 a) 2 + (0 a)2
1
= (a) 2 + (a )2
= a 2 + a 2 = 2a 2 = a
17. d ( P , P2 ) = (2 0)2 + (1 0) 2
1
= 22 + 12 = 4 + 1 = 5
29. A = (2,5), B = (1,3), C = (1, 0)
(1 (2) )2 + (3 5)2
d ( A, B ) =
18. d ( P , P2 ) = (2 0)2 + (1 0) 2
1
= 32 + (2) 2 = 9 + 4 = 13
= (2) 2 + 12 = 4 + 1 = 5
( 1 1)2 + (0 3)2
d ( B, C ) =
19. d ( P , P2 ) = (2 1) 2 + (2 1)2
1
= (2)2 + (3)2 = 4 + 9 = 13
= (3) 2 + 12 = 9 + 1 = 10
20. d ( P , P2 ) =
1
( 1 (2) )2 + (0 5)2
d ( A, C ) =
( 2 (1) )2 + (2 1)2
= 12 + (5)2 = 1 + 25 = 26
= 32 + 12 = 9 + 1 = 10
21. d ( P , P2 ) = (5 3)2 + ( 4 ( 4 ) )
1
= 22 + ( 8 ) = 4 + 64 = 68 = 2 17
2
=
23. d ( P , P2 ) =
1
2
( 2 ( 1) ) + ( 4 0 )2
( 3 )2 + 4 2
= 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
( 6 (3) )2 + (0 2) 2
Verifying that ABC is a right triangle by the

Pythagorean Theorem:
22. d ( P , P2 ) =
1
= 9 + ( 2) = 81 + 4 = 85
2
24. d ( P , P2 ) =
1
[ d ( A, B)]2 + [ d ( B, C )]2 = [ d ( A, C )]2
( 13 ) + ( 13 ) = (
2
( 4 2 )2 + ( 2 (3) )2
26
13 + 13 = 26
26 = 26
= 22 + 52 = 4 + 25 = 29
25. d ( P , P2 ) = (6 4)2 + ( 4 (3) )
1
The area of a triangle is A =
= 22 + 7 2 = 4 + 49 = 53
1
bh . In this
2
problem,
Section 1.1: The Distance and Midpoint Formulas
A = 1 [ d ( A, B) ] [ d ( B, C )]
2
1 13 13 = 1 13
=
2
2
13 square units
= 2
problem,
1
A = [ d ( A, B) ] [ d ( B, C )]
2
1
= 10 2 10 2
2
1
= 100 2
2
= 100 square units
30. A = (2, 5), B = (12, 3), C = (10, 11)
d ( A, B ) =
(12 (2) )2 + (3 5)2
31. A = ( 5,3), B = (6, 0), C = (5,5)
= 142 + (2) 2
d ( A, B ) =
= 196 + 4 = 200
= 112 + ( 3) 2 = 121 + 9
= 10 2
d ( B, C ) =
= 130
(10 12 )2 + (11 3)2
= (2) + (14)
2
d ( B, C ) =
= 26
= 10 2
d ( A, C ) =
(10 (2) )2 + (11 5)2
= 104
= 144 + 256 = 400

= 20
= 2 26


[ d ( A, C )]2 + [ d ( B, C )]2 = [ d ( A, B)]2
[ d ( A, B)]2 + [ d ( B, C )]2 = [ d ( A, C )]2

2
= ( 20 )
( 5 ( 5) )2 + (5 3)2
= 102 + 22 = 100 + 4
= 122 + (16)2
(10 2 ) + (10 2 )
( 5 6 )2 + (5 0)2
= (1) 2 + 52 = 1 + 25
= 4 + 196 = 200
d ( A, C ) =
( 6 ( 5) )2 + (0 3)2
104
) +(
2
26
) =(
2
130
104 + 26 = 130
130 = 130
1
The area of a triangle is A = bh . In this
2
200 + 200 = 400

400 = 400
1
2
Chapter 1: Graphs
problem,
1
A = [ d ( A, C )] [ d ( B, C ) ]
2
1
= 29 2 29
2
1
= 2 29
2
= 29 square units
problem,
1
A = [ d ( A, C )] [ d ( B, C ) ]
2
1
= 104 26
2
1
= 2 26 26
2
1
= 2 26
2
= 26 square units
33. A = (4, 3), B = (0, 3), C = (4, 2)
d ( A, B) = (0 4)2 + ( 3 (3) )
32. A = (6, 3), B = (3, 5), C = (1, 5)
= ( 4)2 + 02 = 16 + 0
( 3 (6) )2 + (5 3)2
d ( A, B ) =
= 16
= 92 + (8)2 = 81 + 64
=4
= 145
( 1 3 )
d ( B, C ) =
+ (5 (5))
d ( B, C ) =
= 41
= 116 = 2 29
( 1 ( 6) )
d ( A, C ) =
+ (5 3)
d ( A, C ) = (4 4)2 + ( 2 (3) )
= 25
= 29
=5


[ d ( A, C )]2 + [ d ( B, C )]2 = [ d ( A, B)]2
29
) + (2
2
= 02 + 52 = 0 + 25
= 5 + 2 = 25 + 4
2
( 4 0 )2 + ( 2 (3) )2
= 42 + 52 = 16 + 25
= (4) + 10 = 16 + 100
2
29
) =(
2
145
[ d ( A, B)]2 + [ d ( A, C )]2 = [ d ( B, C )]2
4 2 + 52 =
29 + 4 29 = 145
29 + 116 = 145
145 = 145
1
2
41
16 + 25 = 41
41 = 41
1
bh . In this
2
problem,
1
A = [ d ( A, B) ] [ d ( A, C )]
2
1
= 45
2
= 10 square units
1
[ d ( A, B) ] [ d ( B, C )]
2
1
= 42
2
= 4 square units
A=
34. A = (4, 3), B = (4, 1), C = (2, 1)
d ( A, B ) = (4 4) 2 + (1 (3) )
35. The coordinates of the midpoint are:

x +x y +y
( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1 2
2
2
3+5 4+ 4
=
,
2
2
8 0
= ,
2 2
= (4, 0)
= 0 2 + 42
= 0 + 16
= 16
=4
d ( B, C ) =
( 2 4 )2 + (1 1)2
= (2) 2 + 02 = 4 + 0

x + x y + y2
( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1
2
2
= 4
=2
d ( A, C ) = (2 4) 2 + (1 (3) )
1
bh . In this problem,
2
2 + 2 0 + 4
=
,
2
2
0 4
= ,
2 2
= ( 0, 2 )
= (2) 2 + 42 = 4 + 16
= 20
=2 5

x +x y +y
( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1 2
2
2
3 + 6 2 + 0
=
,
2
2
3 2
= ,
2 2
3
= ,1
2
x +x y +y
( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1 2
2
2
2 + 4 3 + 2
=
,
2
2
6 1
= ,
2 2
1
= 3,
2

[ d ( A, B)]2 + [ d ( B, C )]2 = [ d ( A, C )]2
42 + 2 2 = 2 5
16 + 4 = 20
20 = 20
Chapter 1: Graphs

x + x y + y2
( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1
2
2
52 + b 2 = 132
25 + b 2 = 169
b 2 = 144
4 + 6 3 + 1
=
,
2
2
2
10
= ,
2 2
= (5, 1)
b = 12
Thus the coordinates will have an y value of
1 12 = 13 and 1 + 12 = 11 . So the points
are ( 3,11) and ( 3, 13) .
Consider points of the form ( 3, y ) that are a
b.

x + x y + y2
( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1
2
2
distance of 13 units from the point ( 2, 1) .
d=
( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
( 3 (2) )2 + ( 1 y )2
4 + 2 3 + 2
=
,
2
2
2 1
=
,
2 2
( 5 ) 2 + ( 1 y ) 2
= 25 + 1 + 2 y + y 2
= 1,
2

x + x y + y2
( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1
2
2
y 2 + 2 y + 26
13 =
132 =
a+0 b+0
=
,
2
2
a b
= ,
2 2
y 2 + 2 y + 26
y 2 + 2 y + 26
169 = y 2 + 2 y + 26
0 = y 2 + 2 y 143
0 = ( y 11)( y + 13)
y 11 = 0 or y + 13 = 0
y = 11
y = 13

x + x y + y2
( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1
2
2
Thus, the points ( 3,11) and ( 3, 13) are a

a+0 a+0
=
,
2
2
a a
= ,
2 2
46. a. If we use a right triangle to solve the

problem, we know the hypotenuse is 17 units in
length. One of the legs of the triangle will be
2+6=8. Thus the other leg will be:
43. The x coordinate would be 2 + 3 = 5 and the y

coordinate would be 5 2 = 3 . Thus the new
point would be ( 5,3) .
82 + b 2 = 17 2
64 + b 2 = 289
b 2 = 225
b = 15
44. The new x coordinate would be 1 2 = 3 and

the new y coordinate would be 6 + 4 = 10 . Thus
the new point would be ( 3,10 )
Thus the coordinates will have an x value of

1 15 = 14 and 1 + 15 = 16 . So the points are
( 14, 6 ) and (16, 6 ) .
45. a. If we use a right triangle to solve the

problem, we know the hypotenuse is 13 units in
length. One of the legs of the triangle will be
2+3=5. Thus the other leg will be:
6

Consider points of the form ( x, 6 ) that are
b.
6 = x 2 8 x + 25
a distance of 17 units from the point (1, 2 ) .
d=
=
62 =
( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
(1 x )
+ ( 2 ( 6 ) )
= x 2 2 x + 1 + (8)
x=
0 = x 2 x 224
48. Points on the y-axis have an x-coordinate of 0.

Thus, we consider points of the form ( 0, y ) that
x = 14
x = 16
Thus, the points ( 14, 6 ) and (16, 6 ) are a
are a distance of 6 units from the point ( 4, 3) .
distance of 13 units from the point (1, 2 ) .
d=
=
( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
( 4 0 )2 + ( 3 y )2
= 42 + 9 + 6 y + y 2
47. Points on the x-axis have a y-coordinate of 0. Thus,

we consider points of the form ( x, 0 ) that are a
= 16 + 9 + 6 y + y 2
( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
y 2 + 6 y + 25
6 = x 2 + 6 x + 25
( 4 x ) 2 + ( 3 0 ) 2
= 16 8 x + x + ( 3)
on the x-axis and a distance of 6 units from the

point ( 4, 3) .
0 = ( x + 14 )( x 16 )
x + 14 = 0
or x 16 = 0
Thus, the points 4 + 3 3,0 and 4 3 3, 0 are
(8) (8)2 4(1)(11)

2(1)
8 64 + 44 8 108
=
2
2
86 3
=
= 43 3
2
x = 4 + 3 3 or x = 4 3 3
289 = x 2 2 x + 65
d=
17 = x 2 2 x + 65
x 2 2 x + 65
0 = x 2 8 x 11
= x 2 2 x + 65
x 2 8 x + 25
36 = x 2 8 x + 25
= x 2 2 x + 1 + 64
17 2 =
62 =
x 2 + 6 x + 25
36 = x + 6 x + 25
2
0 = x 2 + 6 x 11
= 16 8 x + x 2 + 9
= x 2 8 x + 25
x=
(6) (6) 2 4(1)(11)

2(1)
6 36 + 44 6 80
=
2
2
6 4 5
=
= 3 2 5
2
x = 6 + 2 5 or x = 6 2 5
=
Thus, the points 0, 6 + 2 5 and 0, 6 2 5
Chapter 1: Graphs
are on the y-axis and a distance of 6 units from the

point ( 4, 3) .
= ( 4)2 + 22 = 16 + 4
x + x y + y2
49. M = ( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1
.
2
2
P = ( x1 , y1 ) = (3, 6) and ( x, y ) = (1, 4) , so

1
x +x
x= 1 2
2
3 + x2
1 =
2
2 = 3 + x2
and
1 = x2
Thus, P2 = (1, 2) .
= 20 = 2 5
d ( A, F ) = (2 0)2 + (5 0) 2
= 22 + 52 = 4 + 25
y + y2
y= 1
2
6 + y2
4=
2
8 = 6 + y2
= 29
52. Let P = (0, 0), P2 = (0, 4), P = ( x, y )
1
d ( P , P2 ) = (0 0)2 + (4 0)2
1
= 16 = 4
2 = y2
d ( P , P ) = ( x 0) 2 + ( y 0)2
1
= x2 + y2 = 4
x + x y + y2
50. M = ( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1
.
2
2
P2 = ( x2 , y2 ) = (7, 2) and ( x, y ) = (5, 4) , so
x1 + x2
2
x1 + 7
5=
2
10 = x1 + 7
x=
and
3 = x1
Thus, P = (3, 6) .
1
x 2 + y 2 = 16
d ( P2 , P ) = ( x 0) 2 + ( y 4) 2
y1 + y2
2
y1 + (2)
4 =
2
8 = y1 + (2)
x 2 + ( y 4) 2 = 16
Therefore,
6 = y1
y 2 = y 2 8 y + 16
= x 2 + ( y 4)2 = 4
y=
y2 = ( y 4)
8 y = 16
y=2
which gives
x 2 + 22 = 16
0+6 0+0
51. The midpoint of AB is: D =
,
2
2
= ( 3, 0 )
x 2 = 12
0+4 0+4
The midpoint of AC is: E =
,
2
2
= ( 2, 2 )
x = 2 3
Two triangles are possible. The third vertex is
( 2
6+4 0+4
The midpoint of BC is: F =
,
2
2
= ( 5, 2 )
d (C , D ) =
( 2 6 )2 + (2 0)2
d ( B, E ) =
) (
3, 2 or 2 3, 2 .
53. Let P = ( 0, 0 ) , P2 = ( 0, s ) , P3 = ( s, 0 ) , and

1
P4 = ( s, s ) .
( 0 4 )2 + (3 4)2
= ( 4)2 + (1)2 = 16 + 1 = 17
(0, s)
(s , s )
(0, 0)
(s, 0)
x
The points P and P4 are endpoints of one

1
diagonal and the points P2 and P3 are the
8
endpoints of the other diagonal.

0+s 0+s s s
M 1,4 =
,
= ,
2 2 2
2
0+s s+0 s s
M 2,3 =
,
= ,
2 2 2
2
The midpoints of the diagonals are the same.
Therefore, the diagonals of a square intersect at
their midpoints.
3a a 3 a
d ( P4 , P5 ) = +
4 0
4 2
2
a 3a
= +
4 4
54. Let P = ( 0, 0 ) , P2 = ( a, 0 ) , and

1
d ( P , P2 ) =
1
=
d ( P2 , P3 ) =
( x2 x1 )
+ ( y2 y1 )
( a 0 ) 2 + ( 0 0 )2
=
d ( P , P3 ) =
1
= a2 = a
a
a 2 3a 2
+
=
16 16
2
2
a
a2
=
4
2
Since the sides are the same length, the triangle
is equilateral.
=
a 2 3a 2
4a 2
+
=
= a2 = a
4
4
4
( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
2
55. d ( P , P2 ) = ( 4 2) 2 + (1 1) 2
1
= ( 6) 2 + 02
= 36
a 2 3a 2
4a 2
+
=
= a2 = a
4
4
4
Since all three distances have the same constant
value, the triangle is an equilateral triangle.
Now find the midpoints:
0+a 0+0 a
P4 = M P1P2 =
,
= , 0
2 2
2
=
=6
d ( P2 , P3 ) =
( 4 ( 4) )2 + (3 1)2
= 02 + ( 4) 2
= 16
=4
a
3 a 3a 3 a
a+
0+
=
2,
2 = 4 , 4
2
2
P6 = M P1P3
a
= + 02
2
P5 = M P2 P3
2
3a
3a a 3 a
d ( P5 , P6 ) = +
4 4 4
4
( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2
a
3a
= 0 +
2 0
a
a 2 3a 2
+
=
16 16
2
2
a 3a
= +
4 4
a
3a
= a +
0
2
2
a a 3a
d ( P4 , P6 ) = +
0
4
4 2
a 3a
. To show that these vertices
P3 = ,
2 2
form an equilateral triangle, we need to show

that the distance between any pair of points is the
same constant value.
a
3a
0+ 0+
2,
2 =a, 3a
=
2
2
4 4
d ( P , P3 ) = ( 4 2)2 + (3 1) 2
1
= ( 6)2 + ( 4)2
= 36 + 16
= 52
= 2 13
Since [ d ( P , P2 ) ] + [ d ( P2 , P3 ) ] = [ d ( P , P3 )] ,
1
1
2

9
Chapter 1: Graphs
56. d ( P , P2 ) =
1
( 6 (1) )2 + (2 4)2
( 4 7 )2 + ( 0 2 )2
58. d ( P , P2 ) =
1
= 7 2 + ( 2) 2
= (11) 2 + ( 2)2
= 49 + 4
= 121 + 4 = 125
= 53
=5 5
( 4 6 )2 + (5 2)2
d ( P2 , P3 ) =
( 4 ( 4) )2 + (6 0)2
d ( P2 , P3 ) =
= ( 2)2 + ( 7)2
= 82 + 62 = 64 + 36
= 4 + 49
= 100
= 53
= 10
( 4 7 ) 2 + ( 6 2 )2
d ( P , P3 ) =
1
( 4 (1) )2 + (5 4)2
d ( P , P3 ) =
1
= 52 + ( 9) 2
= (3) 2 + 42 = 9 + 16
= 25 + 81
= 25
=5
= 106
Since [ d ( P , P3 )] + [ d ( P2 , P3 ) ] = [ d ( P , P2 )] ,
1
1
2
Since [ d ( P , P2 ) ] + [ d ( P2 , P3 ) ] = [ d ( P , P3 )] ,
1
1
2
Since d ( P , P2 ) = d ( P2 , P3 ) , the triangle is

1
59. Using the Pythagorean Theorem:

902 + 902 = d 2
isosceles.
Therefore, the triangle is an isosceles right
triangle.
8100 + 8100 = d 2
16200 = d 2
d = 16200 = 90 2 127.28 feet
( 0 ( 2) )2 + ( 7 (1) )2
= 22 + 82 = 4 + 64 = 68
90
90
= 2 17
d
( 3 0 )2 + (2 7)2
d ( P2 , P3 ) =
90
90
= 32 + ( 5)2 = 9 + 25
= 34
60. Using the Pythagorean Theorem:

602 + 602 = d 2
( 3 (2) )2 + ( 2 (1) )2
d ( P , P3 ) =
1
= 52 + 32 = 25 + 9
3600 + 3600 = d 2 7200 = d 2
= 34
Since d ( P2 , P3 ) = d ( P , P3 ) , the triangle is
1
isosceles.
d = 7200 = 60 2 84.85 feet

60
Since [ d ( P , P3 )] + [ d ( P2 , P3 ) ] = [ d ( P , P2 )] ,
1
1
2
57. d ( P , P2 ) =
1
60
the triangle is also a right triangle.

Therefore, the triangle is an isosceles right
triangle.
60
61. a.
60
First: (90, 0), Second: (90, 90),

Third: (0, 90)
10
(0,90)
distance 40t after t hours. Their distance apart

after t hours is:
(90,90)
d = (30t )2 + (40t )2
= 900t 2 + 1600t 2
= 2500t 2
= 50t miles
30t
X
(0,0)
(90,0)
b. Using the distance formula:
d = (310 90)2 + (15 90)2
40t
d
= 220 + (75) = 54025

2
= 5 2161 232.43 feet

c.
Using the distance formula:

64.
d = (300 0)2 + (300 90)2
15 miles 5280 ft
1 hr
= 22 ft/sec
1 hr
1 mile 3600 sec
d = 1002 + ( 22t )
= 3002 + 2102 = 134100

= 30 149 366.20 feet
62. a.
= 10000 + 484t 2 feet
First: (60, 0), Second: (60, 60)

Third: (0, 60)
(0,60)
22t
(60,60)
100
65. a.
x
(0,0)
The shortest side is between P = (2.6, 1.5)

1
and P2 = (2.7, 1.7) . The estimate for the
desired intersection point is:
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 2.6 + 2.7 1.5 + 1.7
,
2 , 2 =
2
2
(60,0)
b. Using the distance formula:
d = (180 60)2 + (20 60) 2
5.3 3.2
=
,
2 2
= ( 2.65, 1.6 )
= 1202 + ( 40) 2 = 16000

= 40 10 126.49 feet
c.
b.
d = (220 0) 2 + (220 60) 2
d = (2.65 1.4) 2 + (1.6 1.3)2
= 220 + 160 = 74000

2
= (1.25) 2 + (0.3)2
= 20 185 272.03 feet
= 1.5625 + 0.09
= 1.6525
63. The Neon heading east moves a distance 30t

after t hours. The truck heading south moves a
1.285 units
66. Let P = (2002, 204) and P2 = (2008, 375) . The
1
midpoint is:
11
Chapter 1: Graphs
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
,
2
2
2002 + 2008 204 + 375
=
,
2
2
4010 579
=
,
2
2
= ( 2005, 289.5 )
5. y-axis
( x, y ) =
6. 4
7.
8. True
9. False; the y-coordinate of a point at which the
graph crosses or touches the x-axis is always 0.
The x-coordinate of such a point is an
x-intercept.
The estimate for 2005 is $289.5 billion. The

estimate net sales of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. in
2005 is $7.5 billion off from the reported value
of $282 billion.
10. False; a graph can be symmetric with respect to

both coordinate axes (in such cases it will also be
symmetric with respect to the origin).
For example: x 2 + y 2 = 1
67. For 1998 we have the ordered pair

(1998,16530 ) and for 2008 we have the ordered
pair ( 2008, 21834 ) . The midpoint is
11. y = x 4 x
( year, $ ) = 1998 + 2008 , 16530 + 21834
2
2
4006 38364
,
=
2
2
( 3, 4 )
0 = 04 0
0 = (1) 4 1
1 = 14 1
0=0
1 0
0 1 1
The point (0, 0) is on the graph of the equation.
= ( 2003,19182 )
12. y = x3 2 x
Using the midpoint, we estimate the poverty

level in 2003 to be $19,182. This is slightly
higher than the actual value.
0 = 03 2 0
1 = 13 2 1
1 = 13 2 1
0=0
1 1
1 = 1
The points (0, 0) and (1, 1) are on the graph of
the equation.
68. Answers will vary.
13. y 2 = x 2 + 9
32 = 02 + 9
Section 1.2
02 = 32 + 9
02 = (3) 2 + 9
9=9
0 18
0 18
The point (0, 3) is on the graph of the equation.
1. 2 ( x + 3) 1 = 7
2 ( x + 3 ) = 6
14. y 3 = x + 1
x + 3 = 3
23 = 1 + 1
x = 6
The solution set is {6} .
13 = 0 + 1
03 = 1 + 1
82
0=0
1=1
the equation.
2. x 2 9 = 0
15. x 2 + y 2 = 4
x2 = 9
x= 9
x = 3
The solution set is {3,3} .
0 2 + 22 = 4
( 2) 2 + 22 = 4
4=4
84
(0, 2) and
3. intercepts
( 2) +( 2)
2
2, 2 are on the graph of the
equation.
4. y = 0
12
=4
4=4
Section 1.2: Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; Intercepts; Symmetry

The intercepts are ( 4, 0 ) and ( 0,8) .
16. x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4
02 + 4 12 = 4
2 2 + 4 02 = 4
22 + 4 (
1 2
2
=4
4=4
4=4
54
the equation.
17. y = x + 2
x-intercept:
0= x+2
2 = x
y-intercept:
y = 0+2
y=2
The intercepts are ( 2, 0 ) and ( 0, 2 ) .

20. y = 3 x 9
x-intercept:
0 = 3x 9
3x = 9
y-intercept:
y = 3(0) 9
y = 9
x=3
18. y = x 6
x-intercept:
0 = x6
6=x
y-intercept:
y = 06
y = 6

21. y = x 2 1
x-intercepts:
0 = x2 1
y-intercept:
y = 02 1
y = 1
x2 = 1
x = 1
The intercepts are ( 1, 0 ) , (1, 0 ) , and ( 0, 1) .
19. y = 2 x + 8
x-intercept:
0 = 2x + 8
2 x = 8
x = 4
y-intercept:
y = 2 (0) + 8
y =8
13
Chapter 1: Graphs
22. y = x 2 9
x-intercepts:
0 = x2 9
The intercepts are ( 1, 0 ) , (1, 0 ) , and ( 0,1) .

y-intercept:
y = 02 9
y = 9
x2 = 9
x = 3
The intercepts are ( 3, 0 ) , ( 3, 0 ) , and ( 0, 9 ) .
25. 2 x + 3 y = 6
x-intercepts:
2x + 3( 0) = 6
2x = 6
0 = x + 4
2
3y = 6
x=3
23. y = x 2 + 4
x-intercepts:
y-intercept:
2 (0) + 3 y = 6
y=2

y-intercepts:
y = ( 0) + 4
2
y=4
x2 = 4
x = 2
26. 5 x + 2 y = 10
x-intercepts:
5 x + 2 ( 0 ) = 10
5 x = 10
0 = x2 + 1
x2 = 1
2 y = 10
x=2
24. y = x 2 + 1
x-intercepts:
y-intercept:
5 ( 0 ) + 2 y = 10
y=5
The intercepts are ( 2, 0 ) and ( 0,5 ) .

y-intercept:
y = (0) + 1
2
y =1
x = 1
14
27. 9 x 2 + 4 y = 36
x-intercepts:
30.
y-intercept:
9 x 2 + 4 ( 0 ) = 36
9 ( 0 ) + 4 y = 36
9 x 2 = 36
4 y = 36
y=9
x2 = 4
x = 2
The intercepts are ( 2, 0 ) , ( 2, 0 ) , and ( 0,9 ) .
31.
28. 4 x 2 + y = 4
x-intercepts:
32.
y-intercept:
4 x2 + 0 = 4
4 ( 0) + y = 4
4 x2 = 4
y=4
x2 = 1
x = 1
The intercepts are ( 1, 0 ) , (1, 0 ) , and ( 0, 4 ) .
33.
y
5
(c) = (5, 2)
(a) = (5, 2)
(5, 2)
(b) = (5, 2)
5
29.
34.
15
Chapter 1: Graphs
35.
41. a.
Intercepts: , 0 , ( 0,1) , and , 0

2
2
b. Symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

42. a.
Intercepts: ( 2, 0 ) , ( 0, 3) , and ( 2, 0 )
b. Symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

43. a.
Intercepts: ( 0, 0 )
b. Symmetric with respect to the x-axis.
36.
44. a.
Intercepts: ( 2, 0 ) , ( 0, 2 ) , ( 0, 2 ) , and ( 2, 0 )
b.
Symmetric with respect to the x-axis, y-axis,

and the origin.
45. a.
Intercepts: ( 2, 0 ) , ( 0, 0 ) , and ( 2, 0 )
b.
Symmetric with respect to the origin.
46. a.
Intercepts: ( 4, 0 ) , ( 0, 0 ) , and ( 4, 0 )
b.
37.
47. a.
x-intercept: [ 2,1] , y-intercept 0
b. Not symmetric to x-axis, y-axis, or origin.

48. a.
x-intercept: [ 1, 2] , y-intercept 0
b. Not symmetric to x-axis, y-axis, or origin.

49. a.
b.
38.
Intercepts: none
50. a. Intercepts: none

b. Symmetric with respect to the x-axis.
51.
39. a.
Intercepts: ( 1, 0 ) and (1, 0 )
b. Symmetric with respect to the x-axis, y-axis,

and the origin.
40. a.
Intercepts: ( 0,1)
b. Not symmetric to the x-axis, the y-axis, nor

the origin
16
52.
(0) 2 = x + 9
0 = x + 9
x=9
y2 = 0 + 9
y2 = 9
y = 3
The intercepts are ( 9, 0 ) , ( 0, 3) and ( 0,3) .

Test x-axis symmetry: Let y = y
( y )2 = x + 9
y 2 = x + 9 same
Test y-axis symmetry: Let x = x
53.
y 2 = x + 9 different
Test origin symmetry: Let x = x and y = y .
( y )2 = x + 9
Therefore, the graph will have x-axis symmetry.
57. y = 3 x
x-intercepts:
0= 3 x
54.
y-intercepts:
y=30 =0
0= x
The only intercept is ( 0, 0 ) .
y = 3 x different
55. y 2 = x + 4
x-intercepts:
02 = x + 4
4 = x
y = 3 x = 3 x different
y-intercepts:
y2 = 0 + 4
y2 = 4
y = 2
Test origin symmetry: Let x = x and y = y
y = 3 x = 3 x
y = 3 x same
The intercepts are ( 4, 0 ) , ( 0, 2 ) and ( 0, 2 ) .
Therefore, the graph will have origin symmetry.
58. y = 5 x
x-intercepts:
0= 3 x
( y )2 = x + 4
y 2 = x + 4 same
0= x
( y)
= x + 4
y = 5 x different
y = x + 4 different
2

56. y 2 = x + 9
x-intercepts:
y-intercepts:
y=50 =0
y = 5 x = 5 x different
y-intercepts:
17
Chapter 1: Graphs
9 x 2 + 4 ( 0 ) = 36
9 ( 0 ) + 4 y 2 = 36
9 x 2 = 36
x2 = 4
x = 2
4 y 2 = 36
y2 = 9
y = 3
y = 5 x = 5 x
y = 5 x same
59. x 2 + y 9 = 0
x-intercepts:
x2 9 = 0
The intercepts are ( 2, 0 ) , ( 2, 0 ) , ( 0, 3) , and
( 0,3) .
y-intercepts:
02 + y 9 = 0
y =9
9 x 2 + 4 ( y ) = 36
2
x =9
x = 3
2
9 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 36 same
9 ( x ) + 4 y 2 = 36
2
9 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 36 same
x y 9 = 0 different
2
9 ( x ) + 4 ( y ) = 36
2
(x) + y 9 = 0
2
9 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 36 same
x + y 9 = 0 same
2
Therefore, the graph will have x-axis, y-axis, and

origin symmetry.
( x )2 y 9 = 0
62. 4 x 2 + y 2 = 4
x-intercepts:
x y 9 = 0 different
2
y-intercepts:
4 x 2 + 02 = 4
60. x 2 y 4 = 0
x-intercepts:
y-intercept:
2
x 04 = 0
02 y 4 = 0
2
y = 4
x =4
y = 4
x = 2
4 ( 0) + y2 = 4
4x2 = 4
Therefore, the graph will have y-axis symmetry.
y2 = 4
y = 2
x2 = 1
x = 1
The intercepts are ( 1, 0 ) , (1, 0 ) , ( 0, 2 ) , and
( 0, 2 ) .
4 x2 + ( y ) = 4
2
x ( y) 4 = 0
2
4 x 2 + y 2 = 4 same
x 2 + y 4 = 0 different
4 ( x ) + y2 = 4
2
( x )2 y 4 = 0
4 x 2 + y 2 = 4 same
x 2 y 4 = 0 same
(x)
4 (x) + ( y) = 4
( y) 4 = 0
x 2 + y 4 = 0 different
4 x 2 + y 2 = 4 same

61. 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 36
x-intercepts:

origin symmetry.
63. y = x3 27
x-intercepts:
y-intercepts:
y-intercepts:
18
0 = x3 27
y = 03 27
y = 27
x3 = 27
y = ( x ) 3( x ) 4
2
y = x 2 + 3x 4 different
x=3
y = (x ) 3(x ) 4
2
y = x3 27 different
y = x 2 + 3 x 4 different
Therefore, the graph has none of the indicated

symmetries.
y = ( x ) 27
3
y = x3 27 different
66. y = x 2 + 4
x-intercepts:
0 = x2 + 4
y = ( x ) 27
3
x 2 = 4
y = x3 + 27 different
no real solution
Therefore, the graph has none of the indicated

symmetries.
64. y = x 4 1
x-intercepts:
0 = x4 1
x4 = 1
y-intercepts:
y = 02 + 4
y=4
y = x 2 + 4 different
y-intercepts:
y = 04 1
y = 1
y = (x) + 4
2
y = x 2 + 4 same
x = 1
The intercepts are ( 1, 0 ) , (1, 0 ) , and ( 0, 1) .
y = (x) + 4
y = x 4 1 different
y = x 2 + 4 different
y = (x) 1
4
67. y =
y = x 4 1 same
x +9
x-intercepts:
3x
0= 2
x +9
3x = 0
y = (x) 1
4
y = x 4 1 different
65. y = x 2 3x 4
x-intercepts:
0 = x 2 3x 4
3x
2
y-intercepts:
3(0) 0
y= 2
= =0
0 +9 9
x=0
y-intercepts:
y = 02 3 ( 0 ) 4
y =
3x
different
x +9
3(x )
y=
( x )2 + 9
y = x 2 3x 4 different
y=
0 = ( x 4 )( x + 1)
y = 4
x = 4 or x = 1
3x
x +9
2
different
19
Chapter 1: Graphs
y =
3(x )
(x)
y =
y=
0
=0
9
same
y =
Therefore, the graph has origin symmetry.
x2 4
2x
x-intercepts:
x2 4
0=
2x
2
x 4= 0
0 3
3x
x2 + 9
y=
x 9
0 9
x = 0
x=0
+9
x2 + 9
3x
x3
0=
y=
x2 9
x3
different
x2 9
68. y =
y-intercepts:
y=
x3
(x)
0 2 4 4
=
2 ( 0)
0
y=
undefined
y=
( x )2 9
x3
different
x 9
x =4
x = 2
y =
x 4
y =
different
2x
y =
( x )2 4
y=
2(x)
y=
70. y =
( x )2 4
2(x)
x2 9
same
x4 + 1
0=
y-intercepts:
04 + 1 1
y=
=
5
0
2 ( 0)
x4 + 1
2 x5
undefined
x = 1
no real solution
There are no intercepts for the graph of this
equation.
x2 4
2 x
x2 4
y=
same
2x
x3
x2 9
x-intercepts:
x3
x 9
x3
2
2 x5
x-intercepts:
y =
69. y =
( x )2 9
x2 4
y=
different
2x
y =
(x)
y =
x4 + 1
2 x5
different
y-intercepts:
20

y=
(x) +1
5
2 (x)
y=
73. y = x
x4 + 1
different
2 x 5
y =
y =
y=
( x )4 + 1
5
2(x)
x4 + 1
2 x5
x4 + 1
2 x5
74. y =
same
1
x

71. y = x3
75. If the point ( 3,b ) is on the graph of y = 4 x + 1 ,

then we have b = 4 ( 3) + 1 = 12 + 1 = 13
Thus, b = 13 .
76. If the point ( 2,b ) is on the graph of
72. x = y 2
2 x + 3 y = 2 , then we have
2 ( 2 ) + 3 ( b ) = 2
4 + 3b = 2
3b = 6
b=2
Thus, b = 2 .
77. If the point ( a, 4 ) is on the graph of
y = x 2 + 3x , then we have
4 = a 2 + 3a
0 = a 2 + 3a 4
0 = ( a + 4 )( a 1)
a+4=0
or a 1 = 0
a = 4
a =1
Thus, a = 4 or a = 1 .
21
Chapter 1: Graphs
78. If the point ( a, 5) is on the graph of
(x
y = x + 6 x , then we have
2
(x
= x2 + ( 0)
5 = a 2 + 6 a
= x2
x 4 2 x3 + x 2 = x 2
0 = a 2 + 6a + 5
0 = ( a + 5)( a + 1)
a+5 = 0
+ (0) x
x 4 2 x3 = 0
x3 ( x 2 ) = 0
or a + 1 = 0
a = 5
a = 1
Thus, a = 5 or a = 1 .
x3 = 0 or
x=0
79. For a graph with origin symmetry, if the point

( a, b ) is on the graph, then so is the point
( a, b ) . Since the point (1, 2 )
x2 = 0
x=2
y-intercepts:
((0)
is on the graph
+ y2 0
(y )
2 2
of an equation with origin symmetry, the point

( 1, 2 ) must also be on the graph.
= (0) + y2
2
= y2
y4 = y2
y4 y2 = 0
80. For a graph with y-axis symmetry, if the point

y2 y2 1 = 0
( a, b ) . Since 6 is an x-intercept in this case, the

point ( 6, 0 ) is on the graph of the equation. Due
to the y-axis symmetry, the point ( 6, 0 ) must
y = 0 or
y=0
also be on the graph. Therefore, 6 is another xintercept.
The intercepts are ( 0, 0 ) , ( 2, 0 ) , ( 0, 1) ,
y 1 = 0
y2 = 1
y = 1
and ( 0,1) .
81. For a graph with origin symmetry, if the point

b.
(x
+ ( y) x
= x2 + ( y )
(x
( a, b ) . Since 4 is an x-intercept in this case,

the point ( 4, 0 ) is on the graph of the equation.
Due to the origin symmetry, the point ( 4, 0 )
= x 2 + y 2 same
+ y2 x
must also be on the graph. Therefore, 4 is

another x-intercept.
(( x)
+ y2 (x)
= ( x) + y2
(x
82. For a graph with x-axis symmetry, if the point

= x2 + y 2
+ y2 + x
different
( a, b ) . Since 2 is a y-intercept in this case, the

point ( 0, 2 ) is on the graph of the equation. Due
to the x-axis symmetry, the point ( 0, 2 ) must
also be on the graph. Therefore, 2 is another yintercept.
different
83. a.
(x
+ y2 x
(( x )
+ ( y) (x)
2
(x
+ y2 + x
= (x) + ( y )
= x2 + y2
Thus, the graph will have x-axis symmetry.
= x2 + y 2
x-intercepts:
22
84. a.
16 y 2 = 120 x 225
x-intercepts:
16 y 2 = 120 ( 0 ) 225
16 y 2 = 225
225
16
no real solution
y2 =
y-intercepts:
16 ( 0 ) = 120 x 225
2
0 = 120 x 225
120 x = 225
225 15
=
x=
120 8
15
The only intercept is , 0 .
8
b.
16 ( y ) = 120 x 225
b.
x 2 = x for all x , the graphs of
Since
y = x 2 and y = x are the same.
16 y 2 = 120 x 225 same

c.
16 y = 120 ( x ) 225
2
For y =
( x)
, the domain of the variable
x is x 0 ; for y = x , the domain of the

variable x is all real numbers. Thus,
16 y 2 = 120 x 225 different
( x)
16 ( y ) = 120 ( x ) 225
2
= x only for x 0.
d. For y = x 2 , the range of the variable y is

y 0 ; for y = x , the range of the variable
16 y 2 = 120 x 225 different

Thus, the graph will have x-axis symmetry.
y is all real numbers. Also,

85. a.
if x 0 . Otherwise,
x 2 = x only
x2 = x .
86. Answers will vary. A complete graph presents

enough of the graph to the viewer so they can
see the rest of the graph as an obvious
continuation of what is shown.
23
Chapter 1: Graphs
87. Answers will vary. One example:
For the graph to also be symmetric with respect

to the x-axis, the graph must also contain the
points ( 2, 5 ) , ( 1, 3) , ( 0, 2 ) , ( 2, 5 ) , and
(1, 3) . Recall that a graph with two of the
symmetries (x-axis, y-axis, origin) will

necessarily have the third. Therefore, if the
original graph with y-axis symmetry also has xaxis symmetry, then it will also have origin
symmetry.
88. Answers will vary

92 94. Interactive Exercises
89. Answers will vary
Case 1: Graph has x-axis and y-axis symmetry,
show origin symmetry.
( x, y ) on graph ( x, y ) on graph
Section 1.3
1. undefined; 0
(from x -axis symmetry)
2. 3; 2
x-intercept: 2 x + 3(0) = 6
2x = 6
x=3
y-intercept: 2(0) + 3 y = 6
3y = 6
y=2
( from y -axis symmetry )
Since the point ( x, y ) is also on the graph, the
graph has origin symmetry.
Case 2: Graph has x-axis and origin symmetry,
show y-axis symmetry.
3. y = b ; y-intercept
( from x-axis symmetry )

( from origin symmetry )
4. True
5. False; the slope is 3 .
2
2 y = 3x + 5
graph has y-axis symmetry.
y=
Case 3: Graph has y-axis and origin symmetry,

show x-axis symmetry.
3
5
x+
2
2
?
6. True; 2 (1) + ( 2 ) = 4
( from y -axis symmetry )

( from origin symmetry )
2+ 2=4
4 = 4 True
7. m1 = m2 ; y-intercepts; m1 m2 = 1
graph has x-axis symmetry.
8. 2
91. Answers may vary. The graph must contain the

points ( 2,5 ) , ( 1,3) , and ( 0, 2 ) . For the
9.
graph to be symmetric about the y-axis, the graph

must also contain the points ( 2,5 ) and (1,3)
1
2
10. False; perpendicular lines have slopes that are

opposite-reciprocals of each other.
(note that (0, 2) is on the y-axis).

24
Section 1.3: Lines
18. Slope =
1 0 1
=
20 2
y2 y1
1 3
1
2
=
=
=
x2 x1 2 ( 2)
4
2
y2 y1
3 1
2
=
=
x2 x1 2 (1) 3
y2 y1 1 (1) 0
=
= =0
x2 x1
2 (3) 5
20. Slope =
Slope =
17. Slope =
19. Slope =
11. a.
y2 y1
22
0
=
=
=0
x2 x1 5 4 9
b. If x increases by 2 units, y will increase

by 1 unit.
12. a.
Slope =
1 0
1
=
2
20
b. If x increases by 2 units, y will decrease

by 1 unit.
13. a.
Slope =
1 2
1
=
1 ( 2)
3

by 1 unit.
14. a.
Slope =
2 1
1
=
2 (1) 3
b. If x increases by 3 units, y will increase

by 1 unit.
15.
Slope =
16. Slope =
y2 y1 0 3
3
=
=
x2 x1 4 2
2
y2 y1 4 2 2
=
=
= 2
x2 x1 3 4 1
25
Chapter 1: Graphs
21. Slope =
y2 y1
22
4
undefined.
=
=
x2 x1 1 (1)
0
25. P = ( 2, 4 ) ; m =
22. Slope =
y2 y1 2 0 2
=
= undefined.
x2 x1 2 2 0
26. P = (1,3) ; m =
3
4
2
5
23. P = (1, 2 ) ; m = 3
27. P = ( 1,3) ; m = 0
24. P = ( 2,1) ; m = 4
28. P = ( 2, 4 ) ; m = 0
26
Section 1.3: Lines

29. P = ( 0,3) ; slope undefined
3 3
; point: ( 2, 4 )
=
2 2
If x increases by 2 units, then y decreases by 3
units.
Answers will vary. Three possible points are:
x = 2 + 2 = 4 and y = 4 3 = 7
33. Slope =
( 4, 7 )
x = 4 + 2 = 6 and y = 7 3 = 10
( 6, 10 )
x = 6 + 2 = 8 and y = 10 3 = 13
(note: the line is the y-axis)
( 8, 13)
30. P = ( 2, 0 ) ; slope undefined
4
; point: ( 3, 2 )
3
If x increases by 3 units, then y increases by 4
units.
x = 3 + 3 = 0 and y = 2 + 4 = 6
34. Slope =
( 0, 6 )
x = 0 + 3 = 3 and y = 6 + 4 = 10
( 3,10 )
x = 3 + 3 = 6 and y = 10 + 4 = 14
( 6,14 )
4
31. Slope = 4 = ; point: (1, 2 )
1
If x increases by 1 unit, then y increases by 4
units.
x = 1 + 1 = 2 and y = 2 + 4 = 6
2
; point: ( 2, 3)
1
If x increases by 1 unit, then y decreases by 2
units.
x = 2 + 1 = 1 and y = 3 2 = 5
35. Slope = 2 =
( 2, 6 )
x = 2 + 1 = 3 and y = 6 + 4 = 10
( 1, 5 )
( 3,10 )
x = 1 + 1 = 0 and y = 5 2 = 7
x = 3 + 1 = 4 and y = 10 + 4 = 14
( 0, 7 )
( 4,14 )
x = 0 + 1 = 1 and y = 7 2 = 9
2
32. Slope = 2 = ; point: ( 2,3)
1
If x increases by 1 unit, then y increases by 2
units.
x = 2 + 1 = 1 and y = 3 + 2 = 5
(1, 9 )
1
; point: ( 4,1)
1
If x increases by 1 unit, then y decreases by 1
unit.
36. Slope = 1 =
( 1,5 )
x = 1 + 1 = 0 and y = 5 + 2 = 7
( 0, 7 )
x = 0 + 1 = 1 and y = 7 + 2 = 9
(1,9 )
27
Chapter 1: Graphs

x = 4 + 1 = 5 and y = 1 1 = 0
40. (1, 1) and (2, 2) are points on the line.

2 1
1
Slope =
=
2 (1) 3
Using y y1 = m( x x1 )
( 5, 0 )
x = 5 + 1 = 6 and y = 0 1 = 1
( 6, 1)
1
( x (1) )
3
1
y 1 = ( x + 1)
3
1
1
y 1 = x +
3
3
1
4
y = x+
3
3
y 1 =
x = 6 + 1 = 7 and y = 1 1 = 2
( 7, 2 )
1 0 1
Slope =
=
20 2
y -intercept is 0; using y = mx + b :
1
y = x+0
2
2y = x
x 3 y = 4 or y =
41. y y1 = m( x x1 ), m = 2
y 3 = 2( x 3)
0 = x 2y
x 2 y = 0 or y =
1
4
x+
3
3
1
x
2
y 3 = 2x 6
y = 2x 3
2 x y = 3 or y = 2 x 3

1 0
1
1
Slope =
=
=
20 2
2
42. y y1 = m( x x1 ), m = 1
y 2 = 1( x 1)
y -intercept is 0; using y = mx + b :
1
y = x+0
2
2 y = x
x + 2y = 0
1
x + 2 y = 0 or y = x
2
y 2 = x +1
y = x + 3
x + y = 3 or y = x + 3
43. y y1 = m( x x1 ), m =
1
2
1
y 2 = ( x 1)
2
1
1
y2 = x+
2
2
1
5
y = x+
2
2

1 3
2
Slope =
=
= 1
1 (1) 2
Using y y1 = m( x x1 )
y 1 = 1( x 1)
1
5
x + 2 y = 5 or y = x +
2
2
y 1 = x +1
y = x + 2
x + y = 2 or y = x + 2
44. y y1 = m( x x1 ), m = 1
y 1 = 1( x (1))
y 1 = x + 1
y = x+2
x y = 2 or y = x + 2
28
Section 1.3: Lines
49. Containing (1, 3) and (1, 2)

2 3 1 1
m=
=
=
1 1 2 2
45. Slope = 3; containing (2, 3)

y y1 = m( x x1 )
y 3 = 3( x ( 2))
y 3 = 3x + 6
y y1 = m( x x1 )
y = 3x + 9
1
( x 1)
2
1
1
y 3 = x
2
2
1
5
y = x+
2
2
y 3 =
3x y = 9 or y = 3 x + 9
46. Slope = 2; containing the point (4, 3)
y y1 = m( x x1 )
y (3) = 2( x 4)
y + 3 = 2x 8
x 2 y = 5 or y =
y = 2 x 11
2 x y = 11 or y = 2 x 11
50. Containing the points (3, 4) and (2, 5)

54
1
m=
=
2 (3) 5
2
47. Slope = ; containing (1, 1)
3
y y1 = m( x x1 )
y y1 = m( x x1 )
1
y 5 = ( x 2)
5
1
2
y 5 = x
5
5
1
23
y = x+
5
5
2
( x 1)
3
2
2
y +1 = x +
3
3
2
1
y = x
3
3
y (1) =
x 5 y = 23 or y =
2
1
2 x + 3 y = 1 or y = x
3
3
1
23
x+
5
5
51. Slope = 3; y-intercept =3

y = mx + b
1
48. Slope = ; containing the point (3, 1)
2
y y1 = m( x x1 )
y = 3 x + 3
3x + y = 3 or y = 3x + 3
1
( x 3)
2
1
3
y 1 = x
2
2
1
1
y = x
2
2
y 1 =
x 2 y = 1 or y =
1
5
x+
2
2
52. Slope = 2; y-intercept = 2

y = mx + b
y = 2 x + ( 2)
2 x + y = 2 or y = 2 x 2
53. x-intercept = 2; y-intercept = 1
Points are (2,0) and (0,1)
1 0 1 1
m=
=
=
02 2 2
y = mx + b
1
1
x
2
2
y=
1
x 1
2
x 2 y = 2 or y =
1
x 1
2
29
Chapter 1: Graphs
61. Parallel to 2 x y = 2 ; Slope = 2
Containing the point (0, 0)
y y1 = m( x x1 )
54. x-intercept = 4; y-intercept = 4

Points are (4, 0) and (0, 4)
40
4
m=
= =1
0 ( 4) 4
y = mx + b
y 0 = 2( x 0)
y = 2x
y = 1x + 4
2 x y = 0 or y = 2 x
y = x+4
62. Parallel to x 2 y = 5 ;
x y = 4 or y = x + 4
55. Slope undefined; containing the point (2, 4)
This is a vertical line.
x=2
No slope-intercept form.
1
Slope = ; Containing the point ( 0, 0 )
2
y y1 = m( x x1 )
56. Slope undefined; containing the point (3, 8)

x=3
No slope-intercept form.
1
1
( x 0) y = x
2
2
1
x 2 y = 0 or y = x
2
y0 =
57. Horizontal lines have slope m = 0 and take the

form y = b . Therefore, the horizontal line
63. Parallel to x = 5 ; Containing (4,2)

x = 4 No slope-intercept form.
passing through the point ( 3, 2 ) is y = 2 .

58. Vertical lines have an undefined slope and take
the form x = a . Therefore, the vertical line
passing through the point ( 4, 5 ) is x = 4 .
64. Parallel to y = 5 ; Containing the point (4, 2)

This is a horizontal line. Slope = 0
y=2
59. Parallel to y = 2 x ; Slope = 2

Containing (1, 2)
y y1 = m( x x1 )
65. Perpendicular to y =
y 2 = 2( x (1))
1
x + 4; Containing (1, 2)
2
Slope of perpendicular = 2
y y1 = m( x x1 )
y 2 = 2x + 2 y = 2x + 4
y ( 2) = 2( x 1)
2 x y = 4 or y = 2 x + 4
y + 2 = 2x + 2 y = 2x
2 x + y = 0 or y = 2 x
60. Parallel to y = 3 x ; Slope = 3; Containing the

point (1, 2)
y y1 = m( x x1 )
66. Perpendicular to y = 2 x 3 ; Containing the

point (1, 2)
1
Slope of perpendicular =
2
y y1 = m( x x1 )
y 2 = 3( x (1))
y 2 = 3 x 3 y = 3 x 1
3x + y = 1 or y = 3x 1
1
y ( 2) = ( x 1)
2
1
1
1
3
y+2 = x+ y = x
2
2
2
2
1
3
x + 2 y = 3 or y = x
2
2
30
Section 1.3: Lines

67. Perpendicular to 2 x + y = 2 ; Containing the
point (3, 0)
1
Slope of perpendicular =
2
y y1 = m( x x1 )
73.
1
y = x 1 ; y = 2x 2
2
Slope = 2; y-intercept = 2
1
1
3
( x (3)) y = x +
2
2
2
1
3
x 2 y = 3 or y = x +
2
2
y0 =
68. Perpendicular to x 2 y = 5 ; Containing the

point (0, 4)
Slope of perpendicular = 2
y = mx + b
74.
y = 2 x + 4
2 x + y = 4 or y = 2 x + 4
1
1
x+ y = 2; y = x+2
3
3
1
Slope = ; y-intercept = 2
3
69. Perpendicular to x = 8 ; Containing (3, 4)

Slope of perpendicular = 0 (horizontal line)
y=4
70. Perpendicular to y = 8 ;
Containing the point (3, 4)
Slope of perpendicular is undefined (vertical
line). x = 3 No slope-intercept form.
71. y = 2 x + 3 ; Slope = 2; y-intercept = 3
75. y =
1
1
x + 2 ; Slope = ; y-intercept = 2
2
2
72. y = 3 x + 4 ; Slope = 3; y-intercept = 4

76. y = 2 x +
1
1
; Slope = 2; y -intercept =
2
2
31
Chapter 1: Graphs
1
77. x + 2 y = 4 ; 2 y = x + 4 y = x + 2
2
1
2
78. x + 3 y = 6 ; 3 y = x + 6 y =
Slope =
3
80. 3 x + 2 y = 6 ; 2 y = 3x + 6 y = x + 3
2
3
2
81. x + y = 1 ; y = x + 1
1
x+2
3
1
; y-intercept = 2
3
82. x y = 2 ; y = x 2
79. 2 x 3 y = 6 ; 3 y = 2 x + 6 y =
Slope =
2
x2
3
2
; y-intercept = 2
3
83. x = 4 ; Slope is undefined

y-intercept - none
32
Section 1.3: Lines

88. x + y = 0 ; y = x
84. y = 1 ; Slope = 0; y-intercept = 1
85. y = 5 ; Slope = 0; y-intercept = 5

89. 2 y 3 x = 0 ; 2 y = 3 x y =
Slope =
3
x
2
3
; y-intercept = 0
2
86. x = 2 ; Slope is undefined

y-intercept - none
3
90. 3 x + 2 y = 0 ; 2 y = 3 x y = x
2
3
2
87. y x = 0 ; y = x
33
Chapter 1: Graphs
91. a.
x-intercept: 2 x + 3 ( 0 ) = 6
93. a.
2x = 6
x-intercept: 4 x + 5 ( 0 ) = 40
4 x = 40
x=3
The point ( 3, 0 ) is on the graph.
x = 10
y-intercept: 2 ( 0 ) + 3 y = 6
y-intercept: 4 ( 0 ) + 5 y = 40
3y = 6
5 y = 40
y=2
y =8
The point ( 0,8) is on the graph.

y
b.
b.
5
(0, 2)
(3, 0)
92. a.
x-intercept: 3x 2 ( 0 ) = 6
94. a.
3x = 6
x-intercept: 6 x 4 ( 0 ) = 24
6 x = 24
x=2
x=4
y-intercept: 3 ( 0 ) 2 y = 6
y-intercept: 6 ( 0 ) 4 y = 24
2 y = 6
4 y = 24
y = 3
y = 6
The point ( 0, 3) is on the graph.
b.
b.
5
(2, 0)
(0, 3)
34
Section 1.3: Lines
95. a.
x-intercept: 7 x + 2 ( 0 ) = 21
97. a.
7 x = 21
x=3
y-intercept: 7 ( 0 ) + 2 y = 21
2 y = 21
1
1
x + ( 0) = 1
2
3
1
x =1
2
x=2
x-intercept:
y-intercept:
21
y=
2
21
The point 0, is on the graph.
2
1
1
( 0) + y = 1
2
3
1
y =1
3
y=3
b.
b.
96. a.
x-intercept: 5 x + 3 ( 0 ) = 18
5 x = 18
98. a.
18
x=
5
18
The point , 0 is on the graph.
5
2
( 0) = 4
3
x=4
x-intercept: x
2
y=4
3
2
y=4
3
y = 6
y-intercept: ( 0 )
y-intercept: 5 ( 0 ) + 3 y = 18
3 y = 18
y=6
b.
b.
35
Chapter 1: Graphs
99. a.
x-intercept: 0.2 x 0.5 ( 0 ) = 1
104. The slopes are opposite-reciprocals. That is, their

product is 1 . Therefore, the lines are
perpendicular.
0.2 x = 1
x=5
105. The slopes are different and their product does

not equal 1 . Therefore, the lines are neither
parallel nor perpendicular.
y-intercept: 0.2 ( 0 ) 0.5 y = 1
0.5 y = 1
106. The slopes are different and their product does

not equal 1 (in fact, the signs are the same so
the product is positive). Therefore, the lines are
neither parallel nor perpendicular.
y = 2
b.
107. Intercepts: ( 0, 2 ) and ( 2, 0 ) . Thus, slope = 1.

y = x + 2 or x y = 2
108. Intercepts: ( 0,1) and (1, 0 ) . Thus, slope = 1.

y = x + 1 or x + y = 1
100. a.
1
109. Intercepts: ( 3, 0 ) and ( 0,1) . Thus, slope = .
3
1
y = x + 1 or x + 3 y = 3
3
x-intercept: 0.3 x + 0.4 ( 0 ) = 1.2
0.3x = 1.2
x = 4
110. Intercepts: ( 0, 1) and ( 2, 0 ) . Thus,
1
slope = .
2
1
y = x 1 or x + 2 y = 2
2
y-intercept: 0.3 ( 0 ) + 0.4 y = 1.2
0.4 y = 1.2
y=3
53
2
2
=
=
2 1 3
3
30
3
P2 = (1,3) , P3 = ( 1, 0 ) : m2 =
=
1 ( 1) 2
111. P = ( 2,5 ) , P2 = (1,3) : m1 =

1
b.
Since m1 m2 = 1 , the line segments P P2 and

1
P2 P3 are perpendicular. Thus, the points P , P2 ,

1
and P3 are vertices of a right triangle.
112. P = (1, 1) , P2 = ( 4,1) , P3 = ( 2, 2 ) , P4 = ( 5, 4 )
1
1 ( 1)
2
4 1
= ; m24 =
= 3;
4 1
3
54
2 ( 1)
42 2
=3
m34 =
= ; m13 =
2 1
52 3
Each pair of opposite sides are parallel (same
slope) and adjacent sides are not perpendicular.
Therefore, the vertices are for a parallelogram.
101. The equation of the x-axis is y = 0 . (The slope

is 0 and the y-intercept is 0.)
m12 =
102. The equation of the y-axis is x = 0 . (The slope

is undefined.)
103. The slopes are the same but the y-intercepts are
different. Therefore, the two lines are parallel.
36
Section 1.3: Lines

113. P = ( 1, 0 ) , P2 = ( 2,3) , P3 = (1, 2 ) , P4 = ( 4,1)
1
m12 =
m34 =
118. Let x = profit in dollars, and let S = salary in

dollars.
Weekly salary = (% share of profit)(profit) +
weekly pay
S = 0.05 x + 375
3 0
3
1 3
= 1 ;
= = 1 ; m24 =
42
2 ( 1) 3
1 ( 2 )
4 1
3
2 0
= 1 ; m13 =
= 1
3
1 ( 1)
119. a.
Opposite sides are parallel (same slope) and

adjacent sides are perpendicular (product of slopes
is 1 ). Therefore, the vertices are for a rectangle.
C = 0.0944 x + 10.55 ; 0 x 600
b.
114. P = ( 0, 0 ) , P2 = (1,3) , P3 = ( 4, 2 ) , P4 = ( 3, 1)
1
30
23
1
= 3 ; m23 =
= ;
1 0
4 1
3
1 2
1 0
1
=
= 3 ; m14 =
=
34
30
3
m12 =
m34
d12 =
(1 0 )2 + ( 3 0 )2
= 1 + 9 = 10
d 23 =
( 4 1)2 + ( 2 3)2
= 9 + 1 = 10
d34 =
( 3 4 )2 + ( 1 2 )2
d14 =
( 3 0 )2 + ( 1 0 )2
c.
For 200 kWh,

C = 0.0944(200) + 10.55 = $29.43
= 1 + 9 = 10
d.
= 9 + 1 = 10
For 500 kWh,

C = 0.0944(500) + 10.55 = $57.75
e.
For each usage increase of 1 kWh, the

monthly charge increases by $0.0944
(that is, 9.44 cents).
Opposite sides are parallel (same slope) and

adjacent sides are perpendicular (product of
slopes is 1 ). In addition, the length of all four
sides is the same. Therefore, the vertices are for a
square.
120. a.
C = 0.0848 x + 5.69 ; 0 x 1000
b.
115. Let x = number of miles driven, and let C = cost

in dollars.
Total cost = (cost per mile)(number of miles) +
fixed cost
C = 0.20 x + 29
When x = 110, C = ( 0.20 )(110 ) + 29 = $51.00 .
When x = 230, C = ( 0.20 )( 230 ) + 29 = $75.00 .
116. Let x = number of pairs of jeans manufactured,

and let C = cost in dollars.
Total cost = (cost per pair)(number of pairs) +
fixed cost
C = 8 x + 500
When x = 400, C = ( 8 )( 400 ) + 500 = $3700 .
c.
For 200 kWh,
C = 0.0848 ( 200 ) + 5.69 = $22.65

d.
For 500 kWh,
C = 0.0848 ( 500 ) + 5.69 = $48.09
When x = 740, C = ( 8 )( 740 ) + 500 = $6420 .
e.
117. Let x = number of miles driven annually, and

let C = cost in dollars.
Total cost = (approx cost per mile)(number of
miles) + fixed cost
C = 0.15 x + 1289
For each usage increase of 1 kWh, the

monthly charge increases by $0.0848
(that is, 8.48 cents).
37
Chapter 1: Graphs
121. (C , F ) = (0, 32); (C , F ) = (100, 212)
c.
d.
122. a.
b.
123. a.
b.
First, design requirements state that the

maximum slope is a drop of 1 inch for each
1
12 inches of run. This means m .
12
Second, the run is restricted to be no more
than 30 feet = 360 inches. For a rise of 30
inches, this means the minimum slope is
30
1
1
=
. That is, m . Thus, the
12
360 12
1
only possible slope is m =
. The
12
diagram indicates that the slope is negative.
Therefore, the only slope that can be used to
obtain the 30-inch rise and still meet design
1
requirements is m = . In words, for
12
every 12 inches of run, the ramp must drop
exactly 1 inch.
124. a.
212 32 180 9
=
=
100 0 100 5
9
F 32 = (C 0)
5
9
F 32 = (C )
5
5
C = ( F 32)
9
If F = 70 , then
5
5
C = (70 32) = (38)
9
9
C 21.1
slope =
No. From part (b), the run is 31.25 feet which

exceeds the required maximum of 30 feet.
The year 1996 corresponds to x = 0, and the

year 2006 corresponds to x = 10. Therefore,
the points (0, 22.2) and (7, 12.2) are on the
10 0
10
line. Thus, m =
= = 1 .
12.2 22.2
10
The y-intercept is 22.2, so b = 22.2 and the
equation is y = x + 22.2
K = C + 273
5
C = ( F 32)
9
5
K = ( F 32) + 273
9
5
160
K = F
+ 273
9
9
5
2297
K = F +
9
9
1
K = ( 5 F + 2297 )
9
b.
The y-intercept is (0, 30), so b = 30. Since

the ramp drops 2 inches for every 25 inches
2
2
of run, the slope is m =
= . Thus,
25
25
2
the equation is y = x + 30 .
25
x = 22.2
y-intercept: y = ( 0 ) + 22.2 = 22.2
The intercepts are (22.2, 0) and (0, 22.2).
c.
The y-intercept represents the percentage of

twelfth graders in 1996 who had reported
daily use of cigarettes. The x-intercept
represents the number of years after 1996
when 0% of twelfth graders will have
reported daily use of cigarettes.
d.
The year 2016 corresponds to x = 20.

y = ( 20 ) + 22.2 = 2.2
Let y = 0.
0=
x-intercept: 0 = x + 22.2
2
x + 30
25
2
x = 30
25
25 2 25
x = ( 30 )
2 25 2
x = 375
The x-intercept is (375, 0). This means that
the ramp meets the floor 375 inches (or
31.25 feet) from the base of the platform.
This prediction is reasonable.

125. a.
Let x = number of boxes to be sold, and

A = money, in dollars, spent on advertising.
We have the points
( x1 , A1 ) = (100, 000, 40, 000);
38
Section 1.3: Lines

( x2 , A2 ) = (200, 000, 60, 000)
are parallel.
60, 000 40, 000

200, 000 100, 000
20, 000 1
=
=
100, 000 5
1
A 40, 000 = ( x 100,000 )
5
1
A 40, 000 = x 20, 000
5
1
A = x + 20, 000
5
slope =
b.
c.
If x = 300,000, then
1
A = ( 300, 000 ) + 20, 000 = $80, 000
5
128. Refer to Figure 47.
length of OA = d ( O, A ) =
length of OB = d ( O, B ) =
Each additional box sold requires an

additional $0.20 in advertising.
1 + m2 2
length of AB = d ( A, B ) = m1 m2
Now consider the equation
126. Find the slope of the line containing ( a, b ) and
( 1+ m ) + ( 1+ m )
( b, a ) :
2
1
a b
= 1
ba
The slope of the line y = x is 1.
= ( m1 m2 )
If this equation is valid, then AOB is a right

triangle with right angle at vertex O.
slope =
Since 1 1 = 1 , the line containing the points

(a, b) and (b, a) is perpendicular to the line
y = x.
1 + m12
) (
2
1 + m2 2
= ( m1 m2 )
1 + m12 + 1 + m2 2 = m12 2m1m2 + m2 2

2 + m12 + m2 2 = m12 2m1m2 + m2 2
But we are assuming that m1m2 = 1 , so we
have
The midpoint of (a, b) and (b, a) is
a+b b+a
,
M =
.
2
2
2 + m12 + m2 2 = m12 2 ( 1) + m2 2
2 + m12 + m2 2 = m12 + 2 + m2 2
0=0
Therefore, by the converse of the Pythagorean
Theorem, AOB is a right triangle with right
angle at vertex O. Thus Line 1 is perpendicular
to Line 2.
Since the coordinates are the same, the midpoint

lies on the line y = x .
Note:
1 + m12
a+b b+a
=
2
2
127. 2x y = C
Graph the lines:
2x y = 4
2x y = 0
2x y = 2
All the lines have the same slope, 2. The lines
129. (b), (c), (e) and (g)

The line has positive slope and positive
y-intercept.
130. (a), (c), and (g)
The line has negative slope and positive
y-intercept.
39
Chapter 1: Graphs
131. (c)
The equation x y = 2 has slope 1 and yintercept (0, 2). The equation x y = 1 has
b1 b2
b
b
=
1 = 2
m m
m
m
b
b
But 1 = 2 Line 1 and Line 2 have the
m
m
same x-intercept, which contradicts the original
assumption that the lines have unequal x-intercepts.
Therefore, Line 1 and Line 2 cannot have the same
y-intercept.
b1 = b2
slope 1 and y-intercept (0, 1). Thus, the lines

are parallel with positive slopes. One line has a
positive y-intercept and the other with a negative
y-intercept.
132. (d)
The equation y 2 x = 2 has slope 2 and yintercept (0, 2). The equation x + 2 y = 1 has
141. Yes. Two distinct lines with the same y-intercept,

but different slopes, can have the same x-intercept
if the x-intercept is x = 0 .
Assume Line 1 has equation y = m1 x + b and Line
1
1
and y-intercept 0, . The lines

2
2
1
are perpendicular since 2 = 1 . One line
2
has a positive y-intercept and the other with a
negative y-intercept.
slope
2 has equation y = m2 x + b ,
Line 1 has x-intercept
b
and y-intercept b .
m1
b
and y-intercept b .
m2
Assume also that Line 1 and Line 2 have unequal
slopes, that is m1 m2 .
If the lines have the same x-intercept, then
b
b
.
=
m1
m2
133 135. Answers will vary.

136. No, the equation of a vertical line cannot be
written in slope-intercept form because the slope
is undefined.
137. No, a line does not need to have both an xintercept and a y-intercept. Vertical and
horizontal lines have only one intercept (unless
they are a coordinate axis). Every line must have
at least one intercept.
b
b
=
m1
m2
m2 b = m1b
m2 b + m1b = 0
But m2 b + m1b = 0 b ( m1 m2 ) = 0
138. Two lines with equal slopes and equal

y-intercepts are coinciding lines (i.e. the same).
b=0
or m1 m2 = 0 m1 = m2
139. Two lines that have the same x-intercept and yintercept (assuming the x-intercept is not 0) are
the same line since a line is uniquely defined by
two distinct points.
Since we are assuming that m1 m2 , the only way

that the two lines can have the same x-intercept is
if b = 0.
140. No. Two lines with the same slope and different xintercepts are distinct parallel lines and have no
points in common.
Assume Line 1 has equation y = mx + b1 and Line

143. m =
2 has equation y = mx + b2 ,
y2 y1
4 2 6
3
=
=
=
2
x2 x1 1 ( 3) 4
It appears that the student incorrectly found the

slope by switching the direction of one of the
subtractions.
b
Line 1 has x-intercept 1 and y-intercept b1 .
m
b2
and y-intercept b2 .
m
Assume also that Line 1 and Line 2 have unequal
x-intercepts.
If the lines have the same y-intercept, then b1 = b2 .
144. Interactive Exercise
40
Section 1.4: Circles

Radius = distance from (1, 2 ) to (2,3)
Section 1.4
1. add;
2.
( 1 10 )
2
= 25
Equation:
( x 2 )2 = 9
( 2 1)2 + (3 2)2 = 2
( x 1)2 + ( y 2)2 = 2
11. ( x h)2 + ( y k )2 = r 2
x2 = 9
x 2 = 3
x = 23
x = 5 or x = 1
The solution set is {1, 5}.
( x 0) 2 + ( y 0) 2 = 22
x2 + y2 = 4
General form: x 2 + y 2 4 = 0
3. False. For example, x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2 y + 8 = 0

is not a circle. It has no real solutions.
4. radius
5. True; r 2 = 9 r = 3
6. False; the center of the circle
( x + 3)2 + ( y 2 )2 = 13
is ( 3, 2 ) .
12. ( x h)2 + ( y k )2 = r 2
7. Center = (2, 1)
Radius = distance from (0,1) to (2,1)
( x 0) 2 + ( y 0) 2 = 32
x2 + y2 = 9
= (2 0)2 + (1 1)2 = 4 = 2
General form: x 2 + y 2 9 = 0
Equation: ( x 2)2 + ( y 1) 2 = 4
8. Center = (1, 2)
Radius = distance from (1,0) to (1,2)
= (1 1)2 + (2 0)2 = 4 = 2
Equation: ( x 1)2 + ( y 2) 2 = 4
9. Center = midpoint of (1, 2) and (4, 2)
1+ 4 2 + 2
=
,
= 5, 2
2
2
2
Radius = distance from 5 , 2 to (4,2)
2
) ( )
13. ( x h)2 + ( y k )2 = r 2
( )
( x 0) 2 + ( y 2)2 = 22
x 2 + ( y 2)2 = 4
5
9 3
= 4 + (2 2)2 =
=
2
4 2
General form: x 2 + y 2 4 y + 4 = 4
x2 + y2 4 y = 0
5
9
Equation: x + ( y 2)2 =
2
4
10. Center = midpoint of (0, 1) and (2, 3)

0 + 2 1+ 3
,
=
= (1, 2 )
2
2
41
Chapter 1: Graphs
14. ( x h)2 + ( y k )2 = r 2
17. ( x h)2 + ( y k )2 = r 2
( x ( 2 ))2 + ( y 1)2 = 42
( x 1)2 + ( y 0)2 = 32
( x 1) 2 + y 2 = 9
( x + 2)2 + ( y 1)2 = 16
General form: x 2 x + 1 + y = 9
2
General form: x 2 + 4 x + 4 + y 2 2 y + 1 = 16
x2 + y2 2 x 8 = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 4 x 2 y 11 = 0
15. ( x h)2 + ( y k )2 = r 2
18. ( x h)2 + ( y k )2 = r 2
( x 4)2 + ( y (3)) 2 = 52
( x ( 5 )) 2 + ( y (2)) 2 = 7 2
( x 4)2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 25
General form:
x 2 8 x + 16 + y 2 + 6 y + 9 = 25
( x + 5)2 + ( y + 2) 2 = 49
General form: x 2 + 10 x + 25 + y 2 + 4 y + 4 = 49
x + y 8x + 6 y = 0
2
x 2 + y 2 + 10 x + 4 y 20 = 0
16. ( x h)2 + ( y k )2 = r 2
( x 2)2 + ( y (3))2 = 42
19. ( x h)2 + ( y k )2 = r 2
( x 2) 2 + ( y + 3)2 = 16
1
2
x + ( y 0) =
2
General form: x 2 4 x + 4 + y 2 + 6 y + 9 = 16
x2 + y 2 4 x + 6 y 3 = 0
1
1
2
x + y =
2
4
1
1
+ y2 =
4
4
x2 + y2 x = 0
General form: x 2 x +
42
c.
x-intercepts: x 2 + ( 0 ) = 4
2
x2 = 4
x = 4 = 2
y-intercepts: ( 0 ) + y 2 = 4
2
y2 = 4
y = 4 = 2
The intercepts are ( 2, 0 ) , ( 2, 0 ) , ( 0, 2 ) ,
and ( 0, 2 ) .
20. ( x h)2 + ( y k )2 = r 2
1 1
=
2 2
( x 0 )2 + y
22. x 2 + ( y 1)2 = 1
2
x 2 + ( y 1) 2 = 12
a.
1
1
x + y+ =
2
4
Center:(0, 1); Radius = 1
b.
1 1
=
4 4
x2 + y 2 + y = 0
General form: x 2 + y 2 + y +
c.
x-intercepts: x 2 + (0 1)2 = 1
x2 + 1 = 1
x2 = 0
x= 0 =0
y-intercepts: ( 0 ) + ( y 1) 2 = 1
2
21. x 2 + y 2 = 4
x +y =2
2
a.
( y 1) 2 = 1
y 1 = 1
y 1 = 1
y = 11
y = 2 or y = 0
Center: (0, 0); Radius = 2
b.

23. 2 ( x 3) + 2 y 2 = 8
2
( x 3 )2 + y 2 = 4
a.
43
Chapter 1: Graphs
b.
c.
x-intercepts: ( x + 1) + ( 0 1) = 2
2
( x + 1)2 + ( 1)2 = 2
( x + 1)2 + 1 = 2
( x + 1)2 = 1
x-intercepts: ( x 3) + ( 0 ) = 4
2
( x 3)
c.
x +1 = 1
x + 1 = 1
x = 1 1
x = 0 or x = 2
y-intercepts: ( 0 + 1) + ( y 1) = 2
2
=4
(1)2 + ( y 1)2 = 2
2
1 + ( y 1) = 2
( y 1)2 = 1
x 3 = 4
x 3 = 2
x = 3 2
x = 5 or x = 1
y 1 = 1
y 1 = 1
y = 11
y = 2 or y = 0
y-intercepts: ( 0 3) + y 2 = 4
2
( 3 ) 2 + y 2 = 4
9 + y2 = 4
y 2 = 5
No real solution.
The intercepts are (1, 0 ) and ( 5, 0 ) .
25. x 2 + y 2 2 x 4 y 4 = 0
x2 2 x + y2 4 y = 4
24. 3 ( x + 1) + 3 ( y 1) = 6
2
( x 2 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 4 y + 4) = 4 + 1 + 4
( x + 1)2 + ( y 1)2 = 2
a.
Center: (1,1); Radius =
( x 1) 2 + ( y 2)2 = 32
a.
b.
b.
c.
x-intercepts: ( x 1) 2 + (0 2)2 = 32
( x 1)2 + (2)2 = 32
( x 1)2 + 4 = 9
( x 1)2 = 5
x 1 = 5
x = 1 5
44
y-intercepts: (0 1) 2 + ( y 2)2 = 32
27.
(1) 2 + ( y 2)2 = 32
1 + ( y 2) = 9
2
( y 2 )2 = 8
x2 + y2 + 4 x 4 y 1 = 0
x2 + 4 x + y2 4 y = 1
( x 2 + 4 x + 4) + ( y 2 4 y + 4) = 1 + 4 + 4
( x + 2)2 + ( y 2)2 = 32
a.
y2= 8
b.

y
y 2 = 2 2
y = 22 2
(
)(
2 ) , and ( 0, 2 + 2 2 ) .
(2, 2)
The intercepts are 1 5, 0 , 1 + 5, 0 ,
( 0, 2 2
x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 2 y 20 = 0
26.
x + 4 x + y + 2 y = 20
2
5 x
c.
( x + 4 x + 4) + ( y 2 + 2 y + 1) = 20 + 4 + 1
2
x-intercepts: ( x + 2)2 + (0 2)2 = 32
( x + 2)2 + 4 = 9
( x + 2)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 52
a.
b.
( x + 2)2 = 5
Center: (2,1); Radius = 5
x+2= 5
x = 2 5
y-intercepts: (0 + 2) + ( y 2)2 = 32
2
4 + ( y 2)2 = 9
( y 2)2 = 5
y2= 5
c.
y = 2 5
( 2 +
( x + 2)2 + 1 = 25
( x + 2) 2 = 24
28.
x + 2 = 24
x + 2 = 2 6
x = 2 2 6
)(
a.
4 + ( y + 1) = 25
b.
( y + 1) = 21
2
y + 1 = 21
y = 1 21
The intercepts are 2 2 6, 0 ,
( 2 + 2 6, 0) , ( 0, 1
( 0, 1 + 21) .
5, 0 , 0, 2 5 , and 0, 2 + 5 .
x2 + y 2 6x + 2 y + 9 = 0
x 2 6 x + y 2 + 2 y = 9
2
( x 6 x + 9) + ( y 2 + 2 y + 1) = 9 + 9 + 1
( x 3) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = 12
y-intercepts: (0 + 2) + ( y + 1)2 = 52
2
The intercepts are 2 5, 0 ,
x-intercepts: ( x + 2)2 + (0 + 1) 2 = 52
21 , and
45
Chapter 1: Graphs
c.
x-intercepts: ( x 3)2 + (0 + 1) 2 = 12
30.
( x 3) + 1 = 1
2
( x 3 )2 = 0
x 3 = 0
x=3
y-intercepts: (0 3)2 + ( y + 1) 2 = 12
1
=0
2
1
x2 + x + y2 + y =
2
1 2
1 1 1 1
2
x + x+ + y + y+ = + +
4
4 2 4 4
x2 + y2 + x + y
1
1
2
x + + y + =1
2
2
9 + ( y + 1) = 1
2
( y + 1)2 = 8
a.
No real solution.
The intercept only intercept is ( 3, 0 ) .
1 1
Center: , ; Radius = 1
2 2
b.
x + y x + 2y +1 = 0
2
29.
x 2 x + y 2 + 2 y = 1
1
1
2
2
x x + + ( y + 2 y + 1) = 1 + + 1
4
4
2
2
1
1
2
x + ( y + 1) =
2
2
a.
1
1
Center: , 1 ; Radius =
2
2
c.
b.
1
1
x-intercepts: x + + 0 + = 12
2
2
2
1 1
x + + =1
2 4
c.
1
x-intercepts: x + (0 + 1) 2 =
2
2
2
1
1
x +1 =
2
4
1
3
x+ =
2
4
1
3
x+ =
2
2
1 3
x=
2
1
3
x =
2
4
No real solutions
2
1
y-intercepts: 0 + ( y + 1) 2 =
2
2
1
1
2
+ ( y + 1) =
4
4
( y + 1)2 = 0
y +1 = 0
y = 1
1
1
y-intercepts: 0 + + y + = 12
2
2
2
1
1
+ y + =1
4
2
2
1
3
y+ =
2
4
1
3
y+ =
2
2
1 3
y=
2
1 3 1 + 3
The intercepts are
, 0,
, 0,
2
2
1 3
1 + 3
0,
, and 0,
.
2
2
The only intercept is ( 0, 1) .

46
b.
2 x 2 + 2 y 2 12 x + 8 y 24 = 0
31.
x 2 + y 2 6 x + 4 y = 12
x 2 6 x + y 2 + 4 y = 12
( x 2 6 x + 9) + ( y 2 + 4 y + 4) = 12 + 9 + 4
( x 3) 2 + ( y + 2)2 = 52
a.
b.
c.
1
2
1
=
2
x-intercepts: ( x + 2)2 + ( 0 ) =
2
( x + 2 )2
1
2
2
x+2 =
2
x+2 =
c.
x-intercepts: ( x 3) 2 + (0 + 2)2 = 52
x = 2
( x 3) + 4 = 25
( x 3)2 = 21
2
1
2
1
2
4+ y =
2
y-intercepts: (0 + 2) 2 + y 2 =
x 3 = 21
x = 3 21
7
2
No real solutions.
2
The intercepts are 2
, 0 and
2
, 0 .
2 +
y2 =
y-intercepts: (0 3) + ( y + 2)2 = 52
2
9 + ( y + 2 ) = 25
2
( y + 2 )2 = 16
y + 2 = 4
y = 2 4
y = 2 or y = 6
) (3 +
The intercepts are 3 21, 0 ,
( 0, 6 ) ,
32. a.
and ( 0, 2 ) .
21, 0 ,
33.
2 x2 + 2 y2 + 8x + 7 = 0
2 x 2 + 8 x + 2 y 2 = 7
7
x2 + 4 x + y2 =
2
7
2
2
( x + 4 x + 4) + y = + 4
2
1
2
2
( x + 2) + y =
2
2
2
( x + 2)2 + y 2 =
2
Center: (2, 0); Radius =
2
2
2x2 + 8x + 2 y2 = 0
x2 + 4 x + y2 = 0
x2 + 4 x + 4 + y2 = 0 + 4
a.
( x + 2 )2 + y 2 = 2 2
Center: ( 2, 0 ) ;
Radius: r = 2
b.
2
2
47
Chapter 1: Graphs
x-intercepts: ( x + 2 ) + ( 0 ) = 22
2
c.
35. Center at (0, 0); containing point (2, 3).
r=
( x + 2)2 = 4
( x + 2 )2 =
y-intercepts: ( 0 + 2 ) + y = 2
2
r=
( 3 1)2 + ( 2 0 )2
= 16 + 4 = 20 = 2 5
Equation: ( x 1)2 + ( y 0)2 =
y =0
y=0
2
20
( x 1)2 + y 2 = 20
37. Center at (2, 3); tangent to the x-axis.

r =3
34. 3x 2 + 3 y 2 12 y = 0
Equation: ( x 2)2 + ( y 3) 2 = 32
x + y 4y = 0
2
( x 2)2 + ( y 3) 2 = 9
x + y 4y + 4 = 0 + 4
2
38. Center at (3, 1); tangent to the y-axis.

r =3
x2 + ( y 2) = 4
2
a.
36. Center at (1, 0); containing point (3, 2).
4+ y = 4
( 13 )
x 2 + y 2 = 13
= 4 + 9 = 13
Equation: ( x 0) 2 + ( y 0) 2 =
x + 2 = 2
x = 2 2
x = 0 or x = 4
2
( 2 0 )2 + ( 3 0 )2
Center:
( 0, 2 ) ; Radius:
Equation: ( x + 3)2 + ( y 1)2 = 32
r=2
( x + 3)2 + ( y 1)2 = 9
b.
39. Endpoints of a diameter are (1, 4) and (3, 2).

The center is at the midpoint of that diameter:
1 + (3) 4 + 2
,
Center:
= ( 1,3)
2
2
Radius: r = (1 (1)) 2 + (4 3)2 = 4 + 1 = 5
Equation: ( x (1))2 + ( y 3) 2 =
c.
( 5)
( x + 1)2 + ( y 3) 2 = 5
x-intercepts: x 2 + ( 0 2 ) = 4
2
40. Endpoints of a diameter are (4, 3) and (0, 1).

The center is at the midpoint of that diameter:
4 + 0 3 +1
Center:
,
= ( 2, 2 )
2
2
x2 + 4 = 4
x2 = 0
x=0
y-intercepts: 02 + ( y 2 ) = 4
2
Radius: r = (4 2)2 + (3 2) 2 = 4 + 1 = 5
( y 2 )2 = 4
Equation: ( x 2)2 + ( y 2) 2 =
y2 = 4
y 2 = 2
y = 22
y = 4 or y = 0
( 5)
( x 2)2 + ( y 2) 2 = 5
48
41. Center at (1, 3); tangent to the line y = 2.

This means that the circle contains the point
(1, 2), so the radius is r = 1.
Equation: ( x + 1) 2 + ( y 3)2 = (1) 2
x 2 + y 2 = 36
x 2 + x 2 = 36
2 x 2 = 36
x 2 = 18
( x + 1) 2 + ( y 3)2 = 1
x=3 2
The length of one side of the square is 2 x . Thus,
42. Center at (4, 2); tangent to the line x = 1.

This means that the circle contains the point
(1, 2), so the radius is r = 3.
Equation: ( x 4)2 + ( y + 2) 2 = (3) 2
the area of the square is 2 3 2
( 1, 2 ) ; Radius = 2
46. (a) ; Center:
Therefore, the area of the shaded region is

A = 36 72 square units.
( 3,3) ; Radius = 3
45. (b) ; Center:
( 3,3) ; Radius = 3
49. The diameter of the Ferris wheel was 250 feet, so

the radius was 125 feet. The maximum height
was 264 feet, so the center was at a height of
264 125 = 139 feet above the ground. Since the
center of the wheel is on the y-axis, it is the point
(0, 139). Thus, an equation for the wheel is:
( x 0 )2 + ( y 139 )2 = 1252
2
x 2 + ( y 139 ) = 15, 625
47. Let the upper-right corner of the square be the

point ( x, y ) . The circle and the square are both
centered about the origin. Because of symmetry,
we have that x = y at the upper-right corner of
the square. Therefore, we get
x2 + y2 = 9
50. The diameter of the wheel is 150 meters, so the

radius is 75 meters. The maximum height is 165
meters, so the center of the wheel is at a height
of 167 75 = 90 meters above the ground. Since
the center of the wheel is on the y-axis, it is the
point (0, 90). Thus, an equation for the wheel is:
x2 + x 2 = 9
2 x2 = 9
9
x2 =
2
( x 0 )2 + ( y 90 )2 = 752
2
x 2 + ( y 90 ) = 5625
9 3 2
=
2
2
The length of one side of the square is 2 x . Thus,
the area is
x=
3 2
A = s2 = 2
= 3 2
= 72 square
r 2 = ( 6 ) = 36 square units.
43. (c); Center: (1, 2 ) ; Radius = 2

44. (d) ; Center:
units. From the equation of the circle, we have

r = 6 . The area of the circle is
( x 4) + ( y + 2) = 9
2
51. x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 4 y 4091 = 0
x 2 + 2 x + y 2 + 4 y 4091 = 0
x 2 + 2 x + 1 + y 2 + 4 y + 4 = 4091 + 5
= 18 square units.
( x + 1)2 + ( y + 2 )2 = 4096
48. The area of the shaded region is the area of the

circle, less the area of the square. Let the upperright corner of the square be the point ( x, y ) .
The circle representing Earth has center ( 1, 2 )

and radius = 4096 = 64 .
So the radius of the satellites orbit is
64 + 0.6 = 64.6 units.
The equation of the orbit is
The circle and the square are both centered about

the origin. Because of symmetry, we have that
x = y at the upper-right corner of the square.
Therefore, we get
( x + 1)2 + ( y + 2 )2 = ( 64.6 )2
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 4 y 4168.16 = 0
49
Chapter 1: Graphs
Equation of the tangent line is:
x 2 + (mx + b) 2 = r 2
52. a.
2
( x 1)
4
2
2
y2 2 =
x+
4
4
4y 8 2 = 2 x + 2
x 2 + m 2 x 2 + 2bmx + b 2 = r 2
y2 2 =
(1 + m 2 ) x 2 + 2bmx + b 2 r 2 = 0
There is one solution if and only if the
discriminant is zero.
(2bm) 2 4(1 + m 2 )(b 2 r 2 ) = 0
2 x + 4y = 9 2
4b 2 m 2 4b 2 + 4r 2 4b 2 m 2 + 4m 2 r 2 = 0
2 x + 4y 9 2 = 0
4b 2 + 4r 2 + 4m 2 r 2 = 0
b2 + r 2 + m2 r 2 = 0
54. x 2 + y 2 4 x + 6 y + 4 = 0
r 2 (1 + m 2 ) = b 2
b.
( x 2 4 x + 4) + ( y 2 + 6 y + 9) = 4 + 4 + 9
Using the quadratic formula, the result from

part (a), and knowing that the discriminant
is zero, we get:
(1 + m 2 ) x 2 + 2bmx + b 2 r 2 = 0
( x 2) 2 + ( y + 3)2 = 9
Center: (2, 3)
2bm
bm bmr
mr
= 2 =
=
2
2
b
2(1 + m ) b
b
2
r
2
mr
y = m
+b
b
2 2 3 (3) 2 2
=
=2 2
32
1
x=
=
c.
Slope of the tangent line is:
1
2 2
2
( x 3)
4
2
3 2
y2 2 +3 =
x+
4
4
4 y 8 2 + 12 = 2 x + 3 2
2 x + 4 y 11 2 + 12 = 0
55. Let (h, k ) be the center of the circle.
x 2y + 4 = 0
2y = x + 4
1
y = x+2
2
Therefore, the tangent line is perpendicular

to the line containing the center of the circle
and the point of tangency.
The slope of the tangent line is
1
. The slope
2
from (h, k ) to (0, 2) is 2.
2k
= 2
0h
2 k = 2h
The other tangent line is y = 2 x 7 , and it has
slope 2.
is
2 2 0 2 2
=
=2 2 .
1 0
1
Slope of the tangent line is
2
4
y 2 2 3 =
The slope of the tangent line is m .

The slope of the line joining the point of
tangency and the center is:
r2
0
2
b
=r b =1
m
mr 2
b mr 2
0
Slope from center to 1, 2 2
Equation of the tangent line:
m2 r 2
m2 r 2 + b 2 r 2
+b =
=
b
b
b
53. x 2 + y 2 = 9
Center: (0, 0)
Slope from center to 3, 2 2 3 is
1
2 2
2
.
4
50
Therefore, the path of the center of the circle has

the equation y = 2 .
1
The slope from (h, k ) to (3, 1) is .
2
1 k
1
=
3h
2
2 + 2k = 3 h
58.
2k = 1 h
h = 1 2k
Solve the two equations in h and k :
2 k = 2(1 2k )
2 k = 2 4k
3k = 0
k =0
h = 1 2(0) = 1
The center of the circle is (1, 0).
C = 2 r
6 = 2 r
6 2 r
=
2
2
3=r
The radius is 3 units long.
59. (b), (c), (e) and (g)

We need h, k > 0 and ( 0, 0 ) on the graph.
60. (b), (e) and (g)
We need h < 0 , k = 0 , and h > r .
56. Find the centers of the two circles:

x2 + y2 4 x + 6 y + 4 = 0

62. The student has the correct radius, but the signs
of the coordinates of the center are incorrect. The
student needs to write the equation in the
( x 2 4 x + 4) + ( y 2 + 6 y + 9) = 4 + 4 + 9
( x 2)2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 9
standard form ( x h ) + ( y k ) = r 2 .
2
Center: ( 2, 3)
( x + 3) + ( y 2 )
2
x2 + y2 + 6x + 4 y + 9 = 0
= 16
( x ( 3) ) + ( y 2)
2
( x 2 + 6 x + 9) + ( y 2 + 4 y + 4) = 9 + 9 + 4
( x + 3)2 + ( y + 2)2 = 4
= 42
Thus, ( h, k ) = ( 3, 2 ) and r = 4 .
Center: ( 3, 2 )
63. Set the axes so that the fields maximum

dimension is along the x-axis.
Find the slope of the line containing the centers:

2 (3)
1
=
m=
3 2
5
Find the equation of the line containing the
centers:
1
y + 3 = ( x 2)
5
5 y + 15 = x + 2
P(h,k)
r
h
x + 5 y = 13
x + 5 y + 13 = 0
Let 2h = width , 2k = height , therefore the point

farthest from the origin has coordinates P ( h, k ) .
57. Consider the following diagram:
So the distance from the origin to point P is
r = h 2 + k 2 = the radius of the circle .

Using 1 sprinkler arm:
(2,2)
If we place the sprinkler at the origin, we get a circle with

equation x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , where r = h 2 + k 2 . So how much
excess land is being watered ? The area of the field =
AF = 4hk .
51
Chapter 1: Graphs
The area of the circular water pattern
AC = r 2 =
h2 + k 2
Therefore the amount of excess land being
watered = AC AF = h 2 + k 2 4hk .
= h2 + k 2 .
2 h 2 + k 2 4hk < h2 + k 2 4hk

4
Using 2 sprinkler arms:

Q(0,k)
P(h,k)
h 2 + 2 k 2 4hk < h 2 + k 2 4hk
h 2 + 2 k 2 < h 2 + k 2
1 2
h + 2 k 2 < h2 + k 2
2
1
k 2 < h2
2
1
k<
h
2
We want to place the sprinklers so that they

overlap as little as possible while watering the
entire field. The equation of the circle with
center on the positive x-axis that passes through
the point P ( h, k ) and Q ( 0, k ) is
h > 2k
h
1 2
2
h + k 2 , since the center is
x + y =
2
4
h
, 0 , and the radius is
2
So 2 sprinklers is the better choice when the

longer dimension of the rectangle exceeds the
shorter dimension by a factor of more than
2 1.414 .
1 2
h + k2 .
4
The case for the other side is similar. Thus, the

h
sprinklers should have their centers at , 0
2
h
and , 0 , with the arm lengths set at
2
64 65. Interactive Exercises.
Chapter 1 Review Exercises

1. P = ( 0, 0 ) and P2 = ( 4, 2 )
1
1 2
h + k2 .
4
a.
Each sprinkler waters the same area, so the total

area watered is
d ( P , P2 ) =
1
( 4 0 )2 + ( 2 0 )2
= 16 + 4 = 20 = 2 5
1 2
AC = 2 r 2 = 2
h + k 2 = 2 h 2 + k 2 .
4
The amount of excess land being watered is

1
AC AF = 2 h 2 + k 2 4hk .
4
b.
Comparison:
c.
slope =
In order to determine when to switch from 1

sprinkler to 2 sprinklers, we want to determine
when 2 sprinklers water less excess land than 1
sprinkler waters. That is, we want to solve:
1
2 h 2 + k 2 4hk < h2 + k 2 4hk .

4
d.
For each run of 2, there is a rise of 1.
The coordinates of the midpoint are:

x + x y + y2
( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1
2
2
0+4 0+2 4 2
=
,
= , = ( 2,1)
2 2 2
2
y 2 0 2 1
=
= =
x 4 0 4 2
2. P = ( 0, 0 ) and P2 = ( 4, 6 )
1
a.
d ( P , P2 ) =
1
( 4 0 ) 2 + ( 6 0 ) 2
= 16 + 36 = 52 = 2 13
52
b.

x + x y + y2
( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1
2
2
b.

x + x y + y2
( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1
2
2
0 + ( 4 ) 0 + 6 4 6
=
,
= , = ( 2,3)
2
2 2 2
4 + 4 4 + 8 8 4
=
,
= , = ( 4, 2 )
2 2 2
2
y 8 ( 4 ) 12
=
= , undefined
x
44
0
c.
slope =
y 6 0
6
3
=
=
=
x 4 0 4
2
c.
slope =
d.
d.
An undefined slope means the points lie on a

vertical line. There is no change in x.
3. P = (1, 1) and P2 = ( 2,3)

1
a.
d ( P , P2 ) =
1
( 2 1)
+ ( 3 ( 1) )
6. P = ( 3, 4 ) and P2 = ( 2, 4 )
1
2
a.
= 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
b.
b.
slope =
d.
y 3 ( 1) 4
4
=
=
=
x
2 1
3
3
d.
A slope of zero means the points lie on a

horizontal line. There is no change in y.
7. y = x 2 + 4
4. P = ( 2, 2 ) and P2 = (1, 4 )
1
2
(1 ( 2 ) ) + ( 4 2 )2
(2, 8)
= 9 + 4 = 13
x + x y + y2
( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1
2
2
2 + 1 2 + 4
=
,
2
2
y
42
2
=
=
x 1 ( 2 ) 3
slope =
d.
(1, 5)
(0, 4)
9. 2 x = 3 y 2
x-intercepts:
2 x = 3(0)2
5 x
y-intercepts:
2(0) = 3 y 2
2x = 0
0 = y2
y=0
x=0
The only intercept is (0, 0).
5. P = ( 4, 4 ) and P2 = ( 4,8 )
1
( 4 4 ) 2 + ( 8 ( 4 ) )
(2, 8)
8. x-intercepts: 4, 0, 2 ; y-intercepts: 2, 0, 2
Intercepts: (4, 0), (0, 0), (2, 0), (0, 2), (0, 2)
c.
d ( P , P2 ) =
1
(1, 5)
1 6 1
= , = ,3
2 2 2
a.
y
44
0
=
= =0
x 2 ( 3) 5
c.
slope =
b.

x + x y + y2
( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1
2
2
3 + 2 4 + 4 1 8 1
=
,
= , = ,4
2 2 2 2
2
c.
d ( P , P2 ) =
1
2
( 2 ( 3 ) ) + ( 4 4 ) 2
= 25 + 0 = 25 = 5

x + x y + y2
( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1
2
2
1 + ( 2 ) 1 + 3
,
=
2
2
1 2 1
= , = ,1
2 2 2
a.
d ( P , P2 ) =
1
= 0 + 144 = 144 = 12
53
Chapter 1: Graphs
2 x = 3( y )
2 x = 3 y 2 same
2( x) = 3 y 2
( x )2 + 4 ( y )2 =16
x 2 +4 y 2 =16

origin symmetry.
2 x = 3 y 2 different
12. 9x 2 y 2 =9
x-intercepts:
9x 2 (0)2 = 9
y2 = 9
x2 = 1
y 2 = 9
no real solutions
x = 1
The intercepts are (1, 0) and (1, 0).
y-intercepts:
y = 5 ( 0)
0=x
y=0
y = 5x
y = 5 x different
y = 5( x )
y = 5 x different
9 x2 ( y ) = 9
2
9 x 2 y 2 = 9 same
9 ( x) y2 = 9
2
9 x 2 y 2 = 9 same
9(x) ( y ) = 9
2
y = 5( x)
y = 5 x same
9 x2 y 2 = 9
same

origin symmetry.
11. x 2 +4 y 2 =16
13. y = x 4 +2 x 2 +1
x-intercepts:
y-intercepts:
x 2 +4 ( 0 ) =16
( 0 )2 +4 y 2 =16
x 2 = 16
x = 4
4 y 2 = 16
y-intercepts:
9(0) 2 y 2 = 9
9 x2 = 9
2( x) = 3( y ) 2
2 x = 3 y 2 different
10. y = 5 x
x-intercepts:
0 = 5x
same
x-intercepts:
0 = x 4 +2 x 2 +1
)(
y-intercepts:
y = (0) 4 +2(0) 2 +1
=1
0 = x2 + 1 x2 + 1
y =4
y = 2
The intercepts are (4, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2), and
(0, 2).
2
x2 + 1 = 0
x 2 = 1
no real solutions
y = x4 + 2 x2 + 1
y = x 4 2 x 2 1 different
x 2 + 4 ( y ) =16
2
x 2 + 4 y 2 =16 same
y = (x) + 2(x) +1
4
( x ) + 4 y 2 =16
2
y = x4 + 2 x2 + 1
x 2 + 4 y 2 =16 same
same
54


( x) 2 + ( x ) + y 2 + 2 y = 0
y = (x) + 2(x) +1
4
y = x4 + 2 x2 + 1
y = x4 2 x2 1
x 2 x + y 2 + 2 y = 0 different
different
( x) 2 + ( x) + ( y )2 + 2( y ) = 0
x 2 x + y 2 2 y = 0 different
The graph has none of the indicated symmetries.
14. y = x3 x
x-intercepts:
0 = x3 x
y-intercepts:
y = (0)3 0
16. x 2 + 4 x + y 2 2 y = 0
x-intercepts: x 2 + 4 x + (0) 2 2(0) = 0
=0
0 = x x2 1
x2 + 4 x = 0
x( x + 4) = 0
x = 0, x = 4
0 = x ( x + 1)( x 1)
x = 0, x = 1, x = 1
The intercepts are (1, 0), (0, 0), and (1, 0).
y-intercepts: (0) 2 + 4(0) + y 2 2 y = 0
y2 2 y = 0
y ( y 2) = 0
y = 0, y = 2
y = x x
y = x3 + x different
3

y = ( x )3 ( x )
y = x + x
3
x 2 + 4 x + ( y ) 2 2( y ) = 0
x 2 + 4 x + y 2 + 2 y = 0 different
( x) 2 + 4( x) + y 2 2 y = 0
x 2 4 x + y 2 2 y = 0 different
different
y = ( x )3 ( x )
y = x3 + x
y = x3 x same
( x) 2 + 4( x) + ( y ) 2 2( y ) = 0
x 2 4 x + y 2 + 2 y = 0 different
The graph has none of the indicated symmetries.
15. x 2 + x + y 2 + 2 y = 0
x-intercepts: x 2 + x + (0)2 + 2(0) = 0
x2 + x = 0
x( x + 1) = 0
x = 0, x = 1
17.
2
( x ( 2 ) ) + ( y 3)2 = 42
( x + 2 )2 + ( y 3)2 = 16
y-intercepts: (0) 2 + 0 + y 2 + 2 y = 0
y2 + 2 y = 0
y ( y + 2) = 0
y = 0, y = 2
18. ( x h) 2 + ( y k )2 = r 2
( x 3 ) 2 + ( y 4 ) 2 = 42
( x 3)2 + ( y 4 )2 = 16
x 2 + x + ( y ) 2 + 2( y ) = 0
x2 + x + y 2 2 y = 0
( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2
19.
( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2
( x ( 1) ) + ( y ( 2 ) )
different
= 12
( x + 1)2 + ( y + 2 )2 = 1
55
Chapter 1: Graphs
x-intercepts: ( x + 2 ) + 02 = 9
( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2
20.
( x 2 )2 + ( y ( 4 ) )
( x + 2 )2 = 9
= 32
x + 2 = 3
x = 2 3
x = 1 or x = 5
( x 2 )2 + ( y + 4 )2 = 9
21. x 2 + ( y 1) = 4
2
y-intercepts: ( 0 + 2 ) + y 2 = 9
2
x + ( y 1) = 2
2
4 + y2 = 9
y2 = 5
y= 5
The intercepts are ( 5, 0 ) , (1, 0 ) , 0, 5 , and
( 0, 5 ) .
x2 + y2 2 x + 4 y 4 = 0
23.
(x
x-intercepts: x 2 + ( 0 1) = 4
2
x +1 = 4
2
x2 2 x + y 2 + 4 y = 4
2
) (
2x +1 + y2 + 4 y + 4 = 4 + 1 + 4
( x 1)
+ ( y + 2 ) = 32
Center: (1, 2) Radius = 3
x2 = 3
x= 3
y-intercepts: 0 + ( y 1) = 4
2
( y 1) 2 = 4
y 1 = 2
y = 1 2
y = 3 or y = 1
)(
The intercepts are 3, 0 ,

and ( 0, 3) .
22.
3, 0 , ( 0, 1) ,
x-intercepts: ( x 1) + ( 0 + 2 ) = 32
2
( x 1)2 + 4 = 9
( x 1)2 = 5
( x + 2) + y = 9
( x + 2 )2 + y 2 = 32
2
x 1 = 5
x = 1 5
y-intercepts: ( 0 1) + ( y + 2 ) = 32
2
1 + ( y + 2) = 9
2
( y + 2 )2 = 8
y+2 = 8
y + 2 = 2 2
y = 2 2 2
) (
( 0, 2 2 2 ) , and ( 0, 2 + 2 2 ) .
56
x2 + y 2 + 4 x 4 y 1 = 0
24.
(x
3 x 2 + 3 y 2 6 x + 12 y = 0
25.
x2 + 4x + y2 4 y = 1
2
x2 + y 2 2 x + 4 y = 0
+ 4x + 4 + y2 4 y + 4 = 1 + 4 + 4
x2 2 x + y 2 + 4 y = 0
) (
(x
( x + 2 )2 + ( y 2 )2 = 32
) (
2x + 1 + y 2 + 4 y + 4 = 1 + 4
( x 1)2 + ( y + 2 )2 = (
Center: (1, 2) Radius =
x-intercepts: ( x + 2 ) + ( 0 2 ) = 32
2
( x + 2 )2 + 4 = 9
( x + 2 )2 = 5
x-intercepts: ( x 1) + ( 0 + 2 ) =
2
x+2= 5
y-intercepts: ( 0 + 2 ) + ( y 2 ) = 32
2
2
( y 2 )2 = 5
y-intercepts: ( 0 1) + ( y + 2 ) =
y2= 5
)(
( 5)
1 + ( y + 2) = 5
2
( 0, 2 5 ) , and ( 0, 2 + 5 ) .
x 1 = 1
x = 11
x = 2 or x = 0
4 + ( y 2) = 9
y = 2 5
( 5)
( x 1)2 + 4 = 5
( x 1)2 = 1
x = 2 5
2
( y + 2 )2 = 4
y + 2 = 2
y = 2 2
y = 0 or y = 4
2 x2 + 2 y2 4 x = 0
26.
x2 + y2 2 x = 0
(x
x2 2 x + y2 = 0
2
2x + 1 + y2 = 1
( x 1)2 + y 2 = 12
57
Chapter 1: Graphs
30. x-intercept = 2; containing the point (4, 5)

Points are (2, 0) and (4, 5).
5 0
5
m=
=
42
2
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
5
( x 2)
2
5
y = x + 5 or 5 x + 2 y = 10
2
y0 =
x-intercepts: ( x 1) + 02 = 12
2
( x 1)2 = 1
31. y-intercept = 2; containing (5,3)

Points are (5,3) and (0,2)
2 (3)
1
1
m=
=
=
05
5
5
x 1 = 1
x = 11
x = 2 or x = 0
y = mx + b
1
y = x 2 or x + 5 y = 10
5
y-intercepts: ( 0 1) + y 2 = y 2
2
1+ y2 = 1
y2 = 0
y=0
32. Containing the points (3,4) and (2, 1)

1 (4) 5
m=
=
= 5
23
1
The intercepts are ( 0, 0 ) , and ( 2, 0 ) .
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
27. Slope = 2; containing (3,1)

y y1 = m ( x x1 )
y ( 4) = 5 ( x 3)
y + 4 = 5 x + 15
y = 5 x + 11 or 5 x + y = 11
y (1) = 2 ( x 3)
y + 1 = 2 x + 6
y = 2 x + 5 or 2 x + y = 5
33. Parallel to 2 x 3 y = 4
2x 3y = 4
28. Slope = 0; containing the point (5, 4)

y y1 = m ( x x1 )
3 y = 2 x 4
3 y 2 x 4
=
3
3
2
4
y = x+
3
3
2
Slope = ; containing (5,3)
3
y 4 = 0 ( x (5) )
y4 = 0
y=4
29. vertical; containing (3,4)

Vertical lines have equations of the form x = a,
where a is the x-intercept. Now, a vertical line
containing the point (3, 4) must have an
x-intercept of 3, so the equation of the line is
x = 3. The equation does not have a slopeintercept form.
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
2
( x (5) )
3
2
y 3 = ( x + 5)
3
2
10
y 3 = x +
3
3
2
19
or 2 x 3 y = 19
y = x+
3
3
y 3 =
58

37. 4 x 5 y = 20
34. Parallel to x + y = 2
x+ y =2
5 y = 4 x 20
4
y = x+4
5
4
slope = ; y-intercept = 4
5
y = x + 2
Slope = 1; containing (1,3)
y y1 = m( x x1 )
y (3) = 1( x 1)
y + 3 = x +1
y = x 2 or x + y = 2
x-intercept: Let y = 0.
4 x 5(0) = 20
4 x = 20
x = 5
35. Perpendicular to x + y = 2
x+ y =2
y = x + 2
The slope of this line is 1 , so the slope of a line
perpendicular to it is 1.
Slope = 1; containing (4,3)
y y1 = m( x x1 )
y (3) = 1( x 4)
y+3 = x4
y = x 7 or x y = 7
38. 3x + 4 y = 12
36. Perpendicular to 3 x y = 4
3x y = 4
4 y = 3x + 12
3
y = x+3
4
3
4
y = 3x + 4
The slope of this line is 3, so the slope of a line
1
perpendicular to it is .
3
1
Slope = ; containing (2, 4)
3
3x + 4(0) = 12
3x = 12
x=4
y y1 = m( x x1 )
1
( x (2) )
3
1
2
y4 = x
3
3
1
10
y = x+
or x + 3 y = 10
3
3
y4 =
59
Chapter 1: Graphs
39.
41. 2 x 3 y = 12
x-intercept:
2 x 3(0) = 12
y-intercept:
2(0) 3 y = 12
2 x = 12
x=6
1
1
1
x y =
2
3
6
1
1
1
y = x
3
2
6
3
1
y = x+
2
2
3
1
slope = ; y -intercept =
2
2
1
1
1
x (0) =
2
3
6
1
1
x=
2
6
1
x=
3
3 y = 12
y = 4
42. x 2 y = 8
x-intercept:
x 2(0) = 8
y-intercept:
0 2y = 8
x=8
y = 4
3
1
40. x + y = 0
4
2
3
1
y= x
2
4
3
y= x
2
3
2
3
1
x + (0) = 0
4
2
3
x=0
4
x=0
43.
1
1
x+ y =2
2
3
x-intercept:
1
1
x + (0) = 2
2
3
1
x=2
2
x=4
y-intercept:
1
1
(0) + y = 2
2
3
1
y=2
3
y=6
(2, 3)
60
44.
1
1
x y =1
3
4
x-intercept:
1
1
x (0) = 1
3
4
1
x =1
3
x=3
47. slope =
2
, containing the point (1,2)
3
y-intercept:
1
1
(0) y = 1
3
4
1
y =1
4
y = 4
48. Find the distance between each pair of points.
d A, B = (1 3)2 + (1 4) 2 = 4 + 9 = 13
d B,C = ( 2 1) 2 + (3 1)2 = 9 + 4 = 13
d A,C = ( 2 3)2 + (3 4)2 = 25 + 1 = 26
Since AB = BC, triangle ABC is isosceles.
45. y = x3
49. Given the points A = ( 2, 0), B = ( 4, 4), and
C = (8, 5).
a.
Find the distance between each pair of

points.
d ( A, B ) = ( 4 ( 2))2 + (4 0)2
= 4 + 16
= 20 = 2 5
d ( B, C ) = (8 ( 4)) 2 + (5 4)2
= 144 + 1
= 145
d ( A, C ) = (8 ( 2)) 2 + (5 0)2
46. y = x
= 100 + 25
= 125 = 5 5
d ( A, B ) + d ( A, C ) = d ( B, C )
20
) +(
2
125
) =(
2
145
20 + 125 = 145
145 = 145
The Pythagorean Theorem is satisfied, so
this is a right triangle.
61
Chapter 1: Graphs
b.
Find the slopes:
m AB
mBC
y = 0 or x = 0
The graph of xy = 0 consists of the
coordinate axes.
40
4
=
=
= 2
4 ( 2) 2
54
1
=
=
8 ( 4 ) 12
m AC =
xy = 0
d.
e.
50
5 1
=
=
8 ( 2 ) 10 2
x2 + y2 = 0
y = 0 and x = 0
The graph of x 2 + y 2 = 0 is consists of the
origin.
1
= 1 , the sides AB
2
and AC are perpendicular and the triangle is
a right triangle.
Since m AB m AC = 2
Chapter 1 Test
50. Endpoints of the diameter are (3, 2) and (5,6).

The center is at the midpoint of the diameter:
3 + 5 2 + ( 6 )
Center:
,
= (1, 2 )
2
2
Radius: r = (1 (3)) + ( 2 2)
2
1. d ( P , P2 ) =
1
= 62 + ( 4 )
= 52 = 2 13
x + x y + y2
( x, y ) = 1 2 , 1
2
2
= 32 = 4 2
( x 1)2 + ( y + 2 )2 = ( 4
1 + 5 3 + (1)
=
,
2
2
4 2
= ,
2 2
= ( 2, 1)
( x 1) + ( y + 2 ) = 32
2
= 36 + 16
= 16 + 16
Equation:
( 5 (1) )2 + ( 1 3)2
1 5
= 1
62
1 5
= 1
slope of AC =
82
1 1
= 1
slope of BC =
86
Therefore, the points lie on a line.
51. slope of AB =
3. a.
m=
y2 y1
1 3
4
2
=
=
=
x2 x1 5 (1) 6
3

by 2 units.

53. a.
The graph of x = 0 is a vertical line passing

through the origin. That is, x = 0 is the
equation of the y-axis.
b.
The grapy of y = 0 is a horizontal line

passing through the origin. That is, y = 0 is
the equation of the x-axis.
c.
x+ y =0
y = x
The graph of x + y = 0 is line passing
through the origin with slope = 1.
62
Chapter 1 Test
7. Slope = 2 ; containing (3, 4)
4. y = x 2 9
y y1 = m( x x1 )
y (4) = 2( x 3)
y + 4 = 2 x + 6
y = 2 x + 2
5. y 2 = x
y
5
(1, 1)
(4, 2)
(9, 3)
y2 = x
(0, 0)
8. ( x h)2 + ( y k )2 = r 2
10 x
(1,1)
(4,2)
6. x 2 + y = 9
x-intercepts:
x2 + 0 = 9
x2 = 9
( x 4 )2 + ( y (3) )2 = 52
( x 4 )2 + ( y + 3)2 = 25
General form:
( x 4 )2 + ( y + 3)2 = 25
(9,3)
x 2 8 x + 16 + y 2 + 6 y + 9 = 25
x2 + y 2 8x + 6 y = 0
y-intercept:
(0) 2 + y = 9
y=9
9.
x = 3
x2 + y2 + 4 x 2 y 4 = 0
x2 + 4 x + y 2 2 y = 4
( x 2 + 4 x + 4) + ( y 2 2 y + 1) = 4 + 4 + 1
( x + 2) 2 + ( y 1) 2 = 32
y
x2 + ( y ) = 9
x 2 y = 9 different
( x )2 + y = 9
(2, 1)
x 2 + y = 9 same
( x )2 + ( y ) = 9
5 x
x 2 y = 9 different
63
Chapter 1: Graphs
Women: Let ( x1 , y1 ) = (1992, 2.54 ) and
10. 2 x + 3 y = 6
3 y = 2 x + 6
( x2 , y2 ) = (1996, 2.43) .
2
y = x+2
3
m=
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
y 2.54 = 0.0275 ( x 1992 )
y 2.54 = 0.0275 x + 54.78
y = 0.0275 x + 57.32
Parallel line
Any line parallel to 2 x + 3 y = 6 has slope
2
m = . The line contains (1, 1) :
3
y y1 = m( x x1 )
2. Men: The slope m = 0.0025 indicates that the

winning times for men in the Olympic marathon
are decreasing at an average rate of 0.0025 hour
per year.
Women: The slope m = 0.0275 indicates that
the winning times for women in the Olympic
marathon are decreasing at an average rate of
0.0275 hour per year.
The y-intercepts do not have reasonable
interpretations. In this case, the y-intercepts
would indicate the winning times of the
marathons in the year 0, which is not reasonable
because it is too far away from the data on which
our equations are based.
2
y (1) = ( x 1)
3
2
2
y +1 = x +
3
3
2
1
y = x
3
3
Perpendicular line
Any line perpendicular to 2 x + 3 y = 6 has slope
3
. The line contains (0, 3) :
2
y y1 = m( x x1 )
m=
3
( x 0)
2
3
y 3 = x
2
3
y = x+3
2
y 3 =
3. Men: If x = 2004, then

y = 0.0025(2004) + 7.20 = 2.19 hours. This
compares reasonably well to the actual result of
2.18 hours.
Women: If x = 2004, then
y = 0.0275(2004) + 57.32 = 2.21 hours. This
does not compare well to the actual result of 2.44
hours.
Chapter 1 Projects
4. (1) Men: Let ( x1 , y1 ) = (1996, 2.21) and
1. Men: Let ( x1 , y1 ) = (1992, 2.22 ) and
( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2000, 2.17 ) .
( x2 , y2 ) = (1996, 2.21) .
m=
y2 y1 2.43 2.54 0.11

=
=
= 0.0275
x2 x1 1996 1992
4
m=
y2 y1 2.21 2.22 0.01

=
=
= 0.0025
x2 x1 1996 1992
4
y2 y1 2.17 2.21 0.04

=
=
= 0.01
x2 x1 2000 1996
4
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
y 2.21 = 0.01( x 1996 )
y 2.21 = 0.01x + 19.96
y = 0.01x + 22.17
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
y 2.22 = 0.0025 ( x 1992 )

y 2.22 = 0.0025 x + 4.98
y = 0.0025 x + 7.20
64
Chapter 1 Projects
Women: Let ( x1 , y1 ) = (1996, 2.43) and
( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2000, 2.39 ) .
m=
y2 y1 2.39 2.43 0.04

=
=
= 0.01
x2 x1 2000 1996
4
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
y 2.39 = 0.01( x 1996 )
y 2.39 = 0.01x + 19.96
y = 0.01x + 22.35
(2) Men: The slope m = 0.01 indicates that
the winning times for men in the Olympic
marathon are decreasing at a rate of 0.01
hour per year.
Women: The slope m = 0.01 indicates
that the winning times for women in the
Olympic marathon are decreasing at a rate
of 0.01 hour per year.
The y-intercepts do not have reasonable
interpretations. In this case, the y-intercepts
would indicate the winning times of the
marathons in the year 0, which is not
reasonable because it is too far away from
the data on which our equations are based.
(3) Men: If x = 2004, then
y = 0.01(2004) + 22.17 = 2.13 hours. This
prediction is not extremely accurate, but it
does compare reasonably well to the actual
result of 2.18 hours.
Women: If x = 2004, then
y = 0.01(2004) + 22.35 = 2.31 hours. This
does not compare well to the actual result of
2.44 hours.
5. No. The year 2104 is too far away from the data
on which our equations are based.
65

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Chapter 1

4. 112 + 602 = 121 + 3600 = 3721 = 612

15. The points will be on a vertical line that is two

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

16. The points will be on a horizontal line that is

29. A = (2,5), B = (1,3), C = (1, 0)

Verifying that ABC is a right triangle by the

[ d ( A, B)]2 + [ d ( B, C )]2 = [ d ( A, C )]2

The area of a triangle is A =

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Section 1.1: The Distance and Midpoint Formulas

30. A = (2, 5), B = (12, 3), C = (10, 11)

(12 (2) )2 + (3 5)2

31. A = ( 5,3), B = (6, 0), C = (5,5)

(10 12 )2 + (11 3)2

(10 (2) )2 + (11 5)2

= 144 + 256 = 400

Verifying that ABC is a right triangle by the

Verifying that ABC is a right triangle by the

[ d ( A, C )]2 + [ d ( B, C )]2 = [ d ( A, B)]2

[ d ( A, B)]2 + [ d ( B, C )]2 = [ d ( A, C )]2

200 + 200 = 400

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

33. A = (4, 3), B = (0, 3), C = (4, 2)

32. A = (6, 3), B = (3, 5), C = (1, 5)

Verifying that ABC is a right triangle by the

Verifying that ABC is a right triangle by the

[ d ( A, C )]2 + [ d ( B, C )]2 = [ d ( A, B)]2

[ d ( A, B)]2 + [ d ( A, C )]2 = [ d ( B, C )]2

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Section 1.1: The Distance and Midpoint Formulas

The area of a triangle is A =

34. A = (4, 3), B = (4, 1), C = (2, 1)

35. The coordinates of the midpoint are:

36. The coordinates of the midpoint are:

37. The coordinates of the midpoint are:

Verifying that ABC is a right triangle by the

[ d ( A, B)]2 + [ d ( B, C )]2 = [ d ( A, C )]2

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

39. The coordinates of the midpoint are:

40. The coordinates of the midpoint are:

distance of 13 units from the point ( 2, 1) .

41. The coordinates of the midpoint are:

42. The coordinates of the midpoint are:

Thus, the points ( 3,11) and ( 3, 13) are a

46. a. If we use a right triangle to solve the

43. The x coordinate would be 2 + 3 = 5 and the y

44. The new x coordinate would be 1 2 = 3 and

Thus the coordinates will have an x value of

45. a. If we use a right triangle to solve the

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

Section 1.1: The Distance and Midpoint Formulas

a distance of 17 units from the point (1, 2 ) .

48. Points on the y-axis have an x-coordinate of 0.

are a distance of 6 units from the point ( 4, 3) .

distance of 13 units from the point (1, 2 ) .

47. Points on the x-axis have a y-coordinate of 0. Thus,

distance of 6 units from the point ( 4, 3) .

on the x-axis and a distance of 6 units from the

Thus, the points 4 + 3 3,0 and 4 3 3, 0 are

(8) (8)2 4(1)(11)

(6) (6) 2 4(1)(11)

Thus, the points 0, 6 + 2 5 and 0, 6 2 5

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall