ANALELE STIINT IFICE ALE UNIVERSIT

AT II AL.I.CUZA IASI
Tomul XLVI, s.I a, Matematica, 2000, f.1.
A THEORY OF NONSIMPLE MICROSTRETCH FLUIDS
BY
D. IESAN

and R. QUINTANILLA

Abstract. The paper is concerned with a theory of microstretch uids in which

the secondorder velocity gradient is added to the classic set of independent constitutive
variables. First, the eld equations and a uniqueness result are established. Then a
linearized theory is derived. A representation of Galerkin type for the solutions to the
eld equations is given. The eect of concentrated body loads is also studied.
1. Introduction. The theory of microuids was introduced by ERIN-
GEN [1] in order to study uids whose microelements can deform indepen-
dently from their centroidal motions. The theory has been the subject of
an enormous number of investigations. Various reviews of the subject have
been presented by ERINGEN [2], [3], ERINGEN and KAFADAR [4], ARIMAN,
SILVESTER and TURK [5] and BRULIN [6]. In [7], ERINGEN has introduced
the theory of microstretch uids where the micromotions consist of the in-
trinsic rotations and stretch. Recently, ERINGEN [8] has extended this theory
to include heat conduction and dependence of constitutive equations on the
microinertia tensor. The intended applications of the theory are to suspen-
sions in viscous uids, bubbly uids, blood and liquid crystals.
In various papers [6], [9], [10], the authors have advocated the proposal
that a consistent grade level for a micropolar theory, containing the velocity
vector v and the angular velocity vector as independent constitutive va-
riables, should contain eld derivatives of one order higher in v
k
than in
k
.
The arguments for this are drawn from general dimensional considerations
as well as from the analysis of special micro-model cases.
In the rst part of this paper we present a theory of microstretch uids
which includes the velocity gradients of second order as independent consti-
tutive variables. The theory is a generalization of the theory presented by
172 D. IESAN and R. QUINTANILLA 2
ERINGEN in [8]. In the context of elastic continua, TOUPIN [11], MINDLIN [12]
and GREEN and RIVLIN [13] have established a theory of nonsimple media
which is characterized by the inclusion of higher gradients of displacement in
the basic postulates. The theory of nonsimple uids in which velocity gra-
dients of the rst and second order are present in the constitutive equations
has been developed by BLEUSTEIN and GREEN [14].
In the second part of the paper we present a uniqueness theorem within
the framework of the theory of isothermal incompressible uids which occupy
bounded domains. Then we derive a linear theory of nonheatconducting
compressible uids appropriate to small departures from an equilibrium
state. We establish a representation of Galerkin type for the solutions to
the eld equations. Finally, we use the Galerkin representation to study the
problem of concentrated body loads in the case of steady vibrations.
2. Basic Equations. Throughout this paper we consider a contin-
uum that in the present conguration at time t occupies a regular region
B(t) of Euclidean threedimensional space. We denote by B the boundary
of B and designate by n the outward unit normal of B. We assume that
B is a smooth surface. Letters in boldface stand for tensors of an order
p 1, and if u has the order p, we write u
ij...s
(p subscripts) for the rectan-
gular Cartesian components of u. We refer the motion of the body to a xed
system of rectangular Cartesian axes Ox
i
(i = 1, 2, 3). We shall employ the
Euler representation and usual summation and dierentiation conventions:
Latin subscripts are conned to the range (1,2,3); summation over repeated
subscripts is implied and subscripts preceded by a comma denote partial dif-
ferentiation with respect to the corresponding spatial coordinate. In all that
follows, we use a superposed dot or d/dt to denote the material derivative.
The place occupied by the material point X in the current conguration is
x.
We present a theory of nonsimple microstretch uids. The local form
of the law of conservation of mass is
(2.1)

t
+ div (v) = 0 ,
where is the mass density at time t, and v is the velocity vector eld.
We restrict our attention to microisotropic uids. In this case the law of
conservation of microinertia is (cf. [8])
(2.2)
j
t
+j
,s
v
s
2j = 0 ,
3 A THEORY OF NONSIMPLE MICROSTRETCH FLUIDS 173
where j is the microinertia and is the microstretch velocity.
We postulate an energy balance in the form
_
V
( + v
i
v
i
+
i

i
+ +
ji
v
i,j
) dv =
=
_
V
(F
i
v
i
+M
i

i
+L +F
ji
v
i,j
+S) dv+
+
_
V
(t
i
v
i
+m
i

i
+h +
ji
v
i,j
+q) da ,
for every part V of B and every time. Here, is the internal energy density,

i
is the microrotation rate, F
i
is the body force density, M
i
is the body
couple density, L is the generalized body load, F
ij
is the dipolar body force,
S is the heat source density, t
i
is the stress vector, m
i
is the couple stress
vector, h is the microstress,
ji
is the dipolar surface force and q is the
heat ux. Moreover,
i
is the microrotation spin inertia per unit mass (see
ERINGEN [8])
(2.4)
i
= j(

i
+ 2
i
) ,
is the microstretch spin inertia per unit mass ([8])
(2.5) =
3
2
j( +
2

2
3

i
) ,
and
ij
is the dipolar spin inertia per unit mass (see BLEUSTEIN and GREEN
[14])
(2.6)
ij
= d
2
[( v
j
)
,i
v
j,k
v
k,i
] ,
where d is a given constant.
We consider a second motion which diers from the given motion of
the continuum by a constant rigid body translational velocity. In this case v
i
is replaced by v
i
+a
i
, where a
i
is an arbitrary constant. Under this transfor-
mation the functions , ,
i
, ,
i
, ,
ij
, v
i,j
, F
i
, M
i
, L, F
ij
, S, t
i
, m
i
, h,
ji
and q are not aected. Subtracting the energy balance (2.3) from that for
the new motion, we obtain
__
V
v
i
dv
_
V
F
i
dv
_
V
t
i
da
_
a
i
= 0 ,
174 D. IESAN and R. QUINTANILLA 4
for all arbitrary constants a
i
. The quantities in the square brackets are
independent of a
i
so that we get
(2.7)
_
V
v
i
dv =
_
V
F
i
dv +
_
V
t
i
da .
Let n be the outward unit normal of V . Using the well-known method,
from (2.7) we obtain
(2/8) t
i
= t
ji
n
j
,
and
(2.9) t
ji,j
+F
i
= v
i
,
where t
ij
is the stress tensor. Taking into account (2.8) and (2.9), the
equation (2.3) reduces to
(2.10)
_
V
( +
i

i
+ +
ji
v
i,j
) dv =
=
_
V
[t
ji
v
i,j
+(M
i

i
+L +F
ji
v
i,j
+S)] dv+
+
_
V
(m
i

i
+h +
ji
v
i,j
+q) da .
We now assume that V is a tetrahedral element bounded by a plane with
arbitrary unit normal n
i
, and by planes through the point x, parallel to
the coordinate planes. With an argument similar to that used in obtaining
(2.3), from (2.10) we nd that
(2.11) (m
i
m
ji
n
j
)
i
+ (h h
j
n
j
) + (
ji

rji
n
r
)v
i,j
+q q
j
n
j
= 0 ,
where m
ji
is the couple stress tensor, h
j
is the microstress vector,
rji
is the
hyperstress tensor and q
i
is the heat ux vector. With the help of (2.11),
the equation (2.10) reduces to
(2.12)
[ + (
i
M
i
)
i
+ ( L) + (
ji
F
ji
)v
i,j
] =
= t
ji
v
i,j
+S +m
ji,j

i
+h
j,j
+
rji,r
v
i,j
+
+q
j,j
+m
ji

i,j
+h
j

,j
+
rji
v
i,jr
.
Let us now consider a motion of the continua which diers from the given
motion only by a superposed uniform rigid body angular velocity, the body
5 A THEORY OF NONSIMPLE MICROSTRETCH FLUIDS 175
occupying the same position at time t. Velocity in the new motion is given
by v
i
= v
i
+
irj
b
r
x
j
where
irs
is the alternating symbol and b
i
are ar-
bitrary constants. Moreover,
i
is replaced by

i
=
i
+ b
i
, and v
i,j
by
v
i,j
= v
i,j
+
irj
b
r
. Under this transformation the functions , , , t
ij
, S,
m
ij
, h
j
,
rji
and q
i
are not aected. But the body loads M
i
, L and F
ij
must be accommodated by corresponding changes in rotatory accelerations
(cf. ERINGEN [15]) so that

i
M
i
=

M
i
, L =



L,
ji
F
ji
=

ji

F
ji
.
Subtracting the energy equation (2.12) from the corresponding energy equa-
tion for the new motion, we obtain
[(
i
M
i
) +
irs
(
rs
F
rs
)
irs
t
rs
m
ji,j

imn

rmn,r
] b
i
= 0 ,
for all arbitrary constants b
i
. We conclude that
(2.13) m
ji,j
+
irs

rs
+M
i
=
i
,
where we have used the notation
(2.14)
rs
= t
rs
+
krs,k
(
rs
F
rs
) .
With the help of (2.13) and (2.14), the equation (2.12) becomes
(2.15) =
ij
d
ij
+m
ij

ij
+
ijk

ijk
+h
i

,i
+g +q
i,i
+S ,
where
(2.16) d
ij
= v
j,i
+
jir

r
,
ij
=
j,i
,
ijk
= v
k,ij
,
and
(2.17) g = h
i,i
+L .
The entropy production inequality is
_
V
dv
_
V
1

S dv
_
V
1

q da 0 ,
where is the entropy density and is the absolute temperature which is
assumed to be always positive. If we apply the entropy production inequality
176 D. IESAN and R. QUINTANILLA 6
to an arbitrary tetrahedron bounded by coordinate planes at x and a plane
with unit normal n, then we obtain (cf. GREEN and STEEL [16])
(2.18) q = q
i
n
i
.
The local form of the entropy production inequality is
(2.19) S q
i,i
+
1

q
i

,i
0 .
By eliminating S between (2.15) and (2.19) we obtain
(2.20)
ij
d
ij
+m
ij

ij
+
ijk

ijk
+h
i

,i
+g

+
1

q
i

,i
0 ,
where the Helmholtz free energy is dened by
= .
Let us introduce the notation
A = (, j, d
ij
,
ij
,
ijk
, ,
,i
, ,
,i
) .
A heatconducting uid is a medium having the constitutive equations
(2.21)
=

(A) ,
ij
=
ij
(A) , m
ij
= m
ij
(A) ,
ijk
=
ijk
(A) ,
h
i
=

h
i
(A) , g = g(A) , = (A) , q
i
= q
i
(A) ,
m
i
= m
i
(m
rs
, n
j
) , h =

h(h
k
, n
j
) ,
ji
=
ji
(
pqr
, n
s
) ,
subject to the axioms of admissibility and objectivity. The axiom of objec-
tivity requires that the constitutive functionals must be hemitropic. In what
follows we restrict our attention to isotropic uids. It follows from (2.20)
and (2.21) that
(2.22) =

(, j, ) , =

,
and
(2.23)
ij
d
ij
+m
ij

ij
+
ijk

ijk
+h
i

,i
+g

d
dt

j
dj
dt
+
1

q
i

,i
0 .
7 A THEORY OF NONSIMPLE MICROSTRETCH FLUIDS 177
In view of (2.1),
d
dt
= v
i,i
,
dj
dt
= 2j ,
so that (2.23) becomes
(2.24) (
ij
+
ij
)d
ij
+m
ij

ij
+
ijk

ijk
+h
i

,i
+ (g +p) +
1

q
i

,i
0 ,
where
(2.25)
ij
=
2

ij
, p = 2j

j
.
We introduce the functions s
ij
and G by
(2.26)
ij
=
ij
+s
ij
, g = p +G.
The inequality (2.24) reduces to
(2.27) s
ij
d
ij
+m
ij

ij
+
ijk

ijk
+h
i

,i
+G +
1

q
i

,i
0 .
If we carry (2.25) and (2.26) into (2.15) then we obtain
(2.28) = s
ij
d
ij
+m
ij

ij
+
ijk

ijk
+h
i

,i
+G +q
i,i
+S .
Following [8], [14] we assume that s
ij
, m
ij
,
ijk
, h
i
, G and q
i
are
nonlinear functions of , j and , and linear functions in the variables d
ij
,

ij
,
ijk
,
,i
, and
,i
. In view of (2.28) we obtain
(2.29)
s
ij
= (d
rr
+
0
)
ij
+ ( +)d
ij
+d
ji
,
m
ij
=
ijk
(
0

,k
+
0

,k
) +
rr

ij
+
ji
+
ij
,

ijk
=
1
2

1
(
rri

jk
+ 2
krr

ij
+
rrj

ik
)+
+
2
(
irr

jk
+
jrr

ik
) + 2
3

rrk

ij
+ 2
4

ijk
+
+
5
(
kji
+
kij
) +
1

ij

,k
+
2
(
ik

,j
+
jk

,i
)+
+
1

ij

,k
+
2
(
ik

,j
+
jk

,i
) ,
h
i
= a
0

,i
+a
1

irs

rs
+a
2

,i
+a
3

rri
+a
4

irr
,
G = b
0
+b
1
d
rr
,
q
i
= k
,i
+k
1

,i
+k
2

irs

rs
+k
3

rri
+k
4

irr
,
where the constitutive coecients depend on , j and .
178 D. IESAN and R. QUINTANILLA 8
The inequality (2.27) is a restriction on the constitutive coecients.
Using standard techniques of the theory of quadratic forms we can derive
the necessary and sucient conditions for (2.29) to be satised for all inde-
pendent constitutive variables (see [8], [14]).
In view of (2.18), the equation (2.11) becomes
(2.30) (m
i
m
ji
n
j
)
i
+ (h h
j
n
j
) + (
ji

rji
n
r
)v
i,j
= 0 .
For a given motion, , and v
i,j
in (2.30) may be chosen arbitrarily so that,
on the basis of the constitutive equations (2.21), (2.24), (2.25), (2.26) and
(2.29) we nd that
(2.29) m
i
= m
ji
n
j
, h = h
j
n
j
,
ji
=
rji
n
r
.
The total rate of the work over the surface B is given by
(2.30)
W =
_
B
(t
i
v
i
+m
i

i
+
ji
v
i,j
+h)da =
=
_
B
(t
ji
v
i
+m
ji

i
+
jrs
v
s,r
+h
j
)n
j
da .
Following TOUPIN [11] and MINDLIN [12], we can write
(2.33) W =
_
B
(P
i
v
i
+R
i
Dv
i
+m
i

i
+h)da ,
where
(2.34)
P
i
= [
ji

kji,k
+(
ji
F
ji
)]n
j
2n
j
D
r

jri

n
r
n
s
D
rsi
+ (b
rs
b
mm
n
r
n
s
)
rsi
,
R
i
=
rsi
n
r
n
s
.
Here D
i
is the surface gradient, b
ij
is the second fundamental form of the
surface B and Df = f
,i
n
i
.
3. Field Equations. In view of (2.14) the equations of motion (2.9)
become
(3.1)
ji,j

kji,kj
+F
i
(F
ji
)
,j
= v
i
(
ji
)
,j
.
By using (2.4) the equations (2.13) can be written in the form
(3.2) m
ji,j
+
irs

rs
+M
i
= j(

i
+ 2
i
) .
9 A THEORY OF NONSIMPLE MICROSTRETCH FLUIDS 179
From (2.5) and (2.17) we obtain the equation
(3.3) h
i,i
g +L =
3
2
j( +
2

2
3

i
) .
The basic equations of the theory consist of the equations (2.1), (2.2), (3.1)
(3.3), (2.28), (2.22), (2.25), (2.26), (2.29) and (2.16) for the determination
of the functions , v
i
, j,
i
, and .
In what follows we assume that the constitutive coecients from (2.29)
are constants. By substituting (2.16), (2.29), (2.26) into (3.1)(3.3) we ob-
tain the eld equations in the form
(3.4)

t
+ (v
i
)
,i
= 0 ,
j
t
+j
,i
v
i
2j = 0 ,

2
(1 l
2
)v
k
+ [
1

2
(
1
l
1

2
l
2
)]v
j,jk
+
+
kjs

s,j
(
1
+ 2
2
)
,k
+ [
0
(
1
+ 2
2
)]
,k
+p
k
+
+F
k
(F
jk
)
,j
= v
k
(
jk
)
,j
,

i
+ ( +)
s,si
+
irs
v
s,r
2
i
+M
i
= j(

i
+ 2
i
) ,
a
0
+a
2
[b
1
(a
3
+a
4
)]v
s,s
b
0
+p +L =
3
2
j( +
2

2
3

i
) ,
k +k
1
+ (k
3
+k
4
)v
j,j
+s
ij
(v
j,i
+
jik

k
)+
+m
ij

j,i
+
ijk
v
k,ij
+h
i

,i
+G = S ,
where is the Laplacian and
(3.5)

1
= + 2 +,
2
= +, l
2
= 2(
3
+
4
)
1
2
,
l
1
= 2
1
1
5

i=1

i
, p
k
=
jk,j
.
For an incompressible uid we have
(3.6) v
i,i
= 0 ,
and the constitutive equations for non-heat-conducting uids become
(3.7)

ij
=
ij
+s
ij
,
s
ij
=
0

ij
+ ( +)d
ij
+d
ji
,
m
ij
=
ijk

,k
+
rr

ij
+
ji
+
ij
,

ijk
=
i

jk

j

ik
+p
ijk
,
p
ijk
=
1
2

1
(
rri

jk
+
rrj

ik
) + 2
3

rrk

ij
+ 2
4

ijk
+
+
5
(
kji
+
kij
) +
1

ij

,k
+
2
(
ik

,j
+
jk

,i
) ,
h
i
= a
0

,i
+a
1

irs

rs
+a
3

rri
,
g =

+G,
G = b
0
, q
i
= 0 ,
180 D. IESAN and R. QUINTANILLA 10
where
(3.9) =

(j, ) ,

= 2
0
j

j
,

0
is the constant density of incompressible uid, and and
i
are arbi-
trary functions to be determined in the course of solution of each particular
problem.
4. A Uniqueness Result. In what follows we assume that the
motion takes place under isothermal conditions. We consider incompressible
uids with the constant density
0
on B(0, t
1
) and assume that = cj/2
0
,
where c is a constant. The constitutive equations (3.7) lead to
(4.1)

ij
=
ij
+s
ij
,

ijk
=
i

jk

j

ik
+p
ijk
,
g = cj +G,
where s
ij
, p
ijk
and G are given by (3.7). The ClausiusDuhem inequality
reduces to
(4.2) s
ij
d
ij
+m
ij

ij
+p
ijk

ijk
+h
i

,i
+G 0 .
In what follows we use the approximation (cf. ERINGEN [7])
(4.3)
i
= j

i
, =
3
2
j .
The basic equations are given by
(4.4)
v
i,i
= 0 ,
j
t
+j
,i
v
i
2j = 0 ,

2
(1 l
2
)v
i
+
ijs

s,j
+ [
0
(
1
+ 2
2
)]
,i
P
,i
+
+f
i
=
0
(1 d
2
)
_
v
i
t
+v
i,s
v
s
_
+
0
d
2
(v
i,s
v
s
+v
i,sm
v
s,m
) ,

i
+ ( +)
s,si
+
irs
v
s,r
2
i
+g
i
=
0
j
_

i
t
+
i,s
v
s
_
,
a
0
b
0
cj +l =
3
2

0
j
_

t
+
,s
v
s
_
,
11 A THEORY OF NONSIMPLE MICROSTRETCH FLUIDS 181
where
P = 2
i,i
, f
i
=
0
F
i

0
F
ji,j
,
g
i
=
0
M
i
, l =
0
L.
We suppose that f
i
, g
i
and l are prescribed continuous functions. We assume
that the uid occupies the bounded domain B(t), t I.
To the eld equations we add the initial conditions
(4.5)
v
i
(x, 0) = v
0
i
(x) , j(x, 0) = j
0
(x) ,

i
(x, 0) =
0
i
(x) , (x, 0) =
0
(x) , x B(0) ,
and the boundary conditions (cf. [8], [14])
(4.6) v
i
= 0 , Dv
i
= 0 ,
i
= 0 , = 0 on B I ,
where v
0
i
,
0
i
, j
0
and
0
are prescribed continuous functions. The conditions
on the boundary are related with the strict adherence (see [4], p. 62). The
boundary conditions for nonsimple continuous media have been discussed by
RAJAGOPAL, MASSOUDI and EKMANN [17] and RAJAGOPAL and TAO [18].
By an admissible process on B I we mean an ordered array of func-
tions (v
i
,
i
, , j, P) with the properties: (i) v
i
are of class C
4,1
on B I;
(ii) v
i
are of class C
1,0
on B I; (iii)
i
and are of class C
2,1
on B I;
(iv)
i
and are of class C
0
on B I; (v) j is of class C
1
on B I; (vi)
j is of class C
0
on B I; (vii) P is of class C
1,0
on B I. By a solution
of the boundary-initial-value problem we mean an admissible process that
satises the equations (4.4), the initial conditions (4.5) and the boundary
conditions (4.6).
We note that by (4.1), (4.4)
1
, (2.32) and (2.33) we obtain
(4.6)
_
B
[v
i
(
ji,j

kji,kj
) +
i
(m
ji,j
+
irs

rs
) +(h
i,i
g)] dv =
=
_
B
[v
i
(
ji

kji,k
) +
i
m
ji
+h
j
] n
j
da
_
B
[(
ji

kji,k
)v
i,j
+
+
irs

rs
+m
ji

i,j
+h
i

,i
+g] dv =
(4.7)
=
_
B
{v
i
[(
ji

kji,k
)n
j
n
j
D
r

jri
+
+(b
rs
b
mm
n
r
n
s
)
rsi
] +
rsi
n
r
n
s
Dv
i
+m
ji
n
j

i
+h
j
n
j
} da

_
B
(s
ij
d
ij
+m
ij

ij
+p
ijk

ijk
+h
i

,i
+G) dv +
_
B
cjdv .
182 D. IESAN and R. QUINTANILLA 12
Theorem 4.1. Assume that
(i)
0
is strictly positive;
(ii) the entropy inequality (4.2) holds.
Then for any two solutions
(v
(1)
i
,
(1)
i
,
(1)
, j
(1)
, P
(1)
) and (v
(2)
i
,
(2)
i
,
(2)
, j
(2)
, P
(2)
)
of the boundaryinitialvalue problem (4.4)(4.6) we have
v
(1)
i
= v
(2)
i
,
(1)
i
=
(2)
i
,
(1)
=
(2)
,
j
(1)
= j
(2)
, P
(1)
= P
(2)
+F ,
where F is an arbitrary function of time.
Proof. Suppose that the functions v
()
i
,
()
i
,
()
, j
()
, P
()
, d
()
ij
,

()
ij
,
()
ijk
,
()
ij
, m
()
ij
,
()
ijk
, h
()
i
, G
()
satisfy the equations
(4.8) v
()
i,i
= 0 ,
j
()
t
+j
()
,i
v
()
i
= 2
()
j
()
,
(4.9)

()
ji,j

()
kji,kj
+f
i
=
0
( v
()
i

()
ji,j
) ,
m
()
ji,j
+
irs

()
rs
+g
i
=
0
j
()

()
i
,
h
()
i,i
g
()
+l =
3
2

0
j
()

()
,
and
(4.10)

()
ij
=
()

ij
+s
()
ij
,
()
ijk
=
()
i

jk

j

()
ik
+p
()
ijk
,
g
()
= cj
()
+G
()
,
s
()
ij
=
0

()

ij
+ ( +)d
()
ij
+d
()
ji
,
m
()
ij
=
ijk

()
,k
+
()
rr

ij
+
()
ji
+
()
ij
,
p
()
ijk
=
1
2

1
(
()
rri

jk
+
()
rrj

ik
) + 2
3

()
rrk

ij
+ 2
4

()
ijk
+
+
5
(
()
kji
+
()
kij
) +
1

ij

()
,k
+
2
(
ik

()
,j
+
jk

()
,i
) ,
h
()
i
= a
0

()
,i
+a
1

irs

()
rs
+a
3

()
rri
, G
()
= b
0

()
,
d
()
ij
= v
()
j,i
+
jir

()
r
,
()
ij
=
()
j,i
,
()
ijk
= v
()
k,ij
,
where

()
ij
= d
2
_
( v
()
j
)
,i
v
()
j,k
v
()
k,i
_
.
13 A THEORY OF NONSIMPLE MICROSTRETCH FLUIDS 183
We introduce the notations
(4.11)
u
i
= v
(2)
i
v
(1)
i
, w
i
=
(2)
i

(1)
i
, =
(2)

(1)
,
s = j
(2)
j
(1)
, T
ij
=
(2)
ij

(1)
ij
,
S
ij
= s
(2)
ij
s
(1)
ij
, M
ij
= m
(2)
ij
m
(1)
ij
,
N
ijk
=
(2)
ijk

(1)
ijk
, P
ijk
= p
(2)
ijk
p
(1)
ijk
,
Q
i
= h
(2)
i
h
(1)
i
, = g
(2)
g
(1)
, S = G
(2)
G
(1)
,
=
(2)

(1)
,
i
=
(2)
i

(1)
i
.
The functions u
i
, w
i
, and s satisfy the initial conditions
(4.12) u
i
(x, 0) = 0, w
i
(x, 0) = 0, (x, 0) = 0, s(x, 0) = 0, xB(0),
and the boundary conditions
(4.13) u
i
= 0 , Du
i
= 0 , w
i
= 0 , = 0 on B I .
In view of (4.8)
1
we have
(4.14) u
i,i
= 0 on B I .
By (4.8)
2
and (4.11) we obtain
(4.15)
s
t
+s
,i
u
i
+s
,i
v
(1)
i
+j
(1)
,i
u
i
= 2s
(2)
+ 2j
(1)
,
on B I. It follows from (4.10) and (4.11) that
(4.16)
T
ij
=
ij
+S
ij
, N
ijk
=
i

jk

j

ik
+P
ijk
,
= cs +S ,
S
ij
=
0

ij
+ ( +)e
ij
+e
ji
,
M
ij
=
0

ijk

,k
+
rr

ij
+
ji
+
ij
,
P
ijk
=
1
2

1
(
rri

jk
+
rrj

ik
) + 2
3

rrk

ij
+ 2
4

ijk
+
+
5
(
kji
+
kij
) +
1

ij

,k
+
2
(
ik

,j
+
jk

,i
) ,
Q
i
= a
0

,i
+a
1

irs

rs
+a
3

rri
, S = b
0
,
where
(4.17) e
ij
= u
j,i
+
jir
w
r
,
ij
= w
j,i
,
ijk
= u
k,ij
.
184 D. IESAN and R. QUINTANILLA 14
The equations (4.9) imply that
(4.18)
T
ji,j
N
kji,kj
=
0
_
u
i
t
+ (v
(1)
i
+u
i
)
,s
u
s
+u
i,k
v
(1)
k
_

0
d
2
Q
ji,j
,
M
ji,j
+
irs
T
rs
=
0
j
(2)
_
w
i
t
+w
i,s
v
(2)
s
+
(1)
i,s
u
s
_
+
0
sV
i
,
Q
i,i
=
3
2

0
j
(2)
_

t
+
,s
v
(2)
s
+
(1)
,s
u
s
_
+
0
sW ,
where
(4.19)
Q
ji
=

2
u
i
tx
j
+u
i,sj
(u
s
+v
(1)
s
) +v
(1)
i,sj
u
s
,
V
i
=

(1)
i
t
+
(1)
i,s
v
(1)
s
, W =
3
2
_

(1)
t
+
(1)
,s
v
(1)
s
_
.
It follows from (4.14) and (4.18) that
(4.20)
(T
ji,j
N
kji,kj
)u
i
=
0
_
1
2

t
(u
2
) +
1
2
(u
2
u
k
)
,k
+
+v
(1)
i,k
u
i
u
k
+
1
2
(u
2
v
(1)
k
)
,k
_

0
d
2
(Q
ji
u
i
)
,j
+
+
0
d
2
_

t
(u
i,j
) +u
i,sj
u
s
+v
(1)
i,sj
u
s
+u
i,sj
v
(1)
s
_
u
i,j
,
(M
ji,j
+
irs
T
rs
)w
i
=
1
2

0
j
(2)

t
(w
2
) +
1
2

0
(j
(2)
w
2
v
(2)
s
)
,s
+
+j
(2)

(1)
i,s
u
s
w
i
+
0
V
i
w
i
s
1
2

0
j
(2)
,k
w
2
v
(2)
k
,
(Q
i,i
) =
3
4

0
j
(2)

t
(
2
) +
3
4

0
(j
(2)

2
v
(2)
s
)
,s
+
+
3
2

0
j
(2)

(1)
,s
u
s
+
0
sW
3
4

0
j
(2)
,k

2
v
(2)
k
.
Clearly,
(4.21)
u
i,sj
u
s
u
i,j
=
1
2
(u
i,j
u
i,j
u
s
)
,s
,
u
i,sj
v
(1)
s
u
i,j
=
1
2
(u
i,j
u
i,j
v
(1)
s
)
,s
,
v
(1)
i,js
u
s
u
i,j
= (v
(1)
i,js
u
s
u
i
)
,j
u
j
u
i
v
(1)
i,j
(v
(1)
i,j
u
s,j
u
i
)
,s
+
+v
(1)
i,j
u
s,j
u
i,s
.
15 A THEORY OF NONSIMPLE MICROSTRETCH FLUIDS 185
In view of (4.7), (4.20), (4.21) and the boundary conditions (4.13) we obtain
(4.22)

_
B
(S
ij
e
ij
+M
ij

ij
+P
ijk

ijk
+Q
i

,i
+S) dv =
=
1
2
_
B

0
_

t
(u
2
+d
2
u
i,j
u
i,j
) +j
(2)

t
(w
2
) +
3
2
j
(2)

t
(
2
)
_
dv+
+
_
B
_

0
_
v
(1)
i,j
(u
i
u
j
+d
2
u
s,j
u
i,s
) d
2
u
i
u
j
v
(1)
i,j
+
+j
(2)

(1)
i,s
w
i
u
s
+
3
2
j
(2)

(1)
,s
u
s
+V
i
w
i
s +sW
_
+cs
_
dv

1
4
_
B

0
(2w
2
+ 3
2
)j
(2)
,s
v
(2)
s
dv .
By (4.8), (4.14) and (4.15),
(4.23)
1
2

t
(s
2
) = 2
(2)
s
2
+ 2j
(1)
s (
1
2
s
2
)
,j
v
(2)
j
j
(1)
,k
u
k
s .
In view of (4.12), (4.22), (4.23) and the entropy inequality we nd that
(4.24)
1
2
_
B

0
_

t
(u
2
+d
2
u
i,j
u
i,j
)+j
(2)

t
(w
2
)+
3
2
j
(2)

t
(
2
) +

t
(s
2
)
_

_
B

0
_
v
(1)
i,j
(u
i
u
j
+d
2
u
s,j
u
i,s
) d
2
u
i
u
j
v
(1)
i,j
+
+j
(2)

(1)
i,s
w
i
u
s
+
3
2
j
(2)

(1)
,s
u
s
+j
(1)
,k
u
k
s +V
i
w
i
s+
+ (W+c
1
0
2j
(1)
)s2
(2)
s
2

dv+
1
4
_
B

0
(2w
2
+3
2
)j
(2)
,k
v
(2)
k
dv.
By the arithmetic-geometric mean inequality
(4.25)

(1)
i,s
w
i
u
s

1
2
(w
2
+
(1)
i,s

(1)
i,j
u
s
u
j
) ,

(1)
,k
u
k

1
2
(u
2
+
(1)
,k

(1)
,k

2
) ,
V
i
w
i
s
1
2
(w
2
+V
i
V
i
s
2
) ,
j
(1)
,k
u
k
s
1
2
(u
2
+j
(1)
,p
j
(1)
,p
s
2
) ,
(W +c
1
0
2j
(1)
)s
1
2
_

2
+ (W +c
1
0
2j
(1)
)
2
s
2
_
.
186 D. IESAN and R. QUINTANILLA 16
Since (v
()
i
,
()
i
,
()
, j
()
), ( = 1, 2) are admissible processes on B I,
the functions v
()
i,s
, v
(1)
i,j
,
()
i,s
,
()
,s
, j
()
,s
, V
i
, W, j
()
and
()
are bounded
on B I. If we dene the function E on I by
E =
1
2
_
B

0
(u
i
u
i
+d
2
u
i,j
u
i,j
+w
i
w
i
+
2
+s
2
) dv
then from (4.24) and (4.25) we conclude that there exists a positive constant
m such that
dE
dt
mE .
By integration on (0, ) and recalling that E(0) = 0, we nd
E() exp(m) 0. Thus we conclude that E = 0 on B I. This fact im-
plies that u = 0, w = 0, = 0 and s = 0 on B I. From (4.16) and (4.17)
we nd S
ij
= 0, N
ijk
= 0 so that from (4.18)
1
we obtain (P
(1)
P
(2)
)
,i
= 0.
This completes the proof.
The weighted energy method of GALDI and RIONERO [19] can be used
to establish a uniqueness result for unbounded domains.
5. Concentrated Body Loads. In this section we consider non-
heat-conducting compressible uids and assume that the free energy de-
pends on the density and the microinertia j. First we derive the linear
theory appropiate to small departures from an equilibrium state and esta-
blish a representation of Galerkin type for the solutions to the eld equa-
tions. Representations of this type for micropolar uids have been presented
in [20]. Then we use the Galerkin representation to study the problem of
concentrated body loads in the case of steady vibrations.
We assume that there exists an equilibrium state of the uid in which
the density and the microinertia have the uniform values
0
and j
0
, repec-
tively. We introduce the notations
(5.1) =
0
, = j j
0
.
We assume that , , v
i
,
i
and are small, i.e. =

, =

, v
i
= v

i
,

i
=

i
, =

where is a constant small enough for squares and higher

powers to be neglected, and

, v

i
,

i
,

are independent of .
To the second order, the free energy is taken in the form
(5.2) =
0
+
0
+p
0
+
1
2
a

2
+
1
2
b

2
+c

,
17 A THEORY OF NONSIMPLE MICROSTRETCH FLUIDS 187
where
0
,
0
, p
0
, a

, b

and c

are prescribed constants. Without loss of

generality we assume that
0
= 0, p
0
= 0. It follows from (2.25), (3.5) and
(5.2) that
(5.3) p
i
= (a +b)
,i
, p = c
1
+d
1
,
where
a =
2
0
a

, b =
2
0
c

, c
1
= 2j
0

0
c

, d
1
= 2j
0

0
b

.
From (3.4) we obtain the following equations for the functions v
i
,
i
, ,
and
(5.4)

2
(1 l
2
)v
i
+ [
1

2
(
1
l
1

2
l
2
)]v
j,ji
+
ijs

s,j
+
+[
0
(
1
+ 2
2
)]
,i
a
,i
b
,i
+f
i
=
0
(1 d
2
)
v
i
t
,

i
+ ( +)
s,si
+
irs
v
s,r
2
i
+g
i
= I

i
t
,
a
0
[b
1
(a
3
+a
4
)]v
s,s
b
0
+c
1
+d
1
+l = J

t
,

t

0
v
i,i
= 0 ,

t
2j
0
= 0 ,
where I =
0
j
0
, J = 3I/2. The system (5.4) can be written in the form
(5.5)
D
1
v+T
1
graddiv v+curl +T
2
gradagradbgrad = f ,
D
2
+ ( +)grad div +curl v = g,
D
3
T
3
div v +c
1
+d
1
= l,

t

0
div v = 0,

t
2j
0
= 0,
where we have used the notations
(5.6)
D
1
=
2
(1 l
2
)
0
(1 d
2
)

t
,
D
2
= I

t
2, D
3
= a
0
J

t
b
0
,
T
1
=
1

2
(
1
l
1

2
l
2
), T
2
=
0
(
1
+ 2
2
),
T
3
= b
1
(a
3
+a
4
).
In the linearized theory a superposed dot will be used to denote the partial
derivative with respect to the time.
188 D. IESAN and R. QUINTANILLA 18
In what follows we establish a representation of Galerkin type for the
solutions of the eld equations (5.5). We introduce the notations
(5.7)
P = (D
1
+T
1
)

t
a
0
,
M
1
= c
1

0
T
3

t
, M
2
= D
3

t
+ 2j
0
d
1
,
Z = T
2

t
2j
0
b , N = PM
2
ZM
1
,
L = (T
1
D
2

2
)M
2

t
D
2
(a
0
M
2
+ZM
1
) ,
= D
2
+ ( +), Q = c
1
D
1
(aT
3
c
1
T
1
),
H = T
3
Z + (D
1
+T
1
)M
2
.
Theorem 5.1. Let
(5.8)
v = (ND
2
+Lgraddiv )U+curl W+Zgrad u
(aM
2
+c
1
Z)gradv (bM
2
+d
1
Z)gradw,
= Ncurl U
_
D
1
[( +)D
1

2
]grad div
_
W,
= (D
1
D
2
+
2
)M
1
div

UP u +Q v + (d
1
P +bM
1
)w,
=
0
(D
1
D
2
+
2
)M
2
div U+
0
ZuHv
0
(bD
3
+d
1
T
2
)w,
= 2j
0
(D
1
D
2
+
2
)M
1
div U2j
0
Pu+2j
0
Qv+(T
2
M
1
D
3
P)w,
where U, W, u, v and w satisfy the equations
(5.9)
(D
1
D
2
+
2
)NU = f ,
(D
1
D
2
+
2
)W = g ,
Nu = l , Nv = 0 , Nw = 0 .
Then v
i
,
i
, , and satisfy the equations (5.5).
Proof. It follows from (5.5) and (5.8) that
(5.10)
D
1
v +T
1
graddiv v +curl +T
2
grad agrad
bgrad = (D
1
D
2
+
2
)NU+{D
1
L +T
1
(LND
2
)+
+
2
N +T
2
(D
1
D
2
+
2
)M
1

t
+a
0
(D
1
D
2
+
2
)M
2

2j
0
b(D
1
D
2
+
2
)M
1
}graddiv U+ (2j
0
bP a
0
Z
T
2
P

t
+T
1
Z

t
+D
1
Z

t
)gradu + [aH2j
0
bQ+
+T
2
Q

t
(T
1
+D
1
)(aM
2
+c
1
Z)]gradv+
+[(bM
2
+d
1
Z)(D
1
+T
1
) +T
2
(d
1
P +bM
1
)+
+a
0
(bD
3
+d
1
T
2
)b(T
2
M
1
D
3
P)]gradw =
= (D
1
D
2
+
2
)NU.
19 A THEORY OF NONSIMPLE MICROSTRETCH FLUIDS 189
Similarly we obtain
(5.11)
D
2
+ ( +)grad div +curl v = (D
1
D
2
+
2
)W,
D
3
T
3
div v +c
1
+d
1
= Nu,

t

0
div v = Nu,

t
2j
0
= Nw.
In view of (5.9), from (5.10) and (5.11) we obtain the desired result.
In the case of steady motions of micropolar uids the Galerkin repre-
sentations were presented in [21].
We now consider a uid which occupies the entire three-dimensional
Euclidean space. We use the representation (5.8) to study the problem of
concentrated body loads in the case of steady vibrations. We assume that
f = Re [f

(x) exp(it)] , g = Re [g

(x) exp(it)] ,
l = Re [l

(x) exp(it)] ,
where is the frequency of vibration and i = (1)
1/2
. If we take
(5.12)
v = Re [v

(x; ) exp(it)] , = Re [

(x; ) exp(it)] ,
= Re [

(x; ) exp(it)] , = Re [

(x; ) exp(it)] ,
= Re [

(x; ) exp(it)] ,
then the eld equations reduce to a dierential system for the amplitudes
v

and

. We denote
(5.13)
U = Re [U

(x; ) exp(it)] , W = Re [W

(x; ) exp(it)] ,
u = Re [u

(x; ) exp(it)] , v = Re [v

(x; ) exp(it)] ,
w = Re [w

(x; ) exp(it)] .
Then, from (5.8) we obtain
(5.14)
v

= (N
1
A
2
+L
1
graddiv )U

+
1
curl W

iZ
1
gradu

(aM
2
+c
1
Z
1
)gradv

(bM
2
+d
1
Z
1
)gradw

= N
1
curl U

{A
1

1
[( +)A
1

2
]grad div }W

= (A
1
A
2
+
2
)M
1
idiv U

+iP
1
u

iQ
1
v

+
+(d
1
P +bM
1
)w

=
0
(A
1
A
2
+
2
)M
2
div U

+
0
Z
1
u

H
1
v

0
(bA
3
+d
1
T
2
)w

= 2j
0
(A
1
A
2
+
2
)M
1
div U

2j
0
P
1
u

+ 2j
0
Q
1
v

+
+(T
2
M
1
A
3
P
1
)w

,
190 D. IESAN and R. QUINTANILLA 20
where we have used the notations
(5.15)
A
1
=
2
(1 l
2
) +i
0
(1 d
2
) ,
A
2
= +iI 2, A
3
= a
0
+iJ b
0
,
P
1
= i(A
1
+T
1
) a
0
,
M
1
= c
1

0
+iT
3
, M
2
= 2j
0
d
1
iA
3
,
Z
1
= iT
2
2j
0
b , N
1
= M
2
P
1
Z
1
M
1
,
L
1
= i(T
1
A
2

2
)M
2
(a
0
M
2
+Z
1
M
1
)A
2
,

1
= A
2
+ ( +), Q
1
= c
1
A
1
(aT
3
c
1
T
1
),
H
1
= T
3
Z
1
+ (A
1
+T
1
)M
2
.
The functions U

, W

, u

, v

and w

satisfy the equations

(5.16)
(A
1
A
2
+
2
)N
1
U

= f

,
(A
1
A
2
+
2
)
1
W

= g

,
N
1
u

= l

, N
1
v

= 0 , N
1
w

= 0 .
Let us assume that f

= 0, g

= 0, l

= (xy) where is the Dirac

delta and y is a xed point. In view of (5.16) we take U

i
= 0, W

i
= 0,
u

= (x; y), v

= 0, w

= 0, where satises the equation

(5.17) N
1
= .
From (5.14) we obtain the amplitudes
(5.18)
v

= iZ
1
grad,

= 0,

= iP
1
,

=
0
Z
1
,

= 2j
0
P
1
.
In view of (5.6) and (5.15) we obtain
N
1
=
2
+i(s
2

1
e
3

3
e
4
) + (s
3

3
) +
0

2
,
where we have used the notations
e
1
=
1

2
, e
2
=
1
l
1

2
l
2
, e
3
=
1
+ 2
2
, e
4
= a
3
+a
4
,
=
1
l
1
a
1
e
3
e
4
,
1
= c
1

0
+ib
1
,
2
= J
2
+ 2j
0
d
1
+ib
0
,

3
= 2j
0
b +i
0
, s
1
=
0

2
d
2
i
1
, s
2
=
2

1
l
1
a
0
(s
1
a
0
) ,
s
3
= (s
1
a
0
)
2
i
3

0
a
0
.
Clearly, we can write
(5.19) N
1
=
2
( +
2
1
)( +
2
2
)( +
2
3
) ,
21 A THEORY OF NONSIMPLE MICROSTRETCH FLUIDS 191
where
2
1
,
2
2
and
2
3
are the roots of the equation
(5.20)
2
y
3
i(s
2

1
e
3

3
e
4
)y
2
+ (s
3

3
)y
0

2
= 0 .
In what follows we denote by
1
,
2
and
3
the roots with nonnegative real
parts. We assume that
1
=
2
=
3
=
1
, and = 0. Let us consider the
equation
(5.21) ( +
2
1
)( +
2
2
)( +
2
3
) = F .
If the functions Q
j
satisfy the equations
(5.22) ( +
2
j
)Q
j
= F , (no sum; j = 1, 2, 3) ,
then the function can be expressed as
(5.23) =
3

j=1
B
j
Q
j
,
where
(5.24)
B
1
1
= (
2
1

2
2
)(
2
1

2
3
) , B
1
2
= (
2
2

2
1
)(
2
2

2
3
) ,
B
1
3
= (
2
3

2
1
)(
2
3

2
2
) .
If we take F = /(
2
), then from (5.22) we get
(5.25) Q
j
=
1
4
2
r
exp(i
j
r) ,
where r = |x y|. Thus, from (5.17), (5.19), (5.23) and (5.25) we conclude
that
(5.26) =
1
4
2
r
3

j=1
B
j
exp(i
j
r) .
If we substitute the function from (5.26) into (5.18) then we obtain the
amplitudes corresponding to the considered concentrated load.
We now assume that g

i
= m
ij
, (j xed), f

i
= 0 and l

= 0. If we
take U

i
= 0, W

i
=
ij
, u

= 0, v

= 0, w

= 0 then the equations (5.16)

are satised if is a solution of the equation
(5.27) (A
1
A
2
+
2
)
1
= m.
192 D. IESAN and R. QUINTANILLA 22
We introduce the notations

1
= 2 +iI ,
2
= (
1
l
2
)
2
i
0
d
2
,

3
=
2
+
1

2
+i
0
(
1
d
2
) .
In what follows we denote by
2
j
the roots of the equation

2
l
2
z
3
+
2
z
2

3
z +i
0

1
= 0 .
Let

2
4
=
1
/( + +) .
The equation (5.27) can be written in the form
(5.28) ( +
2
1
)( +
2
2
)( +
2
3
)( +
2
4
) =
1

2
l
2
m.
We denote by
s
(s = 1, 2, 3, 4) the roots with positive real parts and assume
that
1
=
2
=
3
=
4
=
1
,
2
=
4
,
1
=
3
.
If the functions Y
r
(r = 1, 2, 3, 4) satisfy the equations
( +
2
s
)Y
s
=
1

2
l
2
m, (no sum; s = 1, 2, 3, 4) ,
then the function can be expressed as
=
4

s=1
q
s
Y
s
,
where
q
1
k
=
4

j=1(j=k)
(
2
j

2
k
) , (k = 1, 2, 3, 4) .
If m = (x y) then we nd that = E, where
(5.29) E =
1
4
2
l
2
r
4

s=1
q
s
exp(i
s
r) .
It follows from (5.14) that
v

k
=
1

ksj
E
,s
,

k
= [( +)A
1

2
]E
,kj

kj
A
1

1
E ,

= 0 ,

= 0 ,

= 0 .
23 A THEORY OF NONSIMPLE MICROSTRETCH FLUIDS 193
In a similar way we can establish the solutions corresponding to a concen-
trated body force.
In the context of the nonpolar theory of uids the fundamental so-
lutions have been established in various papers (see e.g. [22], [23]). The
problem of concentrated loads in the theory of micropolar uids has been
studied in [20], [24].
Acknowledgement. The rst author was supported by the Spanish
Ministry of Education and Culture as a visiting professor to the Centre
de Recerca Matem`atica. The second author was supported by the project
PB960497 of the DGES of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture.
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Received: 16.XII.1999

Department of MathematicS
Al.I. Cuza University
6600 Iasi
ROMANIA

Department of Applied Mathematics II

Polytechnical University of Catalonia
Terrassa, Barcelona
SPAIN