Coenzyme Q10 - Scientific Review On Usage, Dosage, Side Effects - Examine

Coenzyme Q10 - Scientific Review on Usage, Dosage, Side Effects | Exa...
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SUMMARY THINGS TO KNOW HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' THOUGHTS Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule that exists in the cell's mitochondria HUMAN EFFECT (energy production organelle) and has a critical role in producing MATRIX energy. Supplementation may confer benefits either through this, or COMPLETE by general anti-oxidant properties. SUMMARY CITATIONS
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Quick Summary:
Coenzyme Q10 is a Check Out The Supplement-References Guide (http://examine.com/referfriend molecule that exists in the /examinecom/top) cell's mitochondria (energy production organelle) and has a critical role in producing energy. Supplementation may confer benefits either through this, or by general anti-oxidant properties.
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Summary (All Essential Benefits/Effects/Facts & Information)

CoQ10 is a molecule produced in the body with a primary role as both antioxidant (direct and indirect) and to aid the function of the mitochondria and thus energy production. It follows the motifs seen with other Pseudovitamin (/supplements/Pseudovitamin/) compounds in the sense that it is vital to survial (per se, not outright required for consumption) and seems to have a regulated serum concentration. Several disease states appear to be associated with lower CoQ10 levels and CoQ10 is thus therapeutic in these instances. Disease states in which there is some established dysregulation with CoQ10 and in which supplementation has been shown to be effective include post-myocardial infarction (heart attack; benefits may not extend to all heart conditions) and fibromyalgia, with supplementation being highly
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recommended in these two instances. Other conditions that include a
SUMMARY less evidence) include depression, Prader-Willis syndrome, male infertility, THINGS TO Peyronie's disease, migraines, and Parkinson's. KNOW COQ10 is also highly recommended, given medical doctor clearance, to be HOW TO TAKE used alonside pharmaceuticals that are known to deplete CoQ10 levels EDITORS' (statin drugs being most common) and some other drugs may have their THOUGHTS adverse effects attenuated with CoQ10 (including the chemotherapeutic HUMAN EFFECT doxorubicin). MATRIX COMPLETE CoQ10 is highly recommended for post-myocardial infarction for heart health, SUMMARY fibromyalgia for reducing symptoms and nonspecific pain and fatigue, and for CITATIONS persons using statin drugs to reduce the risk of developing myopathy as a
side-effect
CoQ10 deficiency and may benefit from supplementation (although have
Quick Beyond disease prevention or therapy, CoQ10 can act as an endothelial Summary: protective agent and enhance blood flow. The mechanism does not appear
Coenzyme Q10 isbe a unique to CoQ10 and is more related to preserving nitric oxide to molecule that exists in the function (already seen with both Grape Seed Extract (/supplements cell's mitochondria /Grape+Seed+Extract/), Pycnogenol (/supplements/Pycnogenol/), and (energy production organelle) andResveratrol has a (/supplements/Resveratrol/)). There is some protection towards critical role in producing low density lipoproteins (LDL, the 'bad cholesterol') as CoQ10 can both energy. Supplementation may confer benefits reduce the rate of which LDL gets damaged by oxidation and then reduce either through this, or by the amount of damaged oxidized LDL does to the blood vessel. This role is general anti-oxidant somewhat unique to CoQ10, as the majority of CoQ10 circulating in serum properties.
is located on lipoproteins for transport and is just located in a convenient position to protect the lipoproteins. Due to these various effects, CoQ10
Edit (/edit/supplements may exert some protective effects against artherosclerotic plaque buildup. /Coenzyme+Q10/) History (/history There is some influence on blood pressure, but it seems unreliable at this /Coenzyme+Q10/) moment in time. The reductions seen in blood pressure may simply be Discussion (/discussion /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back secondary to altering cardiac function or altering blood flow from the above to Top mechanisms. (http://examine.com /supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/)CoQ10 has blood vessel protective effects, although they are not to a degree
where it is remarkably more potent than other compounds
CoQ10 currently has insufficient evidence to support a life extending effect (some evidence suggesting inefficacy in this role) and does not appear to reliably nor effectively increase physical performance in tests on otherwise healthy persons. CoQ10 has similarly not shown any significant influence on either fat loss or muscle tissue growth nor the metabolic rate despite being a mitochondrial factor.
Follow this Page (/follow/63/) for updates
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SUMMARY THINGS TO KNOW Also Known As HOW TO TAKE EDITORS'CoQ10, Ubiquinone, Ubiquinol, trans 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylTHOUGHTS 6-decaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE Do Not Confuse With SUMMARY Idebenone (/supplements CITATIONS /Idebenone/) (Synthetic derivative)
Things to Note Quick Summary: CoQ10 is not stimulatory
Coenzyme Q10 is a be taken with meals molecule that exists in the cell's mitochondria (energy production organelle) and has a critical role in producing energy. Supplementation may confer benefits either through this, or by general anti-oxidant properties.
Things to Know
Is a Form of
Pseudovitamin (/supplements /Pseudovitamin/)
Goes Well With

Other mitochondrial bioenergetic factors (Creatine (/supplements/Creatine/), L-Carnitine (/supplements /L-Carnitine/), and Alpha-Lipoic Acid (/supplements/AlphaLipoic+Acid/) having some evidence in vitro)
Oil based CoQ10 supplements should
Stacks Part Of
Heart Health (/stacks/hearthealth.html)
Caution Notice
Examine.com Medical Disclaimer ()
Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) History (/history /Coenzyme+Q10/) Discussion (/discussion /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back to Top (http://examine.com other details) /supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/)
How to Take (recommended dosage, active amounts,
Supplementation of CoQ10 can use either the oxidized or reduced forms of ubiquinone or ubiquinol, as both forms appear to increase circulating CoQ10 ('CoQ10' is a term to collectively refer to both molecules). The standard supplemental dosage of CoQ10 is in the range of 50-200mg daily, usually taken once daily with a meal. Higher doses do not appear to be significantly better than lower doses.
Editors' Thoughts on Coenzyme

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Q10
SUMMARY THINGS TO KNOW Co-enzyme Q10 supplementation requires some thinking about how much one HOW TO TAKE believes in the science and your financial state. EDITORS' It is typically not cheap, and all the noticeable effects (more vitality) could THOUGHTS potentially be placebo. It is very much a faith buy and the costs if you take it in the wrong manner (without a fatty transport) could be quite high financially. HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX A good supplier is also crucial, as it could alleviate costs greatly. Consider COMPLETE buying it online. SUMMARY I put my faith in CoQ10 supplementation, but you will need to get your own CITATIONS opinion on the matter.
Kurtis Frank (/user/KurtisFrank/)
Quick Summary:
Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule that exists in the cell's mitochondria (energy production organelle) and has a critical role in producing energy. Supplementation may confer benefits The Human Effect Matrix looks at human studies (excluding animal/petri-dish either through this, or by studies) to tell you what effect Coenzyme Q10 has in your body, and how strong general anti-oxidant these effects are. properties.
Human Effect Matrix
GRADE
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Robust research conducted with repeated double blind clinical trials
B C D
Multiple studies where at least two are double-blind and placebo controlled Single double blind study or multiple cohort studies
Uncontrolled or observational studies only
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE ()
EFFECT
CHANGE ()
MAGNITUDE OF EFFECT SIZE ()
SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS
COMM ENTS
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LEVEL OF EVIDENCE () CHANGE () MAGNITUDE OF EFFECT SIZE ()
EFFECT SUMMARY Endothelial Function (/topics/Endothelial+Function/) THINGS TO B KNOW HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' THOUGHTS HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE SUMMARY CITATIONS
COMM ENTS
100%
Minor
See all 5 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=Endothelial%20Function&selection=all)
The effective
size does no
appear to be CoQ10 is a protective flow and endothelial function in otherwise
overly large,
associated w
effect on blo
persons with
Exercise-Induced Oxidation (/topics/ExerciseInduced+Oxidation/)
50%
Minor
See all 4 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=Exercise-Induced%20Oxidation&selection=all)
Mixed effect exerciseinduced
Quick Summary:
Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule that exists in the cell's mitochondria (energy production organelle) and has a critical role in producing energy. Supplementation Inflammation (/topics/Inflammation/) B may confer benefits either through this, or by general anti-oxidant properties.
oxidation, bu be some potential for CoQ10 to reduce oxidation.
there appea
supplementa
66%
See all 3 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=Inflammation&selection=all)
Classical
inflammatory
cytokines do
appear to be
altered much
following Co
supplementa
Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) History (/history /Coenzyme+Q10/) Discussion (/discussion /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back to Top General Oxidation (/topics/General+Oxidation/) B (http://examine.com /supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/)
although the may still be minor effect
antiinflamma
66%
Minor
See all 6 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=General%20Oxidation&selection=all)
Appears to
generally re biomarkers the body
pro-oxidative
Exercise Capacity (with Heart Conditions) (/topics /Exercise+Capacity+%28with+Heart+Conditions%29/)
100%
Minor
See all 4 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=Exercise%20Capacity %20%28with%20Heart%20Conditions%29&selection=all)
Appears to a exercise capacity in myocardial infarction
persons afte
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EFFECT SUMMARY Blood Pressure (/topics/Blood+Pressure/) THINGS TO B KNOW HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' THOUGHTS HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE SUMMARY CITATIONS
COMM ENTS
33%
Minor
See all 6 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=Blood%20Pressure&selection=all)
There appea to be an interaction and blood
between Co
pressure, bu reliable and uncertain
is not wholly
whether this
the level of t at... show
cardiac tissu
Fatigue (/topics/Fatigue/)
Minor
66%
See all 3 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=Fatigue&selection=all)
There may b
an anti-fatig
effect of Co
Quick Summary:
Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule that exists in the cell's mitochondria Blood Flow (/topics/Blood+Flow/) (energy productionB organelle) and has a critical role in producing energy. Supplementation may confer benefits either through this, or by general anti-oxidant properties.
during exerc extend to
that may not
general fatig
100%
Minor
See all 3 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=Blood%20Flow&selection=all)
Appears to
increase blo conditions by both insufficient
flow in meta
characterize
blood flow a
an excess o
oxidative stre
Edit (/edit/supplements Lipid Peroxidation (/topics/Lipid+Peroxidation/) B /Coenzyme+Q10/) History (/history /Coenzyme+Q10/) Discussion (/discussion /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back to Top (http://examine.com /supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/)
100%
Notable
See all 4 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=Lipid%20Peroxidation&selection=all)
Appears to reduce biomarkers lipid
peroxidation
CoQ10 tend
be a referen
drug for lipid
peroxidation
and although than other

show
is more pote
nutraceutica
HbA1c (/topics/HbA1c/)
Minor
33%
See all 3 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=HbA1c&selection=all)
There may b HbA1c, but appears not overly potent.
an effect on
unreliable an
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EFFECT SUMMARY Exercise Capacity (/topics/Exercise+Capacity/) THINGS TO C KNOW HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' THOUGHTS C Oxygen Uptake (/topics/Oxygen+Uptake/) HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE SUMMARY C Anti-Oxidant Enzyme Profile (/topics/AntiOxidant+Enzyme+Profile/) CITATIONS
COMM ENTS
100%
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=Exercise%20Capacity&selection=all)
No significa on exercise preloaded
detectable e
capacity wh
100%
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=Oxygen%20Uptake&selection=all)
No detectab
influence on
oxygen upta
during exerc
50%
Minor
See 2 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63&effect=AntiOxidant%20Enzyme%20Profile&selection=all)
May increas levels of antioxidant
enzymes, do
not appear t
Quick Summary:
Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule that exists in the cell's mitochondria (energy production organelle) and has a critical role in producing energy. Supplementation may confer benefits either through this, or by Total Cholesterol (/topics/Total+Cholesterol/) general anti-oxidant C properties.
reliable
Migraine (/topics/Migraine/)
100%
Minor
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=Migraine&selection=all)
Degree of not overly
improvemen
remarkable, trial not placebo.
portions of t
outperformin
100%
See 2 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=Total%20Cholesterol&selection=all)
No significa consistent
effects on to noted with
cholesterol l
Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) History (/history Quality of Life (/topics/Quality+of+Life/) /Coenzyme+Q10/) C Discussion (/discussion /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back to Top (http://examine.com /supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/)
CoQ10
50%
Minor
See all 3 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=Quality%20of%20Life&selection=all)
An increase
QOL has be
noted in per
who either h
heart ailmen
are at risk fo may not be universal increase (perhaps reducing
them, but thi
dependent o
C-Reactive Protein (/topics/C-Reactive+Protein/)
100%
See 2 studies (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63&effect=CReactive%20Protein&selection=all)
No significa levels of C-reactive protein
influence on
Adiponectin (/topics/Adiponectin/)
100%
See study (/show_rubric_effect.php?id=63& effect=Adiponectin&selection=all)
No detectab CoQ10 and adiponectin
interaction o
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Studies Excluded from Consideration SUMMARY THINGS TO Confounded with the inclusion of other nutrients[1][2] KNOW HOW TO TAKE Disagree? Join the Coenzyme Q10 Discussion (/discussion/Coenzyme+Q10/) EDITORS' THOUGHTS HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE SUMMARY CITATIONS Table of Contents:
Complete Summary
1. Sources and Structure 1.1. Sources Quick 1.2. Structure and Properties Summary: 1.3. Biosynthesis and Regulation Coenzyme Q10 is a 1.4. Tissue and Subcellular Distribution molecule that exists in the 1.5. Deficiency States
cell's mitochondria (energy production 2. Pharmacology organelle) and has a 2.1. Gastric and Intestinal critical role in producing 2.2. Serum energy. Supplementation 2.3. Distribution and Tissue Concentrations may confer benefits 2.4. Excretion and Clearance either through this, or by general anti-oxidant 3. Longevity and Mitochondrial Interactions properties. 3.1. Mechanisms
3.2. Interventions
Edit (/edit/supplements 4.1. Distribution /Coenzyme+Q10/) 4.2. Cognition History (/history 4.3. Parkinson's Disease /Coenzyme+Q10/) 4.4. Huntington's Disease Discussion (/discussion /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back 4.5. Depression to Top 4.6. Migraine (http://examine.com 5. Cardiovascular Health /supplements 5.1. Cardiac Tissue (Myocardium) /Coenzyme+Q10/)
4. Neurology
5.2. Blood Pressure 5.3. Lipoproteins 6. Interactions with Glucose Metabolism 6.1. Insulin 6.2. Diabetes 7. Exercise Performance and Skeletal Muscle 7.1. Pharmacology and Tissue deposition 7.2. Mechanisms 7.3. Muscle Fiber Composition 7.4. Power Output 7.5. Cardiovascular Exercise 7.6. Exercise related Fatigue 8. Interactions with Oxidation 8.1. Mechanisms
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9. Interactions with Aesthetics 9.1. Skin
SUMMARY 10. Usage in Select Disease States 10.1. Fibromyalgia THINGS TO 10.2. Prader-Willis KNOW 10.3. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome HOW TO TAKE 10.4. Conditions of Male Sexuality EDITORS' 11. Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions THOUGHTS 11.1. Carnitine HUMAN EFFECT 11.2. Creatine 11.3. Alpha-Lipoic Acid MATRIX 11.4. Statins COMPLETE 11.5. Grapefruit SUMMARY 11.6. Pycnogenol CITATIONS 12. Safety and Toxicity
12.1. General
Quick Summary:
1. Sources
Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Coenzyme+Q10/?section=Sources+and+Structure)
Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule that exists in the cell's mitochondria (energy production 1.1. Sources organelle) and has a critical role in producing Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a Pseudovitamin (/supplements energy. Supplementation /Pseudovitamin/) compound (sometimes,[3] but falsely, called Vitamin Q) may confer benefits isby a vital component of cellular energy metabolism; placed within the either through that this, or general anti-oxidant electron transport chain of the mitochondria to facilitate ATP production properties.
and Structure
(ATP being cellular energy currency, and the ultimate product of fatty acids and glucose being 'used' for energy). CoQ10 is named after its seemingly
ubiquitous nature in the body, and differentially named after its reduced Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) form (ubiquinol) and its oxidized form (ubiquinone) which are History (/history interchangeable in the body depending on the cell's oxidative state.[4] /Coenzyme+Q10/) Discussion (/discussion /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back CoQ10 is a vitamin-like compounds that is produced in the body for proper to Top functioning of mitochondria, and is also a component of the diet (http://examine.com /supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) are measured collectively) include: Meat (terrestrial):
Reindeer meat at 157mg/kg[5]
Food sources of CoQ10 (sometimes both oxidized reduced forms of CoQ10
Beef, including heart (113.3mg/kg[5]), liver (39.250.5mg/kg[5]) shoulder (40.1mg/kg[6]), sirloin (30.6mg/kg[7]), thigh (30.3mg/kg[6]), tenderloin (26.5mg/kg[7]) Pork, including heart (118.1282mg/kg[5]), liver (22.754.0mg/kg[5]) shoulder (45.0mg/kg[6]), sirloin (14.0mg/kg[7]) and thigh (13.8mg/kg[6]) Chicken, in the heart (92.3192mg/kg[8][6][7]), liver (116.2132.2mg/kg[9]), thigh (24.225.0mg/kg[8][6]), breast (7.817.1mg/kg[8][6][7]), and wing (11mg/kg[8])
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Terrestrial meats are the highest naturally occuring sources of CoQ10 in the diet, with cardiac tissue being the highest source followed by liver meats and then skeletal muscle
SUMMARY THINGS TO KNOW Meat (aquatic): HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' Sardines, variable between 5.164.3mg/kg[10][11][10][6]) and higher (33.4mg/kg[6]) in young fish THOUGHTS Herring in heart (120.0148.4mg/kg[12]) and flesh (14.927.0mg/kg[12][13]) HUMAN EFFECT Baltic herring at 10.615.9mg/kg[5][14] MATRIX Mackeral, 43.3mg/kg in general[10] with higher concentrations in the heart COMPLETE (105.5109.8mg/kg[12]) and red meat (67.567.7mg/kg[12]) with lower content in the SUMMARY white meat (10.615.5mg/kg[11][6][12]) CITATIONS Horse mackeral, variable as low levels of 3.6-20.7mg/kg[10][11] have been noted yet
with one stating 130mg/kg[6] Cuttlefish at 4.78.2mg/kg[11][6]
Quick Salmon at 4.37.6mg/kg[7][13][6] Summary: Albacore (Tuna) at 6.2mg/kg[11] and tuna in general at 4.9mg/kg[6] (although canned
sources appear to be higher at 14.9-15.9mg/kg ) Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule that exists in the [11] Pike at 5.4mg/kg cell's mitochondria [6] (energy productionFlat fish at 1.85.5mg/kg organelle) and has Shrimp a at 2.8mg/kg[11] critical role in producing Scallop at 5mg/kg[6] energy. Supplementation Bogue 3.7mg/kg, Octopus at 3.5mg/kg, Annular sea bream 3.4mg/kg, Common may confer benefits either through this, pandora or by at 3.1mg/kg, European hake at 2.9mg/kg, Bondex murex and Red mullet at general anti-oxidant 2.6mg/kg, Striped mullet and Red band fish at 2.4mg/kg, Brill at 1.9mg/kg.[11] properties. [11] Common mussel at 9.5mg/kg Grooved carpet shell at 6.6mg/kg[11]
Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/)CoQ10 levels are also high in aquatic meats, with the same trend of heart tissue History (/history being a high source (with cardiac tissue from fish being comparable to cardiac /Coenzyme+Q10/)tissue from terrestrial animals); the amount of CoQ10 in the meat of the fish is Discussion (/discussion comparatively lower than seen with terrestrial meats /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back to Top (http://examine.com Dairy and Eggs: /supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) Butter at 7.1mg/kg[10]
[6][5]
Cheeses (in general, 1.4-2.1mg/kg[10][8]) including Emmental (1.3mg/kg[5]), Edam (1.2mg/kg[5]) Cow milk at 0.5-1.9mg/kg, with a trend for lower levels in UHT milk and lower fat products [5][15] Yogurt, kefir, cream, and curd at 0.3-1.2mg/kg, highly (positively) correlated with fat content[15] Eggs at 0.7-3.7mg/kg[8][10] with the yolk being up to 5.2mg/kg[8] Dairy and eggs are somewhat decent sources, but relative to meat products they are much less substantial sources of CoQ10
Collectively, nuts and legumes tend to be moderate sources (the highest being peanuts at 26.7mg/kg and sesame at 17.623.0mg/kg) while their
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processed oils may also be decent sources (highest being extra virgin Olive
SUMMARY and soybean oil at 53.8-279mg/kg).[8] Vegetables are inhernetly lesser in THINGS TO quantity, with the best sources being parsley (7.526.4mg/kg), soybeans KNOW (6.819.0mg/kg), perilla leaves (2.110.2mg/kg), and broccoli HOW TO TAKE (5.98.6mg/kg).[8] EDITORS' Grains seem somewhat comparable to vegetable sources (being much THOUGHTS lower than meats) although they appear to mostly only possess a CoQ9 HUMAN EFFECT content with nearly undetectable CoQ10 levels.[8] MATRIX CoQ10 appears to be somewhat (1432%) destroyed by frying with boiling COMPLETE not significantly influencing CoQ10 content of foods.[16] It appears to be a SUMMARY bit more heat resistant than some other food-based compounds (such as CITATIONS
Vitamin E (/supplements/Vitamin+E/) or Sulforaphane (/supplements /Sulforaphane/), which are readily destroyed in cooking).
Oil (/supplements/Olive+Oil/) at 114160mg/kg, corn oil at 13-139mg/kg,
Quick Summary: Nuts and oils are the highest plant sources of CoQ10 (although they are only
Coenzyme Q10 is a with vegetables being fairly poor sources of CoQ10. Grains are also a seemingly molecule that exists in the poor source of CoQ10 cell's mitochondria (energy production organelle) and has a CoQ10 can be extracted from biological tissues of food sources (despite critical role in producing energy. Supplementation being expensive to produce en masse)[17] but can also be produced in a may confer benefits setting using bacteria[4][18] or outright synthesized.[19] Microbial either through laboratory this, or by general anti-oxidant fermentation appears to be desirable due to less solvent usage and being properties. [20][21]
decent sources when consumed in excessive amounts which is not practical)
cheaper to produce on a large scale
and the bacteria Agrobacterium
tumefaciens being commonly used due to good synthesis rates.[4][18]

[22][23][24] Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) History (/history CoQ10 can be extracted from living tissue (expensive) although more commonly /Coenzyme+Q10/) the CoQ10 is synthesized by bacteria, making CoQ10 supplements usually Discussion (/discussion vegan (important due to interactions of CoQ10 and veganism, as most food /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back sources are derived from animal tissue) to Top (http://examine.com /supplements 1.2. Structure and Properties /Coenzyme+Q10/)
Coenzyme Q10 belongs to a class of molecules characterized by their benzoquinone ring structure at the end of an isoprenoid side chain, similar to a medieval flail. The length of the sidechain determines the designation of the coenzyme, with CoQ10 possessing ten isoprenoid units in its tail.[25]
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SUMMARY THINGS TO KNOW HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' THOUGHTS HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE In its reduced form (ubiquinol) it can sequester some free radicals directly (an antioxidant effect) via conversion to its oxidized form (ubiquinone); a SUMMARY mechanism that is used to donate electrons through the electron transport CITATIONS
chain to make ATP. Despite being in an oxidized form, ubiquinone still appears to be an antioxidant.[26]
Quick 1.3. Biosynthesis and Regulation Summary:

Coenzyme Q10 (henceforth CoQ10) primarily exists and is synthesized in Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule that exists in the for the purpose of being integrated into the Electron Transport the body cell's mitochondria Chain (ETC); one of the final stages in cellular energy production.[27][28] (energy production mechanism by which it acts is by a shuttle between segments of the organelle) andThe has a critical role in producing ETC, in which electrons and protons are attracted to the benzoquinone energy. Supplementation head and the isoprenoid tail 'swings' the head from one segment to the may confer benefits either through next. this, or Being by a component of the cell's membrance (the lipid bilayer), CoQ10 general anti-oxidant is lipophilic or fat-soluble and should be supplemented with some form of properties. dietary fat or lipophilic transport.[29] CoQ10 is endogenously produced by 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (produced
Edit (/edit/supplements from L-Tyrosine (/supplements/L-Tyrosine/))[3][30] with this intermediate /Coenzyme+Q10/) combining with polyprenyl pyrophosphate (produced from farsenyl History (/history /Coenzyme+Q10/) pyrophosphate (FPP) of the mevalonate pathway[31]) via the enzyme Discussion (/discussion polyprenyl 4-hydroxybenzoic acid transferase into the molecule /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back to Top 4-hydroxypolyprenyl benzoic acid, which is then converted into CoQ10.[32] (http://examine.com Synthesis is somewhat impaired by statins as the inhibition of HMG-CoA /supplements reduced the free FPP pool, and CoQ10 synthesis rates appear to be /Coenzyme+Q10/)
somewhat dependent on the FPP pool (increasing this pool via inhibiting alternate pathays has been noted to increase CoQ10 synthesis[33][34]). The total body stores of CoQ10 are approximately 2g in an otherwise healthy adult and require 500mg of CoQ10 to be replaced daily (combination of endogenous synthesis and dietary intake)[35][36] with an approximately 4 day turnover rate.[37] The suggested daily exogenous intake (from the diet) ranges from 30100mg in otherwise healthy persons but can be increased to 601200mg in some medical conditions such as statin usage.[38][39] When assessing average dietary intake, however, the average intake appears to be around 3-6mg per day (european and asian data) due to the highest sources of cardiac meat and liver not commonly being ingested.[8][16][6][5]
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At least one study in rats administering oral CoQ10 assessed whether
SUMMARY subsequent CoQ9 production, as rats produce CoQ9 rather than CoQ10 THINGS TO via a similar pathway) failed to note any suppression after 4 days of KNOW supplementation.[40] HOW TO TAKE 1.4. Tissue and Subcellular Distribution EDITORS' Typically, tissues with higher metabolic activity in the body (heart, brain, THOUGHTS kidneys, liver, skeletal muscle) have higher levels of CoQ10 relative to HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX other areas of the body and are typically where most supplemental benefits are seen.[25] COMPLETE Approximately 14.5% of CoQ10 is located in the cell's cytosol or organelles SUMMARY within the cytosol whereas 41% is located in the mitochondria, with a CITATIONS
relativly large portion (37.5%) in the cell nucleus (the final 7% being detected in supernatant)[41] and mostly on the inner mitochondrial
endogenous production was hindered (via mevalonate injections and
Quick membrane.[42] CoQ10 has been found not to correlate well with the lipid Summary: disposition of a cell (conversely, Vitamin E (/supplements/Vitamin+E/) is
Coenzyme Q10 is a known to be highly correlated)[43] and some detectable CoQ10 is found in molecule that exists in the specific organelles including lysosomes (120pmol/mg), golgi apparati cell's mitochondria (92pmol/mg), peroxisomes (13pmol/mg) as well as being free in the cytosol (energy production organelle) and has a (11pmol/mg) or found in the plasma membrane (27pmol/mg); this critical role in producing particular data being derived from rats (known to have more CoQ9 relative energy. Supplementation may confer benefits to CoQ10, thus may not be the same in humans).[44] either through this, or by general anti-oxidant CoQ10, in the cell, appears to be highly localized in the mitochondria although it properties.
is not uniquely located in this organelle. Some CoQ10 can be detected in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus
Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) 1.5. Deficiency States History (/history /Coenzyme+Q10/) Note: CoQ10 'deficiency' is currently not legitimate terminology. The following Discussion (/discussion /Coenzyme+Q10/)states Back are those which are highly correlated with a lower serum and/or cellular to Top level of CoQ10 when compared to an average an otherwise healthy population (http://examine.com /supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) Frequent smokers may be insufficient in CoQ10.[45]
When in circulation, 95% of CoQ10 is in the reduced form (ubiquinol).[25]
2. Pharmacology
Edit (/edit-section/supplements/Coenzyme+Q10/?section=Pharmacology)
2.1. Gastric and Intestinal

After oral ingestion, supplemental CoQ10 passes the stomach relatively unaffected (whereby CoQ10 from food products experiences enhanced bioavailability due to the denaturation of the protein containing products it exists in).[25] Similar to other lipophilic nutrients, CoQ10 is taken up into the lymphatic system alongside fat absorption contained in chylomicrons. There is no
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specific transport identified for CoQ10 in the human or rat
intestines.[46]
SUMMARY (ubiquinone) seems to be reduced to its anti-oxidative substrate, ubiquinol THINGS TO as is assessed in in vitro human cells.[47] KNOW 2.2. Serum HOW TO TAKE [42][48][40] EDITORS'CoQ10 can appear in serum fairly rapidly following oral ingestion where single dose administration appears to have a half-life between THOUGHTS 5.80-8.10 hours and a (corrected as to exclude basal levels) Cmax of HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX 1.16-1.47mol/L and an AUC of 44.94-64.01mol/h/L (180mg liquid based CoQ10 dosing).[49] COMPLETE Following chronic supplementation, the basal level of approximately SUMMARY 1.1mol/L in otherwise healthy adults[50] has been noted to be increased CITATIONS
with oil based supplements by 0.524mol/L (100mg),[51] 0.530mol/L (300mg, but 1 week in length),[52] 1.008mol/L (120mg),[53] 1.200mol/L
Somewhere before or during packaging into chylomicrons, CoQ10
Quick (90mg),[54] 1.214mol/L (90mg),[55] and 1,900mol/L (90mg)[56] and with no Summary: significant differences observed between time frames (ranging from two
Coenzyme Q10 is a weeks to nine months). Powder based supplements increase serum levels molecule that exists in the to a similar degree by 0.568mol/L (100mg),[57] 1.124mol/L (100mg, cell's mitochondria sustained release),[57] 1.309mol/L (120mg),[53] and 1.810mol/L (90mg)[56] (energy production organelle) and has a while the one study on solubilized CoQ10 (120mg) noted a serum increase critical role in producing of 3.255mol/L (120mg)[53] while a 1 week trial using an emulsion failed to energy. Supplementation may confer benefits note any significant improvement over standard oil based supplements either through this, or by (0.500mol/L with emulsion and 0.530mol/L with oil with both at general anti-oxidant 300mg).[52] properties.
This solubilized version of CoQ10 (of which PureSorb-Q40 is a brand name) is a water soluble version of CoQ10 with an average particle size of Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) 0.19m when dispersed in water,[58] has been confirmed to have a similarly History (/history enhanced bioavailability relative to oil based supplements,[59] and appears /Coenzyme+Q10/) to exert a similar safety profile to other forms of CoQ10 (no side effects at Discussion (/discussion /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back 2000mg/kg in rats[60] nor at 2250mg daily in humans[58]).
to Top (http://examine.com Orally ingested CoQ10 levels can increase serum concentrations of CoQ10, with /supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/)repeated daily dosing able to increase serum CoQ10 concentrations in the range
of a 50-150% increase with 90-120mg. There is a degree of unreliability in the spike observed with CoQ10 supplementation in serum, and although there does not appear to be any clear differences in powdered and oil-based supplementation (usually advised to be taken with a meal) there is some evidence a solubilized version may increase serum levels to a higher degree.
In serum CoQ10 exists as part of the chylomicron it was absorbed from (able to exert some antioxidant properties on its carrier[61][62]) and, after deposition in the liver, is carried via lipoproteins such as LDL-C or HDL-C.[25] The vast majority (96%) of CoQ10 at this stage is in the reduced form of ubiquinol [50]
2.3. Distribution and Tissue Concentrations

CoQ10 appears in serum fairly rapidly after oral administration[42][48][40]
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(although acute doses are somewhat
unreliable[56][63])
and can be detected
SUMMARY (14wk) supplementation.[64][65][66] Specifics of tissue concentration and THINGS TO transport can be found in the respective subsection, although in general KNOW the heart has the greatest concentration of CoQ10 followed by skeletal HOW TO TAKE muscle, the liver and kidneys (similar concentrations at 63.6 and 77nmol/g, EDITORS'respectively) and then with lower concentrations in the intestines THOUGHTS (13.3nmol/g), lungs (9.2nmol/g), and brain (15.5nmol/g).[25] HUMAN EFFECT Concentrations in tissues (excluding the liver and spleen) are seen with MATRIX chronic rather than acute loading, with acute loading not significant raising COMPLETE tissue concentrations of CoQ10.[67][68][69] SUMMARY 2.4. Excretion and Clearance CITATIONS
When measuring red blood cells, CoQ10 levels return to baseline after 12 weeks of supplementation.[70]
in skeletal muscle, the brain, kidneys, and the heart following prolonged
Quick Summary:
Coenzyme Q10 is a Edit (/edit-section/suppleme nts/Coenzyme+Q10/?section=Longe vity+and+M itochondrial+Interactions) molecule that exists in the cell's mitochondria (energy production organelle) and has a 3.1. Mechanisms critical role in producing energy. Supplementation When looking at calorie-restricted mice (one of the only currently reliable may confer benefits either through manners this, or by of life extension), an increase in both CoQ9 and CoQ10 is general anti-oxidant detected in skeletal muscle and a decrease in Q9 (no effect on Q10) properties. detected in cardiac tissue relative to normal-fed mice,[71] an increase in
3.
Longevity and Mitochondrial Interactions
skeletal muscle has been noted elsewhere[72][73] as well as an increase in kidney CoQ9/Q10[74] although for both cardiac tissue and the liver there is Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) contrasting results.[71][75] History (/history /Coenzyme+Q10/) study noting that statin drugs were able to increase the lifespan of One Discussion (/discussion drosophilia noted that this effect was independent of ubiquinone status.[76] /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back to Top (http://examine.com CoQ10 appears to be altered in calorically restricted mice, but it is possible this /supplements is merely a biomarker for something else associated with longevity /Coenzyme+Q10/)
3.2. Interventions
In nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans), dietary exclusion of all CoQ10 increases lifespan by around 59%[77] and ablating biosynthesis to reduce levels similarly increases lifespan[78] and clk-1 mutants (who cannot synthesis CoQ9) see a similar increase in lifespan.[79] The dietary exclusion study is somewhat contested, as another study found that life extension properties were due to bacterial metabolism alterations and not dietary CoQ10.[80] Supplementation of 93mg/kg or 371mg/kg CoQ10 to mice (human estimates for a 150lb person being 507mg and 2,023mg) from 3.5 months of age until their deaths failed to significantly increase lifespan and
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similarly failed to increase the levels of any antioxidant enzymes
SUMMARY lifespan has been noted with lower supplemental dosages in rats[82] and THINGS TO mice.[82][83] KNOW HOW TO TAKE There is currently no convincing evidence that supplemental CoQ10 enhanced EDITORS' the lifespan, with some limited evidence that absolute deprivation enhances THOUGHTSlifespan (contested and not yet conducted in mammals) HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE Edit (/e dit-section/suppleme nts/Coe nzyme+Q10/?se ction=Neurology) 4. Neurology SUMMARY CITATIONS 4.1. Distribution
Before supplementation, CoQ10 (as ubiquinol) is located in all tested brain regions with highest concentrations in the cerebral cortex, followed by the noted in the midbrain-diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem; similar
Coenzyme Q10 is a trends are seen with ubiquinone although the striatum and midbrain were molecule that exists in the cell's mitochondria lowest while the cortex was equal to the hippocampus and striatum.[84] (energy production organelle) andOral has a CoQ10 at 200mg/kg in rats for 2 months is able to increase brain critical role in producing CoQ10 content in young (12 month) rats (approximately 30% from energy. Supplementation baseline) and increase CoQ10 levels in aged (24 month) rats to a similar may confer benefits either through level this, orseen by in young rats given CoQ10, and both CoQ9 and Vitamin E general anti-oxidant (/supplements/Vitamin+E/) also appeared to be increased.[66] An increase properties.
(glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase).[81] This lack of effect on
Quick hippocampus and striatum (fairly equal) and then progressively less are Summary:
in 22% has been noted in another study in the cortex, with no significant influence was found in any other brain region tested (hippocampus,
Edit (/edit/supplements striatum, midbrain-diencephalon, cerebellum, or brainstem) following /Coenzyme+Q10/) lifetime ingestion of 0.72mg/g or 2.81mg/g in mice.[84] History (/history /Coenzyme+Q10/) Discussion (/discussion An increase in cerebral CoQ10 concentrations are noted in animals given /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back CoQ10 supplementation over a prolonged period of time (no human studies at to Top the moment, due to complications in detecting CoQ10 supplementation in a living (http://examine.com person) and the increase is lesser than that of other organs and serum /supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/)
4.2. Cognition
One study using CoQ10 at a low and high dose (0.72mg/g or 2.81mg/g) in young mice for up to 21 months (lifetime study) noted that high CoQ10 increased physical activity in old age (independent of motor control testing, which was similar between groups) while the high dose group was associated with reduced spatial memory performance and sensory acuity in older age;[84] the overall dosing was approximately 106mg/kg and 352mg/kg respectively,[84] and estimated human equivalent doses are 8.5mg/kg and 28mg/kg respectively (for a 150lb person, 580mg and 1,909mg daily) based on standard conversion factors.[85] These doses are similar to those seen in another study using lifetime administration of CoQ10 that failed to note any influence on antioxidant enzyme status or
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lifespan (cognition not
measured)[81]
and in a study where cognition in
SUMMARY and started in older age.[86] THINGS TO KNOW Limited animal evidence to assess lifetime usage of CoQ10, but there does not appear to be any significant influences with standard or slightly elevated doses HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' of CoQ10 although higher doses have been associated with a worsening cognitive profile during aging yet protective when started during advanced age THOUGHTS HUMAN EFFECT 4.3. Parkinson's Disease MATRIX A study feeding rats 1% of the feed as CoQ10 before MPTP injections COMPLETE (toxin that mimics Parkinson's disease[87]) noted that 2 weeks of feeding SUMMARY was able to preserve some dopaminergic function, reducing the loss in CITATIONS
dopamine to 26% (control toxin reduced dopamine 56%) which was slightly more protective than Creatine (/supplements/Creatine/) although their benefits were additive. Quick Summary: 4.4. Huntington's Disease
Coenzyme Q10 is a 200mg/kg molecule that exists in the CoQ10 to rats for 2 months prior to an injection of cell's mitochondria 3-nitropropionic acid (neurotoxin which creates toxicity similar to that seen (energy production in Huntington's Disease) was able to almost absolutely reduce lesion size organelle) and has a relative to control (from 19mm3 to 1mm3)[66] although another study noted critical role in producing energy. Supplementation the protective effect of 1% of the rat feed as CoQ10 reduced lesion size to may confer benefits 62% of control (insignificantly underperforming 2% Creatine (/supplements either through this, or by general anti-oxidant /Creatine/), which reduced lesion size to 53%[88]). 3-NP is a mitochondrial properties. [89][90] [88]
older mice was improved, but CoQ10 therapy was 12 weeks in duration
toxin
and CoQ10 is thought to exert protective effects at the level of
mitochondrial modification; which may extend to L-Carnitine (/supplements /L-Carnitine/)[91] and Creatine (/supplements/Creatine/) supplementation[92] Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) where CoQ10 and creatine appear to be additively neuroprotective.[92][88] History (/history /Coenzyme+Q10/) CoQ10 has neuroprotective effects against the 3-nitropropionic acid toxin, an Discussion (/discussion /Coenzyme+Q10/)animal Back model of Huntington's disease. This protective effect is somewhat comparable to creatine supplementation to Top (http://examine.com /supplements 4.5. Depression /Coenzyme+Q10/) Depression appears to be a state that is highly correlated with increased oxidative and nitrosylative stress[93] and CoQ10 concentrations in serum appear to be reduced in people with treatment resistant depression.[94] One study using injections of CoQ10 in rats (25-150mg/kg) for 3 weeks in rats with chronic stress induced depression was able to exert anti-depressive effects with a plateau at 100mg/kg, the potency being about 50% normalization (relative to nondepressed control) on immobility and swim time in a forced swim test;[95] this was related to reductions in serum corticosterone and reduced hippocampal oxidative stress.[95] Other evidence suggest that in geriatric bipolar disorder there is less depressive symptoms associated with CoQ10 supplementation (400mg daily for 2 weeks, then up to 800mg and 1200mg daily).[96]
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It is possible that CoQ10 supplementation could alleviate depression, and there SUMMARY are reduced CoQ10 levels in depressed persons and some preliminary evidence suggests therapeutic effects. That being said, the evidence is not robust at this THINGS TO moment in time and uses quite high doses of CoQ10
KNOW HOW TO TAKE 4.6. Migraine EDITORS' CoQ10 at 150mg daily has shown some efficacy in an open-label trial in THOUGHTS persons with episodic headaches[97] which has been replicated elsewhere HUMAN EFFECT against placebo.[98] The open label trial experienced a rather large MATRIX reduction in symptoms (61.3% of subjects reporting over a halving of COMPLETE symptoms, and the average of 7.34 migraine days being reduced to 2.95 SUMMARY days)[97] with the rate of persons experiencing a halving of symptoms with CITATIONS 300mg under blinded conditions being 47.6% (placebo at 14.4%) with
time-dependent reductions over 4 months.[98] In a study assessing the effects of 100mg CoQ10 in youth (6-17 years of Quick Summary: age) for 224 days in children with a high frequency (14.3 per month) and severity (6.3-6.4 on a 1-10 scale) of headaches, the CoQ10 group Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule that exists in the experienced less overall headaches than did placebo for the first 4 weeks cell's mitochondria of the trial with the difference no longer existing near the end of the trial.[99] (energy production organelle) andThere has a was no influence on migraine frequency.[99] critical role in producing energy. Supplementation May have some migraine and headache reducing effects, which has been noted may confer benefits twice either through this, or by under blinded conditions to be more effective than placebo (one for migraine frequency, the other for headache frequency) general anti-oxidant properties.
Edit (/edit/supplements Edit (/edit-section/suppleme nts/Coenzyme+Q10/?se ction=Cardiovascular+Health) /Coenzyme+Q10/) History (/history /Coenzyme+Q10/) Discussion (/discussion /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back 5.1. Cardiac Tissue (Myocardium) to Top (http://examine.com Human cardiac tissue has a CoQ10 concentration of approximately /supplements 132nmol/g (with 61% of CoQ10 being in the reduced form of /Coenzyme+Q10/) ubiquinone)[62] which is similar to other animals with cardiac tissue being
5.
Cardiovascular Health
the highest body store of CoQ10 (hence cardiac tissue being the richest dietary source). Perhaps most interestingly, supplemental CoQ10 has been confirmed to increase cardiac tissue levels and cardiac mitochondrial levels of CoQ10 (surgical biopsy of cardiac tissue in humans)[100] and in pathological changes of cardiac tissue the levels of CoQ10 in the heart appear to be progressively reduced (with class III and IV having lower levels than class I and II[101]) which again is somewhat normalized with CoQ10 supplementation.[101][102]
CoQ10 is present in cardiac tissue, and similar to other animals this is the organ in the human body with the highest CoQ10 concentration. Supplemental CoQ10 has been confirmed to reach cardiac tissue following oral intake
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CoQ10 supplementation can reduce damage to the heart from the
SUMMARY (doxorubicin and daunorubicin).[103] CoQ10 does not appear to interfere THINGS TO with the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in breast cancer cells[104] nor its KNOW pharmacokinetic profile.[105] Interesting, this protective effect may extend to HOW TO TAKE other organs such as the kidneys[106] and in general enhance survival EDITORS'times.[107] THOUGHTS It should be noted that this may not be a CoQ10 relative deficiency state HUMAN EFFECT (higher circulating[108] and cellular[109] levels of CoQ10 may actually occur). MATRIX COMPLETE CoQ10 may help with doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy, which would be of SUMMARY interest to chemotherapy as CoQ10 may not interfere with the efficacy of CITATIONS doxorubicin in destroying cancer cells. Requires some human intervention data
though
anti-cancer pharmaceutical class of compounds called anthracyclines
Quick CoQ10 is known to be an independent risk factor for the disease Summary: progression of coronary heart disease,[110] lower in ethnic groups that have
Coenzyme Q10 is a higher cardiovascular disease rates,[111] and due to its interactions at the molecule that exists in the level of the cardiac tissue (and ability to reduce myocardial remodelling cell's mitochondria following injury in rats[112]) supplementation is thought to be protective. (energy production organelle) and[113][114] has a critical role in producing energy. Supplementation Over the short term, 28 days of CoQ10 supplementation in persons with may confer benefits acute myocardial infarction is associated with better left ventricle function either through this, or by general anti-oxidant and reduced angina pectoris and arrythmia than placebo[115] and properties.
prolonged usage of CoQ10 by persons who suffered myocardial infarction (120mg) was associated with lower amounts of cardiac incidents with CoQ10 (25.3% of persons experiencing a cardiac incident) outperforming
Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) placebo (45%; B-vitamin complex).[116] History (/history A study in congestive heart failure was unable to find benefit to left /Coenzyme+Q10/) Discussion (/discussion ventricle function[117] which has also been failed to occur in diabetics[118] /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back and 4 months of CoQ10 treatment at 100mg in persons with idiopathic to Top (http://examine.com dilated cardiomyopathy failed to show any significant difference relative to /supplements placebo on blood or cardiac measurements.[119] One study that noted /Coenzyme+Q10/)
some cardiac benefit during exercise similarly failed to find a benefit to left ventricle ejection fraction at rest in persons with congestive heart failure.[120]
May have benefit after myocardial infarction, but myocardial infarction may be the only heart condition in which CoQ10 is beneficial. CoQ10 supplementation has failed in other instances of cardiac ailment (congestive heart failure, diabetic cardiomyopathy) to exert any benefit
One study has investigated the role of CoQ10 in isolated diastolic heart failure secondary to cardiohypertrophy,[121] and 200mg CoQ10 daily appeared to reduce left ventricle thickness and improve function as well as quality of life.
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May be of use in cardiomegaly, but limited evidence
SUMMARY THINGS TO 5.2. Blood Pressure KNOW Mechanistically, it is though that CoQ10 might reduce blood pressure HOW TO TAKE secondary to antioxidative effects. An increase in extracellular superoxide EDITORS'dismutase (SOD) activity has been noted with CoQ10 supplementation for THOUGHTS one month at 300mg,[122] and extracellular superoxide dismutase (highly HUMAN EFFECT localized to the endothelium[123] and reduced in persons with coronary MATRIX artery disease[124]) is known to preserve the activity of Nitric Oxide (/topics /Nitric+Oxide/),[125][126] a vasodilating and blood pressure reducing agent. COMPLETE SUMMARY The above mechanisms are currently thought to underlie the improvement CITATIONS in endothelial function and blood flow observed in type II diabetics with[127]
or without[128] statin therapy, ischemic heart disease patients,[129] and in otherwise healthy obese individuals.[130] This protective effect on blood flow flow-mediated vasodilation just reached statistical significance (no
Coenzyme Q10 is a significant molecule that exists in the effect on Nitrate (/supplements/Nitrate/)-mediated arterial cell's mitochondria dilation). (energy production organelle) and has a CoQ10 may increase blood flow in persons with otherwise hindered blood flow critical role in producing secondary to acting as an anti-oxidant, which is thought to preserve the actions energy. Supplementation of Nitric Oxide (/topics/Nitric+Oxide/) on the endothelium may confer benefits either through this, or by general anti-oxidant properties. A meta-analysis of trials investigating CoQ10 and blood pressure
Quick appears to have also been found in a meta-analysis on the topic,[131] where Summary:
(assessing double blind trials of more than 3 weeks in length)[132] was able
Edit (/edit/supplements hypertensives (11mmHg and 7mmHg systolic and diastolic) but made note /Coenzyme+Q10/) History (/history that the observed results were unreliable.[132] Other trials published after /Coenzyme+Q10/) this meta-analysis (Oct '09) are one study in persons with high blood Discussion (/discussion pressure /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back and metabolic syndrome given 100mg CoQ10 daily for 12 weeks to Top (failed to influence 24 hour blood pressure, but trended to reduce diastolic (http://examine.com [133] ) /supplements overall and reduced daytime diastolic /Coenzyme+Q10/)
to assess three trials noted a slight decrease in blood pressure in
CoQ10 has been implicated in being in a formulation known as
'Orthospiron' (alongside Policosanol (/supplements/Policosanol/), red yeast extract (/contribute/supplements/red+yeast+extract/), Berberine (/supplements/Berberine/), and folic acid) which has shown efficacy in reducing 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensives.[2]
5.3. Lipoproteins
A 12% increase in HDL-C has been noted in persons who suffered myocardial infarction given 120mg CoQ10 for a year relative to control (B-vitamin complex)[116] Studies assessing the interaction of CoQ10 and HDL-C note that when pairing statin usage (atorvastatin) against stain plus CoQ10 (100mg) combination therapy, that CoQ10 is associated with an 11.1% improvement
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in HDL-C relative to statin usage in isolation over 12
weeks.[134]
CoQ10 ingestion does not interfere with the LDL-C and total cholesterol SUMMARY reducing effects of statin drug usage.[134][116] THINGS TO KNOW CoQ10 may have a small effect on increasing HDL cholesterol, but the body of HOW TO TAKE evidence to support this is fairly minimal EDITORS' THOUGHTS CoQ10 is also known to exist on the lipoproteins themselves as a HUMAN EFFECT constituent and protects the lipoprotein form oxidation to a greater level MATRIX than that of Vitamin E (/supplements/Vitamin+E/) at their biological COMPLETE concentrations.[135] Due to this, CoQ10 is thought to be a biomarker of SUMMARY sorts for endothelial oxidative stress[136][137] and possible CITATIONS artherosclerosis.[138]
Can reduce the rate of which low density lipoproteins are oxidized (in which case
Quick LDL turns into the artherogenic oLDL) secondary to direct free radical Summary: scavenging
Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule that exists in the CoQ10 has been noted to suppress the inflammatory effects of oxidized cell's mitochondria (energy production LDL cholesterol (oLDL)[139] and reduces subsequent endothelial injuries organelle) and has a from oLDL with an ED50 of 4.2M (130g/mL for 24 hours).[140] The critical role in producing
mechanism appears to be related to inhibiting the increase in nF-kB energy. Supplementation may confer benefits activation (a proinflammatory effect) secondary to the increase in reactive either through this, or by oxygen species that occurs when oLDL acts upon endothelial cells[139][140] general anti-oxidant properties. which is thought to be from either preserving Nitric Oxide (/topics /Nitric+Oxide/) function (NO can suppress nF-kB activity when at higher concentrations[141]). Incubation with nitric oxide inhibitors was able to Edit (/edit/supplements partially block the protective effects of CoQ10.[140] /Coenzyme+Q10/) History (/history CoQ10 may have direct inhibitory effects on nF-kB independent of NO /Coenzyme+Q10/) Discussion (/discussion (alterations in JAK/STAT signalling),[142] which may explain the portion of /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back protective effects not abolished by nitric oxide inhibitors.[140] to Top (http://examine.com /supplements If LDL cholesterol is already oxidized, it is possible that CoQ10 can protect the /Coenzyme+Q10/)endothelium from being damaged by oxidized LDL
Supplementation of CoQ10 in persons with coronary artery disease at either 60mg or 150mg daily for 12 weeks was able to significantly increase circulating CoQ10 concentrations in serum and expression of some antioxidant enzymes (catalase and SOD) while decreasing MDA levels (a biomarker of lipid peroxidaiton).[143] An increase in SOD has been noted elsewhere with 300mg CoQ10 in persosn with ischemic heart disease[122] and plasma antioxidant capacity has been noted to be increased in general with 120mg daily.[115][144]
6.
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Interactions with Glucose Metabolism

SUMMARY 6.1. Insulin THINGS TO In a small sample of otherwise healthy persons, 12 weeks supplementation KNOW of 200mg CoQ10 (as ubiquinol) was noted to increase the insulin:proinsulin HOW TO TAKE ratio and to augment meal-induced insulin release[145] which was EDITORS'hypothesized to be secodnary to aiding pancreatic b-cell function (it has THOUGHTS elsewhere[146] been hypothesized CoQ10 can aid in ATP supply of HUMAN EFFECT pancreatic b-cells) MATRIX 6.2. Diabetes COMPLETE CoQ10 supplementation at 200mg for 12 weeks has been twice noted to SUMMARY reduce circulating HbA1c concentrations,[145][147] while these two studies CITATIONS
and two more[148][149] seem to indicate that supplemental CoQ10 has no significant influence on circulating glucose or insulin (two main biomarkers of diabetes). In general, this lack of support for reducing blood glucose Quick Summary: with CoQ10 supplementation results in it not being recommended for diabetes prevention.[150] Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule that exists in the HbA1c is a biomarker for oxidative stress in diabetics, and is linked to cell's mitochondria (energy production pathological worsening of diabetes related to artherosclerosis (via oxidation organelle) and has a of LDL and inflammation) and to AGE production (summary can be read on critical role in producing energy. Supplementation our Benfotiamine (/supplements/Benfotiamine/) page).[151] may confer benefits least either through At this, or by in animal studies, CoQ10 supplementation has been shown to general anti-oxidant reduce the pathological progression or occurrence of diabetic kidney properties. disease,[152][153][154] cardiac and blood vessel complications,[127][155] and neuropathy.[156][157]
Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/)CoQ10 has shown some protective effects on diabetes via HbA1c (although the History (/history reduction is quite small and likely not clinically significant) and has no apparent /Coenzyme+Q10/) effect on blood glucose or insulin. Although it is technically protective, the degree Discussion (/discussion or protection is fairly minor and CoQ10 may not be an effective diabetic /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back intervention to Top (http://examine.com /supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/)
7.
Edit (/edit-section/supple ments/Coenzyme +Q10/?section=Exe rcise+Pe rformance+and+Skele tal+M uscle)
Exercise Performance and Skeletal Muscle

7.1. Pharmacology and Tissue deposition
CoQ10 is known to reach skeletal muscle tissue following chronic (but not acute[42]) dietary intake, which applies to all species and underlies why the meat of animals (contractile tissue) is the second best source of dietary CoQ10 and second only to cardiac tissue.[37][25] The average concentration of CoQ10 in skeletal muscle appears to be in the wide range of 140580pmol/mg (140-580nmol/g) with an average value of 241nmol/g[158] which has been reported elsewhere with similar results[159] although at one time being lower (46nmol/g).[62]
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The skeletal muscle levels appear to correlate quite well with levels in
SUMMARY CoQ10 in skeletal muscle cells is approximately 65% being ubiquinone.[62] THINGS TO Muscle concentrations of CoQ10 are positively correlated with muscle KNOW oxidative capacity during a simulated marathon (not correlated with lacate HOW TO TAKE dehydrogenase)[160] and appears to be correalted with aerobic exercise EDITORS'performance.[160] THOUGHTS CoQ10 is present in skeletal muscle tissue of all animals, including humans, HUMAN EFFECT where it exerts its standard mechanisms of facilitating mitochondrial function and MATRIX participating in REDOX reactions (antioxidant and oxidant exchanges) COMPLETE SUMMARY 7.2. Mechanisms CITATIONS
Being being a component of the mitochondrial membrane, incubation of skeletal muscle cells with 100mol/L of CoQ10 (and 250mol/L Alpha-
immune cells (mononuclear cells) and not with serum,[158] and the state of
Quick Lipoic Acid (/supplements/Alpha-Lipoic+Acid/)) is able to induce PGC1 Summary: levels by 70% (relative to control) and was subsequently found to induce
Coenzyme Q10 is a activity (50%) to a lesser degree than the active control of PPAR molecule that exists in the rosiglitazone (1mol/L) and an increase in antioxidant enzyme levels cell's mitochondria (GCS, GSR, GST, Nrf2).[161] (energy production organelle) and has a PGC1 is a mitochondrial biogenesis factor that is associated with type I critical role in producing energy. Supplementation (oxidative) muscle fibers thought to be due to producing more may confer benefits mitochondria, and overexpression of PGC1 in mammals reduces either through this, or by general anti-oxidant muscular fatigue rates.[162][163] PGC1 is known to decline during aging[164] properties. [165]
and be activated by exercise,
and as such is a current focus point for
attenuating age-related muscular function.

Edit (/edit/supplements 7.3. Muscle Fiber Composition /Coenzyme+Q10/) In a few species, it has been noted that muscle fibers with a higher History (/history /Coenzyme+Q10/) oxidative capacity (rather than glycolytic) have a relatively higher Discussion (/discussion concentration of CoQ10.[166] /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back to Top When comparing CoQ10 deficient children against those with normal (http://examine.com /supplements CoQ10 status, it appears that deficiency is associated with greatly /Coenzyme+Q10/)
(5.5-fold) increased type 2C muscle fiber content (which may be a useful biomarker for CoQ10 related mitochondrial disorders).[167]
7.4. Power Output

200mg CoQ10 supplementation for 6 weeks in older athletes concurrently taking statin drugs has noted an increase in leg strength as assessed by leg extensions.[168] When youth are given either a single dose of CoQ10 (200mg) prior to exercise or 2 weeks supplementation thereof (50 reps of isokinetic knee extensions), there is no apparent effect on muscular force production of muscular fatigue.[169]
Has been noted to increase power output in older adults on statin therapy, but has failed to produce any effect in youth given CoQ10
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7.5. Cardiovascular Exercise

CoQ10 supplementation has failed to increase cardiovascular exercise SUMMARY performance (usually intermittent sprint cycling or VO2 max tests) when THINGS TO KNOW ingested at 90mg for 8 weeks in trained men,[170] 300mg for 4 weeks in trained persons,[171] 150mg with or without Vitamin E (/supplements HOW TO TAKE [172] EDITORS'/Vitamin+E/) for 4 weeks in otherwise healthy sedentary men, THOUGHTS Some trials report positive results with 100mg supplementation for 8 weeks HUMAN EFFECT in otherwise healthy trained men subject to a Wingate test, where the MATRIX improvement in performance appeared to be independent of the fatigue reduction (fatigue reduced in both CoQ10 and placebo, although CoQ10 COMPLETE only increased power output).[173] Another trial has used a Wingate test SUMMARY and failed to find benefit with 200mg CoQ10 over placebo.[169] CITATIONS This failure to increase cardiovascular exercise performance is associated
Quick peroxidation, however.[170][174] Summary:
with an increase in antioxidative capacity of the blood and reduced lipid
Despite evidence in mice suggesting CoQ10 supplementation can reverse Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule that exists in the statin-induced exercise capacity losses,[175] 200mg CoQ10 cell's mitochondria supplementation for 6 weeks in older athletes concurrently taking statin (energy production organelle) anddrugs has a has failed to find a significant improvement in anaerobic critical role in producing cardiovascular exercise performance (although this study noted an energy. Supplementation increase in power output).[168] may confer benefits either through this, or by In prolonged exercise (210 minutes) where fatigue is noted to be reduced, general anti-oxidant properties. 300mg CoQ10 was associated with a preservation of power in the last few minutes of the test relative to placebo without influencing overall work conducted.[176] Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) History (/history Despite reducing exercise-induced oxidation, there is no convincing evidence of /Coenzyme+Q10/)a benefit of CoQ10 supplementation to cardiovascular exercise performance Discussion (/discussion where fatigue is not a factor. There may be a small benefit when it comes to /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back prolonged exercise where fatigue starts to degrade performance to Top (http://examine.com /supplements 7.6. Exercise related Fatigue /Coenzyme+Q10/) The mechanisms of fatigue reduction from CoQ10 are not precisely known, although it is suspected that CoQ10 is able to reduce damage to the membrane of skeletal muscle cells by preventing increases in serum creatine kinase and GOT (biomarkers of muscle damage); this study failed to note any antioxidative effects despite the protective effects, thought to be related to stabilizing the membrane[177] which is a phenomena that has been reported before.[178][179] Reduced creatine kinase and muscle damage has been reported in humans following ingestion of 300mg CoQ10 daily.[180] Another possible explanation is the increase in fat oxidation seen during submaximal exercise with CoQ10 supplementation in otherwise healthy subjects secondary to autonomic nervous system activation.[181]
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Thought that CoQ10 can provide structural support to skeletal muscle cells via SUMMARY stabilizing the membrane, and thus reducing the release of muscle metabolism byproducts that contribute to fatigue. May also increase exercise-induced fat THINGS TO oxidation
KNOW HOW TO TAKE Animal studies support the idea of CoQ10 supplementation prolonging EDITORS'time to exhaustion when given prior to physical exercise[182] and is thought THOUGHTS to exert chronic effects secondary to mitochondrial biogenesis (noted in HUMAN EFFECT rats with 5mg/kg CoQ10 but this study is confounded with other MATRIX mitochondrial supplements like L-Carnitine (/supplements/L-Carnitine/), COMPLETE Alpha-Lipoic Acid (/supplements/Alpha-Lipoic+Acid/), and Creatine SUMMARY (/supplements/Creatine/).[183]) CITATIONS
8 days supplementation of CoQ10 (100mg or 300mg) for one week in untrained subjects prior to a 210 minute cycling test (nonmaximal, but 10s of all-out peddling at the 30m and 210m timepoints) reported less fatigue appeared to preserve performance without altering average power
Quick with 300mg relative to placebo (100mg not significantly different) and Summary:
Coenzyme Q10 is a [176] 100mg has elsewhere been noted to be more effective than output. molecule that exists in the cell's mitochondria placebo in sedentary men subject to training[173] yet one study using a (energy production organelle) andhigher has a intensity protocol (repeated intervals on a Wingate test) failed to find critical role in producing a significant fatigue reducing effect.[173] energy. Supplementation may confer benefits In disease states, 1200mg CoQ10 daily in humans with mitochondrial either through this, or by cytopathy noted improvements in cycling to exhaustion but with relatively general anti-oxidant minimal potency; other measured parameters such as grip strength were properties. not affected.[184] Edit (/edit/supplements May be able to reduce fatigue in prolonged exercise in a dose-dependent /Coenzyme+Q10/) manner, and may not be effective for fatigue in more acute and intense exercises History (/history /Coenzyme+Q10/) Discussion (/discussion /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back to Top Edit (/e dit-section/suppleme nts/Coe nzyme+Q10/?se ction=Interactions+with+Oxidation) (http://examine.com /supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/)
8.
Interactions with Oxidation

8.1. Mechanisms
The reduced form of CoQ10 (Ubiquinone) is called Ubiquinol, this is the form of CoQ10 supplementation that posesses most anti-oxidative properties.[185] Ubiquinone and ubiquinol form a pair of molecules known as a REDOX couplet (reduction-oxidation)[186] which is a property that is crucial for the functioning of CoQ10 within the electron transport chain, where it transports electrons from complex I and II to complex III.[187][188] CoQ10 also has the ability to prevent lipid peroxidation from either inhibiting lipid peroxyl radicals[189][188][190] and has been noted to restore Vitamin E (/supplements/Vitamin+E/) (-tocopherol) from its radical state back to its antioxidative state.[190] Protein carbonylation has also been
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noted to be reduced with CoQ10 (direct inhibition of protein
oxidation)[191]
SUMMARY /Nitric+Oxide/) into peroxynitrate.[192] THINGS TO KNOW Via its anti-oxidant potential, ubiquinone can protect DNA from excess oxidation from H2O2 and potentially act as an anti-carcinogen (as noted in HOW TO TAKE human lymphocytes at least).[193] EDITORS' THOUGHTS CoQ10, via acting as a REDOX couplet, can act as a sacrificial antioxidant HUMAN EFFECT molecules and directly sequester free radicals. It shows efficacy against hydrogen peroxide, protein carbonylation, and lipid peroxidation but does not MATRIX COMPLETE appear effective against peroxynitrate formation SUMMARY CoQ10 has been once noted to induce activity of Nrf2 (a nuclear protein CITATIONS
that regulates the antioxidant response element[194] and induces the activity of antioxidant enzymes[195][196]) at 10-30mg/kg oral intake,[197]
but has been noted to not influence the conversion of Nitric Oxide (/topics
Quick where a single oral dose induced expression of Nrf2 in the liver of mice in a Summary: dose-dependent manner (40% and 60% increase, respectively) and
Coenzyme Q10 is a increased expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase, glutathione molecule that exists in the S-transferase, and quinone oxidoreductase.[197] This increase in Nrf2 has cell's mitochondria been noted in skeletal muscle cells in a study using both CoQ10 and (energy production organelle) andAlpha has a lipoic acid (/supplements/Alpha-Lipoic+Acid/) (somewhat critical role in producing confounded as ALA may activate Nrf2). energy. Supplementation may confer benefits either through this, or by It is possible that CoQ10 supplementation may also induce the activity of general anti-oxidant anti-oxidant enzymes, providing an indirect antioxidative effect; this is not as well properties.
researched as the REDOX actions
Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) History (/history Edit (/edit-section/suppleme nts/Coenzyme+Q10/?se ction=Interactions+with+Ae sthe tics) /Coenzyme+Q10/) Discussion (/discussion /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back to Top (http://examine.com 9.1. Skin /supplements In aging skin, oxidation may be secondary to impairments in mitochondrial /Coenzyme+Q10/) respiration[198][199] (with the other possible source of oxidation beign UV
9.
Interactions with Aesthetics
radiation[200]) which is known to influence other factors in a cell such as proteins (transporters and enzymes), DNA and RNA, and possible alterations in the function of the aforementioned.[201][202][203][204] The epidermis appears to have 10-fold the concentration of CoQ10 relative to the dermis (outer layer and inner layer of the skin, respectively)[205] suggesting relevance to protection from external factors as well as internal (as UV radiation influences the epidermis to a larger degree).[206] CoQ10 is thought to be protective of the skin secondary to being a mitochondrial factor and combination antioxidant, and is thought to be relevant to aging as skin concentrations of CoQ10 decline throughout the aging process (and with excessive exposure to UV radiation)[207] and
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persons with select disease states
(Parkinson's[208]
and
Huntington's[209])
SUMMARY levels, although those with fibromyalgia may have lower.[210] THINGS TO KNOW Aging skin (biopsy taken from older subjects) also tends to show signs of higher glycolytic levels (trend to increased glucose uptake and significantly HOW TO TAKE more lactate production independent of changes in GLUT1) without a EDITORS' significant alteration in mitochondrial distribution or content and may be THOUGHTS more susceptible to UV-induced oxidative damage.[211] This conversion of HUMAN EFFECT energy metabolism to glycolytic (away from lipolytic) is correlated with MATRIX aging, and the normalization associated with CoQ10 is thought to underlie COMPLETE protective effects of CoQ10.[212] SUMMARY CITATIONS Aged skin is highly correlated with abnormal mitochondrial function and higher
oxidant levels, and CoQ10 levels are known to decline with aging (independent of UV radiation) and with excessive UV radiation that induces oxidative stress. This decline of CoQ10 is correlated with less mitochondrial membrane potential and a shift from lipolysis towards glycolysis to sustain energy metabolism
have lower activity of complex IV of the mitochondria despite similar CoQ10
Quick Summary:
Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule that exists in the In vitro , CoQ10 has exhibited increased elasticity potential (increased cell's mitochondria elastin expression[213] and preservation of collagen[212]), anti-wrinkle effects (energy production organelle) andvia hasprotection a from UV,[214] and depigmentation potential (inhibition of critical role in producing tyrosinase)[213] with more profound effects in cells purposely depleted of energy. Supplementation CoQ10.[215] may confer benefits either through this, or by Application of a cream containing 0.01% CoQ10 twice daily for a week in general anti-oxidant properties. both older and younger subjects is able to increase mitochondrial
membrane potential and preserve this potential in lieu of UV radiation to higher levels than unradiated young control skin.[211] Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) A few studies have used combination therapy, usually with Vitamin E History (/history (/supplements/Vitamin+E/), retinyl palmitate (highly bioactive form of /Coenzyme+Q10/) Discussion (/discussion Vitamin A), Grape Seed Extract (/supplements/Grape+Seed+Extract/) (as /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back oil) and linseed oil which has noted UV protection and reduced wrinkling in to Top aged subjects.[1] (http://examine.com /supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/)
Appears to have protective effects on skin cells (tested ex vivo) following topical administration in humans
3 weeks of supplementation with CoQ10 in mice (100mg/kg) following a skin lesion noted a suppression of myeloperoxidase and higher levels of Collagen-like polymer (CLP) relative to control which was associated with accelerated wound healing rates.[216]
10.
Edit (/edit-section/supple ments/Coe nzyme +Q10/?section=Usage+in+Sele ct+Disease+State s)
Usage in Select Disease States

10.1. Fibromyalgia
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There appear to be lower circulating levels of CoQ10 in immune (blood
SUMMARY fibromyalgia although serum levels are more than doubled.[219] The THINGS TO reduced concentration of immune cell CoQ10 correlates with salivary cell KNOW CoQ10[220] and is associated with higher oxidation levels in the cells with HOW TO TAKE lower CoQ10 status, thought to play a role in firbomyalgia EDITORS'pathology[221][217] as concentration of CoQ10 correlate very well with levels THOUGHTS in skeletal muscle (with serum not being too well correlated with either) in HUMAN EFFECT healthy persons.[158] MATRIX COMPLETE An altered distribution of CoQ10 is observed in fibromyalgia, with lower cellular SUMMARY levels and higher serum levels (possibly indicative of issues with transportation) CITATIONS
A series of case studies has noted improvement with 300mg CoQ10 in symptoms of fibromyalgia[222][223] and was followed up with a pilot study
mononuclear cells)[217][210][218] and skin cells[210] of persons with
Quick using 100mg of CoQ10 (ubiquinone) supplementation thrice daily (daily Summary: dose of 300mg) for 3 months in persons with fibromyalgia that was found
Coenzyme Q10 isincrease a to concentrations of CoQ10 in blood mononuclear cells to levels molecule that exists in the similar to control patients alongside an improvement in headache status in cell's mitochondria persons with fibromyalgia.[218] This has been followed up with a proper (energy production organelle) andblinded has a trial, where 40 days of supplementation of 300mg CoQ10 was critical role in producing associated with less fatigue, pain, and joint soreness/stiffness associated energy. Supplementation [224] may confer benefits
with improved mitochondrial biogenesis and AMPK activity
and has
either through this, or by elsewhere been noted general anti-oxidant cholesterol status.[225] properties.
to improve fatigue alongside improvements on
Supplemental CoQ10 (300mg) appears somewhat effective in reducing

Edit (/edit/supplements symptoms associated with fibromyalgia; all the evidence currently is promising /Coenzyme+Q10/)and with feasible doses but it is still fairly preliminary History (/history /Coenzyme+Q10/) Discussion (/discussion 10.2. Prader-Willis /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back to Top Those with Prader-Willi Syndrome (a syndrome that begins as hypotonia (http://examine.com and failure to thrive as an infant, and manifests itself as increased appetite, /supplements obesity, cognitive impairment and multiple endocrinopathies[226]) do not /Coenzyme+Q10/)
appear to have reduced CoQ10 levels in serum per se (reduced CoQ10 in serum associated with obesity, which affects many people with Prader-Willi Syndrome)[227] and this lack of deficiency state has been noted elsewhere although the correlation between body weight and CoQ10 in serum was not detected.[227] Despite this, at least one study using CoQ10 at 2.5mg/kg daily in infants with failure to thrice due to Prader-Willi Syndrome noted that supplemental CoQ10 was as effective as the active control of growth hormone (6mg/kg once a week) in helping children develop psychocognitive capacities, although it did not appear to be as effective for promoting growth.[228]
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CoQ10 supplementation in children with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) has once SUMMARY been noted to aid in cognitive development over time, which is hindered by the disease state. Despite this, PWS does not appear to be a CoQ10 deficiency THINGS TO state
KNOW HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' It is uncertain whether there would be benefit to an adult with PWS THOUGHTS 10.3. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX CoQ10 appears to be a commonly recommended supplement for chronic COMPLETE fatigue syndrome or nonspecific fatigue[229] with one study surveying those SUMMARY with unexplained chronic fatigue noting that 69% of persons who tried CITATIONS CoQ10 reported benefit with it.[230] This may be related to the observations
that CoQ10 levels are lower in chronic fatigue originating from depression [94] or myalgic encephalomyelitis[231] relative to nonfatigued
Quick controls. Serum CoQ10, in these persons, is correlated with serum Summary: [232]
NAD(P)H.
Coenzyme Q10 is a It should molecule that exists in the be noted that some studies in fibromyalgia report less fatigue as cell's mitochondria an effect of CoQ10 supplementation,[224][225] but these results may not (energy production organelle) andapply has a to persons without fibromyalgia. Furthermore, one human trial using critical role in producing 200mg of CoQ10 for 12 weeks in obese persons (chronic fatigue syndrome energy. Supplementation not an inclusion requirement) failed to note any influence on fatigue may confer benefits [130] either through ratings. this, or by general anti-oxidant properties.
There is insufficient evidence to evaluate the interaction of supplemental CoQ10 and chronic or nonspecific fatigue symptoms
Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) Conditions of Male Sexuality 10.4. History (/history CoQ10 is a naturally occurring antioxidant found in seminal fluid[233] and /Coenzyme+Q10/) Discussion (/discussion alterations in seminal CoQ10 content are found in asthenozoospermia and /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back varicocele.[234][235] The role of CoQ10 is thought to be in part due to to Top (http://examine.com exerting an anti-oxidative effect[236] (and preventing DNA fragmentation /supplements from occurring to seminal cells, which is thought to be the link between /Coenzyme+Q10/) infertility and oxidative stress[237][238][239]) and in part bioenergetic (to
support the large amount of mitochondria in sperm cells and the energy cost of motility[240][235]) and the higher than normal levels of CoQ10 biosynthetic enzymes in rat testes (relative to many other organs) is thought to reflect this.[241] Oxidative damage to sperm cells tends to come from both the sperm itself and invading leukocytes[242] (of which oligospermic have more overall exposure and reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage from relative to healthy controls[243][244][245]). CoQ10 in semen is correlated with sperm count (R=0.504) and motility (R=0.261)[246] and has twice been correlated to total antioxidative capacity of semen.
[247][248]
Supplemental CoQ10 to infertile men has been found to increase seminal CoQ10 levels by 202% (42.0+/-5.1 at baseline to 127.1+/-1.9 ng/mL after 6
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months of 200mg double-blind
daily)[249]
and has been replicated elsewhere under
SUMMARY THINGS TO CoQ10 is highly involved with sperm and likely maintains oxidative stability in the semen. Oral intake of CoQ10 in infertile men can increase seminal CoQ10 KNOW concentrations HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' Seminal CoQ10 actually appears to be elevated in persons with varicocele THOUGHTS relative to normal fertile men and infertile controls without varicocele, HUMAN EFFECT [251][246] which was proposed to be realted to insufficient utilization of MATRIX CoQ10.[252] Variococeles appear to occur in 1941% of infertile men.[253] COMPLETE SUMMARY In oligoasthenozoospermia, sperm from these men incubated with CoQ10 CITATIONS experience increases in motility[254] and oral intake of 200mg CoQ10 for 6
months has been confirmed to increase sperm motility in infertile men (no influence on morphology or concentration).[249] This increase in motility was
conditions.[250]
Quick eliminated after 6 months of supplement cessation[249] and has been Summary: [250][255]
replicated elsewhere
although only one study has noted increases
Coenzyme Q10 is a in sperm density.[255] molecule that exists in the cell's mitochondria Studies that measure fertility rates note an improvement with 60mg CoQ10 (energy production organelle) anddaily has a for approximately 103 days in oligoasthenozoospermic men (in vitro critical role in producing fertilization)[254] and in one pilot study increased fertility (3 out of 22 energy. Supplementation couples) noted pregnancy.[249] may confer benefits either through this, or by general anti-oxidant CoQ10 supplementation in men with poor seminal motility (rather than sperm properties. count or sperm morphology) appears to be somewhat effective at improving
seminal motility; preliminary evidence suggests an increase in fertility secondary to this, but larger trials are needed to confirm
Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) History (/history One study assessing the interaction of CoQ10 and Peyronie's disease /Coenzyme+Q10/) (localized fibrosis of the penis involving the tunica albuginea of the corpus Discussion (/discussion cavernosum resulting in penile curvature and sexual dysfunction [256] which /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back to Top appears to have a 3-9% prevalance rate in men[257]) noted that after 300mg (http://examine.com /supplements of CoQ10 daily for 24 weeks that the disease progression seen in placebo /Coenzyme+Q10/) (56.1%) was greatly attenuated to 13.6%.[258] This study assessed
treatment efficacy based on erectile properties and the rating scale of IIEF-5, with a 20% worsening in pain or 5 change in penile curvature as a worsening of disease state.[258]
CoQ10 has preliminary evidence to help with Peyronie's disease and pathological curvature of the penis. This study was an intervention for early stage Peyronie's disease (less calcification) and currently there is no evidence for efficacy in late stage Peyronie's disease
11.
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Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions
SUMMARY 11.1. Carnitine THINGS TO There is some rationale behind treating mitochondrial pathology with KNOW combination therapy rather than isolated molecules[259] targeting HOW TO TAKE mitochondrial structure (CoQ10), enzymatic function (carnitine) EDITORS'antioxidative properties (CoQ10, alpha lipoic acid, Vitamin E (/supplements THOUGHTS /Vitamin+E/)), and alternate energy pathways (creatine). HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX Carnitine (/search.php?q=Carnitine) is an amino acid compound present in the mitochondria at a rate-limiting step of fatty acid oxidation, and COMPLETE mechanistically (in regards to the function in the mitochondria, not oral SUMMARY supplementation) they are synergistic intermediates in mitochondrial CITATIONS [260]
function in general. One study in people on dialysis and statin therapy given either CoQ10
Quick (100mg daily), carnitine (1000mg IV thrice a week), or their combination Summary: failed to find a beneficial effect of combination therapy over either
Coenzyme Q10 is a monotherapy in regards to a standard lipid panel.[261] molecule that exists in the cell's mitochondria 11.2. Creatine (energy production (/supplements/Creatine/) is a performance enhancing supplement organelle) andCreatine has a critical role in producing that works via increasing an intracellular pool of creatine and energy. Supplementation phosphocreatine, exchanging phosphate groups with ADP to replenish the may confer benefits either through cellular this, or by concentration of ATP (main energy currency within a cell); creatine general anti-oxidant itself appears to positively influence mitochondrial function (similar to properties. CoQ10[91]) and exert neuroprotective effects (being tested in models of
Parkinson's and Huntington's disease[92])

Edit (/edit/supplements Combination therapy with CoQ10 (1% of feed) and creatine (2% of feed) /Coenzyme+Q10/) exert additive protective effects in an animal model of Parkinson's (MPTP History (/history /Coenzyme+Q10/) toxicity) and Huntington's disease (3-nitropropionic acid toxicity) with Discussion (/discussion combination therapy reducing the lesion sizes to 17% (3-NP) and /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back to Top attenuating the dopamine loss from MPTP from 56% to 13%.[88] (http://examine.com /supplements 11.3. Alpha-Lipoic Acid /Coenzyme+Q10/)
Alpha-Lipoic Acid (/supplements/Alpha-Lipoic+Acid/) (ALA) is a
mitochondrial factor and fatty acid that appears to be synergistic with CoQ10 in vitro in inducing the mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM)[161] secondary to activating both PGC1 and NRF1, two factors that coactive TFAM to then induce mitochondrial biogenesis.[262][263] The combination was also found synergistic in inducing ornithine decarboxylase 1,[161] which is a rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine synthesis induced by exercise[264] and are genoprotective.[265]
11.4. Statins
'Statin' is a term used to refer to the mechanisms of inhibiting the HMG-CoA enzyme, a rate limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway that converts 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) into
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mevalonic acid. Inhibiting this enzyme produced less mevalonic acid, and
SUMMARY chain of events following mevalonic acid production).[266] Statins tend to THINGS TO refer to pharmaceutical drugs, but are present in some supplements such KNOW as Pu-Erh tea[267] and Red Yeast Rice (/supplements/Red+Yeast+Rice/) HOW TO TAKE (which contains the pharmaceutical known as lovastatin). EDITORS' Statin usage (long-term, not short-term[268]) is known to cause lower serum THOUGHTS CoQ10 levels (as CoQ10 synthesis also occurs after the HMG-CoA HUMAN EFFECT [269] enzyme), and this lower CoQ10 level is an independent predictor of MATRIX statin-related cardiovascular disease risk[110] while being associated with COMPLETE depression [94] and possible causative of statin-related myopathy (via an SUMMARY intermediate known as GGPP).[270][271] CITATIONS
Prolonged statin usage is causative of reduced circulating CoQ10 levels, and this reduction of CoQ10 below normal levels is thought to mediate a large amount of adverse effects associated with statin treatment
eventually produces less cholesterol (which is eventually produced in the
Quick Summary:
Coenzyme Q10 is a Supplementation of CoQ10 during statin usage may reverse some molecule that exists in the cardiovascular complications[272] and is able to reverse the deficiency, with cell's mitochondria (energy production one study noting a 42% reduction was reversed to a 127% increase organelle) and has a (relative to baseline) following supplementation of 100mg CoQ10.[134] critical role in producing CoQ10 usage alongside statin usage is commonly seen as a way to energy. Supplementation may confer benefits prevent statin-related myopathy.[273][274][275] either through this, or by general anti-oxidant properties. Ingestion of at least 90-100mg CoQ10 daily alongside statin usage is associated
with greatly reduced risk from statin-related pathologies

Edit (/edit/supplements The combination of CoQ10 and statins seem to work additively /Coenzyme+Q10/) History (/history increasing HDL-C.[276] /Coenzyme+Q10/) Discussion (/discussion have other beneficial effects with combination therapy /Coenzyme+Q10/)May Back to Top (http://examine.com /supplements 11.5. Grapefruit /Coenzyme+Q10/)
in
As CoQ10 efflux (in intestinal cells) is mediated by P-glycoprotein[277] and Grapefruit (/supplements/Grapefruit/) juice is known to inhibit this transporter,[278][279] the combination has been tested in vitro and grapefruit juice has been found to enhance the absorption of CoQ10 to about 150% of control secondary to preventing less efflux (1% of the medium as grapefruit juice and 10M CoQ10) to a greater degree than the reference drug (rhodamine 123).[280]
Grapefruit juice, or other potent P-glycoprotein inhibitors, may increase CoQ10 bioavailability
11.6. Pycnogenol
Pycnogeol (/contribute/supplements/Pycnogeol/) is a supplement brand
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name derived from Pine Bark extract, with the main bioactive of
SUMMARY (/supplements/Grape+Seed+Extract/)). Combination therapy with THINGS TO pycnogenol and CoQ10 has been noted to increase left ventricular ejection KNOW fraction (22.4%) and reduce blood pressure in persons with heart HOW TO TAKE failure.[281] EDITORS' THOUGHTSBoth agents are cardioprotective in persons with poor cardiovascular health, no apparent or known synergy yet demonstrated between the two molecules HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE SUMMARY 12. Safety and Edit (/e dit-section/suppleme nts/Coenzyme+Q10/?se ction=Safety+and+Toxicity) CITATIONS
procyanidins (same structures also found in Grape Seed Extract
Toxicity
12.1. General Quick Summary:
CoQ10 is generally very well tolerated at doses not exceeding 500mg (the
Coenzyme Q10 is a standard upper limit for treatment of ailments that tends to be molecule that exists in the recommended).[282][283][284][285] Despite this limit, no acute side effects cell's mitochondria (energy production aside from gastrointestinal (digestive) distress are reported with doses up organelle) and has a to 3,000mg daily[286][287][288] and usage of 900mg daily for prolonged critical role in producing periods (4 weeks) was not associated with any clinically relevant adverse energy. Supplementation may confer benefits effects.[289] either through this, or by general anti-oxidant Animal models have suggested that superloading dosages of CoQ10 properties.
(estimated to be around 350mg/kg bodyweight) results in an exacerbation of the effects of aging but not overall mortality, whereas doses around
100mg/kg bodyweight do not have this threat.[84] Using the human:mouse Edit (/edit/supplements /Coenzyme+Q10/) surface area ratio of 12.3, these dosages would be 1700mg and body History (/history 500mg (total) per day.[84][290] The mechanism seen here is not fully /Coenzyme+Q10/) Discussion (/discussion elucidated, but believed to be related to mitochondrial bioenergetics, and /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back are in contrast to an earlier study by the same group.[81] to Top (http://examine.com /supplements There are no established toxic effects of CoQ10 supplementation in humans and /Coenzyme+Q10/)CoQ10 has a remarkable safety profile. There may be some non-lethal and long
term adverse effects with very high doses of CoQ10, but these are not yet demonstrated to be relevant in humans
Scientific Support & Reference Citations

References
1. Felippi CC, et al. Safety and efficacy of antioxidants-loaded nanoparticles for an anti-aging application
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SUMMARY THINGS TO KNOW HOW TO TAKE EDITORS' THOUGHTS HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE SUMMARY CITATIONS
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Safety and efficacy of coenzyme Q10 supplementation in early chronic Peyronie's disease: a double/Coenzyme+Q10/) blind, placebo-controlled randomized study (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20720560). Int J Impot Res. (2010) History (/history 259. Tarnopolsky MA. The mitochondrial cocktail: rationale for combined nutraceutical therapy in mitochondrial cytopathies /Coenzyme+Q10/) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18647623). Adv Drug Deliv Rev. (2008) 260. Bertelli A, Ronca G. Carnitine and coenzyme Q10: biochemical properties and functions, synergism and Discussion (/discussion complementary action (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2276898). Int J Tissue React. (1990) /Coenzyme+Q10/) Back 261. Shojaei M, et al. Effects of carnitine and coenzyme Q10 on lipid profile and serum levels of lipoprotein(a) in to Top maintenance hemodialysis patients on statin therapy (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21368390). Iran J Kidney Dis . (2011) (http://examine.com /supplements 262. Duguez S, et al. Mitochondrial biogenesis during skeletal muscle regeneration (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed /11882500). Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. (2002) /Coenzyme+Q10/) 263. Wu Z, et al. Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10412986). Cell. (1999) 264. Turchanowa L, et al. Influence of physical exercise on polyamine synthesis in the rat skeletal muscle (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10620005). Eur J Clin Invest. (2000) 265. Lee NK, MacLean HE. Polyamines, androgens, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed /21413019). J Cell Physiol. (2011) 266. Buhaescu I, Izzedine H. Mevalonate pathway: a review of clinical and therapeutical implications (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17467679). Clin Biochem . (2007) 267. Jeng KC, et al. Effect of microbial fermentation on content of statin, GABA, and polyphenols in Pu-Erh tea (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17880152). J Agric Food Chem . (2007) 268. Keith M, et al. Coenzyme Q10 in patients undergoing CABG: Effect of statins and nutritional supplementation (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17368873). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis . (2008) 269. Ghirlanda G, et al. Evidence of plasma CoQ10-lowering effect by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8463436). J Clin Pharmacol. (1993) 270. Wynn RL. The effects of CoQ10 supplements on patients taking statin drugs (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed /20478794). Gen Dent. (2010) 271. Nielsen ML, Pareek M, Henriksen JE. Reduced synthesis of coenzyme Q10 may cause statin related myopathy (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22094213). Ugeskr Laeger. (2011) 272. Silver MA, et al. 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275. Wyman M, Leonard M, Morledge T. Coenzyme Q10: a therapy for hypertension and statin-induced myalgia (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20601617). Cleve Clin J Med. (2010) 276. Toyama K, et al. Rosuvastatin combined with regular exercise preserves coenzyme Q10 levels associated with a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary artery disease (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458815). Atherosclerosis . (2011) 277. Itagaki S, et al. Interaction of coenzyme Q10 with the intestinal drug transporter P-glycoprotein (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18656939). J Agric Food Chem . (2008) 278. Dahan A, Amidon GL. Grapefruit juice and its constituents augment colchicine intestinal absorption: potential hazardous interaction and the role of p-glycoprotein (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19048359). Pharm Res. (2009) 279. Honda Y , et al. Effects of grapefruit juice and orange juice components on P-glycoprotein- and MRP2-mediated drug efflux (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15504753). Br J Pharmacol. (2004) 280. Grapefruit juice enhance the uptake of coenzyme Q10 in the human intestinal cell-line Caco-2 (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030881460901245X) 281. Belcaro G, et al. Investigation of Pycnogenol in combination with coenzymeQ10 in heart failure patients (NYHA II/III) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20657530). Panminerva Med. (2010) 282. Hidaka T, et al. Safety assessment of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19096117). Biofactors . (2008) 283. Marcoff L, Thompson PD. The role of coenzyme Q10 in statin-associated myopathy: a systematic review (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560286). J Am Coll Cardiol. (2007) 284. Rosenfeldt FL, et al. 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(Common misspellings for Coenzyme Q10 include cozyme, enzyme, Q10, coenzime, enzime) (Common phrases used by users for this page include side effects of consuming coenzyme q10, how long does it take for COQ10 to work, depression after stopping coq10, coq10 how much in chicken, coenzyme q10 supplementation, glycemic control, oxidative stress , inflammation, type 2 diabetes,iran, How should CoEnzyme Q10 be taken, with food or in between meals?) (Users who contributed to this page include KurtisFrank (/user/KurtisFrank/), spell_czech (/user/spell_czech/), aaa10247 (/user/aaa10247/), cyl (/user/cyl/), Sol (/user/Sol/))
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SUMMARY THINGS TO Page last updated: Tuesday Back to Top (http://examine.com/supplements/Coenzyme+Q10/) KNOW October 22, 2013 HOW TO TAKE About Us (/about/) Contact Us (/contact/) Our Newsletter (/newsletter/) Follow Us (/follow/) EDITORS' 2011-2014 THOUGHTS HUMAN EFFECT MATRIX COMPLETE SUMMARY CITATIONS
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Coenzyme Q10 is a molecule that exists in the cell's mitochondria (energy production organelle) and has a critical role in producing energy. Supplementation may confer benefits either through this, or by general anti-oxidant properties.
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