UNiSEL (KMD 2223)

Fluid Power Application

(Physical Properties of Hydraulic Fluids)

Hydraulics & Pneumatics KMD 3133

By,

Mohd Darnalis A.Rahman

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Learning Objectives
Upon completing this chapter, students should be able to:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Explain the primary function of hydraulic fluid. Define the term fluid. Distinguish between a liquid and a gas. Appreciate the properties desired of a hydraulic fluid. Define the terms weight, density and specific gravity. Understand the terms pressure, head, and force. Differentiate between gage pressure & absolute pressures. Calculate the force created by a pressure. Apply Pascal Pascals law to a hydraulic system. Understand the terms kinematic viscosity and absolute viscosity. viscosity. Convert viscosity from one set of units to another set of units. Explain the difference between viscosity and viscosity index.

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Weight, Density and Specific Gravity Weight

All objects whether solids or fluids, are pulled towards the center of the earth by a force of attraction. This force is called weight.

F = W = mg
F = force (Newton) W = weight (Newton) m = mass (kg) G = gravity acceleration (m/s2)
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Weight, Density and Specific Gravity

Weight Density (Specific Weight)

Defined as weight per unit volume.

weight density =

weight volume W = V

= weight density (N/m3) W = weight (N) V = Volume (m3)

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Weight, Density and Specific Gravity

Specific Gravity (Sg)

Defined as the weight density of the fluid divided by the weight density of water. For example, the specific of oil can be found using

Sg

oil

oil water

Specific gravity is a dimensionless parameter.

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Weight, Density and Specific Gravity

Mass Density

Also known as density which defined as mass per unit volume

=
= mass density (kg/m3) W = weight (kg) V = Volume (m3)

m V

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Weight, Density and Specific Gravity

Mass Density

Since weight is proportional to mass (W=mg), it follows that specific gravity can also be defined as the mass density of the given fluid divided by the mass density of water.

W = mg V = Vg

Solving for the mass density

= N/m3 g = m/s2 = kg/m3

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Force, Pressure and Head

Force and Pressure

In fluid power systems it is pressure rather than force that is transmitted equally in all directions. Pressure defined as force per unit area.

F P= A
P = pressure (N/m2) F = force (N) A = area (m2)
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Force, Pressure and Head

Head

We can conclude that a 11-ft column of water develops at its base a pressure of 0.433 psi. The 11-ft height of water is commonly called a pressure head.

Figure 2.5 page 43

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Force, Pressure and Head

Head

The equation below allows calculation of the pressure produced at the bottom of any column of any liquid. Observe that, pressure does not depend on the area of the bottom of the column but only on the column height and the weight density of the fluid.

P = H

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Force, Pressure and Head

Atmospheric Pressure

Is the pressure developed on the surface of the earth due to the force of attraction between the atmosphere and the earth. Neither the equation discussed earlier can be used to find this pressure because of the compressibility of air. Which means that density of air is not a constant. The density is greatest at the earth earths surface and diminishes as the distance from earth increases.

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Force, Pressure and Head

Gage & Atmospheric Pressure

Are measured relative to the atmosphere. Absolute pressures are measured relative to a perfect vacuum such as that existing in outer space. Gage pressure are labeled psig or psi Absolute pressure are labeled psia. psia. Where atmospheric pressure equals to 14.7 psia or 0 psig.
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Pascals Law

Introduction

Reveals the principle of how liquids transmit power. power. Define pressured applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions. directions. The liquid transmits the pressure, created by the force of the stopper, throughout the container as illustrated in figure below

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Pascals Law

Figure 2-11 page 53

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Pascals Law

Pascal Pascals law can be applied to produce a useful amplified output force such as in a hydraulic press. An input force of 10 lb is applied to a 1 in2 piston. This develops a 10 psi pressure throughout the container. This 10 psi pressure acts on 10 in2 piston, producing a 100 lb output force. force.

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Pascals Law

Figure 2-12 page 54

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Pascals Law

Analysis of Hydraulic Press

Does a hydraulic press produce more energy than it receives? receives? A fluid power system like any other power system, cannot create energy. energy. (Conservation (Conservation of energy) energy) According to Pascal Pascals Law,

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P1 = P2 F1 F = 2 A1 A 2 F2 A 2 = F1 A1
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(a)

Pascals Law

Figure 2-13 Page 55

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Pascals Law

Somehow the output piston does not move as far as the input piston. The ratio of the piston movement can be determined assuming the liquid used to be incompressible. incompressible.

V1 = V2
A1S1 = A 2S2
Where, S = movement of piston 1 1 S 2 = movement of piston 2

The volume displaced by the input piston is equals that for the output piston.

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Pascals Law

Eqn. (b) shows that the large output piston does not travel as far as the small input piston. piston. The output force is greater than the input force, force, but the output movement is less than the input movement.

S 2 A1 = S1 A 2

(b)

F2 S1 = F1 S2 F1S1 = F2S2

(c)

Eqn. (c) states that the energy input to the hydraulic press is equal to the energy out from the system. The result occurs due to the forceforce-amplification factors equals the motionmotion-reduction factor. factor.
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Pascals Law

Example
For the hydraulic press shown in figure, the following data are given; A1= 30mm2 A2 = 300mm2 S1 = 30 mm F1 = 100 N Determine, F2 S2 2. The energy input 3. 4. The energy output
1.

P1 = P2 F1 F2 = A1 A 2 F2 A 2 = F1 A1

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Pascals Law

Example
Figure 22-13 Pg 55

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Pascals Law

Solution
a. From Eqn. (a)

F1 =

A2 300 F2 = 100 = 1000N A1 30

A1 30 S1 = 30 = 3mm A2 300
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b. From Eqn. (b)

S2 =

Pascals Law

Solution
c. Energy input = F1 x S1

= 100 N 0.03m = 3 N m
d. Energy output = F2 x S1

= 1000 N 0.003m = 3 N m
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Bulk Modulus

The stiffness of a hydraulic system is directly related to the incompressibility of the oil. It is the measure of incompressibility The bulk modulus, the compressibility or stiffer fluid.

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Viscosity

Most important property of a hydraulic fluid. A measure of concentration which affect fluid movement (flow). Viscosity , fluid flow easily (thin appearance) Viscosity , fluid flows with difficulty (thick appearance) In reality, ideal viscosity of hydraulic fluid is a compromise. compromise.

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Viscosity Too high

Resulting to;
1.

2.

3.

4.

High resistance to flow, which causes sluggish operation. Increased power consumption due to frictional losses. losses. Increased pressure drop through valves and lines. High temperatures caused by friction. friction.

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Viscosity Too Low

Resulting to;
1. 2.

Increased leakage losses past seals. Excessive wear due to breakdown of the oil film between mating moving parts. Moving parts, parts, such as internal components of a pump (reciprocating piston in cylinder).

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