Fluid Power Application

(Hydraulic Actuators)
Hydraulics & Pneumatics KMD 3133
By, Mohd Darnalis A.Rahman

Learning Objectives
Upon completing this chapter, students should be able to:
1. Describe the construction and design features of hydraulic cylinders. 2. Identify the various types of hydraulic cylinder mountings and mechanical linkages. 3. Explain the operation and features of double-rod cylinders and telescopic cylinders. 4. Explain the operation of gear, vane , and piston hydraulic motors.

Introduction

Actuators and motors act the opposite to pump functions (extract energy from a fluid and convert it to mechanical energy to perform useful work). Transmitted through either linear or rotary motion by hydraulic cylinders or motors. Cylinders extend & retract to perform a complete cycle of operation. Motors known as rotary actuators, rotate a shaft to provide a torque driving load along a rotary path.
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Hydraulic Cylinder

Operating Features

Consist of a piston inside a cylindrical housing (barrel). A rod is attached to one end of the piston. Other end (blank end) is a port for the entrance & exit of oil.

Single-Acting Cylinder

Single Acting Hydraulic Cylinder

Exert force in only the extending direction. Retract by means of gravity or by a compression spring. 5

Double-Acting Cylinder

Double Acting Cylinder

Extend & Retract hydraulically. Force exerted through out extension & retraction. High pressure rating with respect to small size of bore. Made of ductile iron, polished bore surface, and hydro dynamically sealed between piston & barrel. Cushioned at both end to provide smooth deceleration of each stroke.
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Double-Acting Cylinder

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Cylinder Mountings

Various mountings are provided to permit versatility of applications. Rod ends are usually threaded so they could be attached directly to the load. Such load are,

Clevis Yoke Other mating devices

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Cylinder Mountings

Mechanical Linkages

There are various mechanical linkages application which could benefit hydraulic advantages. It is limited to the ingenuity of the fluid power designer. Linkages can transform linear motion into either an oscillating or rotary motion. Can also be used to increase or decrease effective leverage & stroke of a cylinder.
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Mechanical Linkages

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Cylinder Force & Velocity

Output force (F) & piston velocity (v) of doubleacting cylinders are not the same for extension & retraction strokes. Extension stroke,

Fluid enters the blank end of the cylinder through the entire circular area of the piston. Fluid enters the rod end through smaller annular area between the rod and cylinder bore.
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Retraction stroke,

Cylinder Force & Velocity

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Special Cylinder Designs

Double-Rod Cylinder

Force & speed are the same for both ends. Used when same task needed to perform on both ends.

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Special Cylinder Designs

Telescopic Cylinder

Contains multiple cylinders that slide inside each other. Used when long work strokes are required with retraction length must be kept minimum. Such application using this cylinder is high-lift fork truck.

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Special Cylinder Designs

Figure 6-10

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