Hydraulics & Pneumatics - KMD 2272

Fluid Power Application

(Pneumatics System)

Hydraulics & Pneumatics KMD 3133

By,

Mohd Darnalis A.Rahman

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Learning Objectives
Upon completing this chapter, students should be able to:
1. 2. 3.

4.

5.

Apply the perfect gas laws to determine the interactions of pressures, volume, and temperature of a gas. Describe the purpose, construction, and operation of compressors. Explain the purpose and operation of fluid conditioners, including filters, regulators, lubricators, mufflers, and air dryers. Describe the purpose, construction, & operation of various pneumatics pressure control valves, flow control valves, and directional control valves. Discuss construction and operation of pneumatic cylinders.
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Introduction

Pneumatics system utilize pressurized gases to transmit & control power. Medium air Reasons safe, low-cost, & readily available. Reasons of adopting pneumatics rather than hydraulics is,
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Liquid weight Liquid viscosity No special reservoir needed (return air) Less leak Less expensive Compressed air can be stored
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Introduction

However, compressibility of air makes it impossible for the system to obtain precise movement & velocities. Pneumatics system using compressor to supply air. Typically of piston, vane or screw type. Basically compressor increases the pressure by reducing the volume as described by the perfect gas law. Air can be stored in a tank since air is compressible and supplied using pipes to various locations. (such as electrical system). Air are then regulated, filtered, & treated which prevents wear of the closely fitting moving parts of pneumatic components
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Introduction

Pneumatic working pressure <250psi Hydraulic working pressure as high as 12,000 psi Mufflers protect from injuries due to noise & highspeed airborne particles.

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Applications

Industrial application of pneumatic systems are,

Stamping Drilling Hoisting Packing Clamping Assembly Riveting Materials handling Logic controlling operations Robotics (dexterous hand & tactile sensing)

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Hydraulics & Pneumatics - KMD 2272

Properties of Air

Air is actually a mixture of gases,

1% 21% 78%

4%

96%

Oxygen Nitrogen Other Gases (Carbon Dioxide, Argon)

Air

Water Vapour

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Properties of Air

Out of 100% of air contains up to 4% of water vapor depending on the humidity of air. On sea level, atmosphere exert pressure of 14.7 psia (101 kPa absolute). Air is not readily compressible but its volume will vary to fill the vessel containing it.

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Properties of Air

Pressure & Altitude Relations

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Properties of Air

Absolute Pressure & Temperatures

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Properties of Air

The Perfect Gas Law

1. 2. 3. 4.

Boyles Law Charles Law Gay-Lussacs Law General Gas Law

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Boyles Law

States that,

If the temperature of gas held constant The volume will change inversely with the pressure.

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Charles Law

States that,

If the pressure of gas held constant The volume will change proportional with the temperature.

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Gay Lussacs Law

States that,

If the volume of gas held constant The pressure will change proportional with the temperature.

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General Gas Law

States that,

When, Boyles, Charles& Gay Lussacs are combined into a single general gas law Defined, as having all three gas parameter (Pressure, Temperature & Volume) None of them are held constant during process If either T, p, or V are held constant, the general gas law reduces to Boyles, Charlesor Gay Lussacs law repectively.

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Compressors

Compresses air or another type of gas a low inlet pressure (usually atmospheric) to a higher desired pressure level. Accomplished by reducing the volume of the gas. Air compressors

generally positive displacement units either piston type. Reciprocating piston type or the rotary screw or rotary vane types..
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Piston Compressors

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Piston Compressors

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Piston Compressors

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Screw Compressors

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Vane Compressors

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Air Service Unit

(Fluid Conditioner)

On delivery, on the outlet side; the air is then flowed into a FRL unit to remove contaminants, regulate working pressures, and finally for lubrication purpose. Air from atmosphere contains moisture which can lead to of lubrication problems. Air dryers are needed to remove undesirable moisture. Mufflers are used to reduce noise induced by the exhaust of gas.

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Air Filter

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Air Regulator

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Lubricator

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FRL Unit

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Air Control Valves

Pressure regulators Check valve Shuttle valve Directional valve Flow control valve

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Pressure Regulator

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Check Valve

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Shuttle Valve

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Directional Control 2-Way Valve

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Directional Control 3-Way & 4-Way Valve

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Directional Control 3-Way & 4-Way Valve

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Directional Control 3-Way & 4-Way Valve

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Pneumatic Actuators

Pneumatic cylinders Pneumatic rotary actuator Rotary air motors.

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Pneumatic Cylinder

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Pneumatic Rotary Actuators

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Rotary Air Motors

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Thank you

Next class, pneumatics circuit diagram & analysis.

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