5.

SIGNALLING IN TELECOMMUNICATION
5.1

Introduction
A telecommunication network establishes and realizes temporary connections, in accordance with the instructions and information received from subscriber lines and inter exchange trunks, in form of various signals. Therefore, it is necessary to interchange information between an exchange and it external environment i.e. between subscriber lines and exchange, and between different exchanges. Though these signals may differ widely in their implementation they are collectively known as telephone signals. A signalling system uses a language which enables two switching e uipments to converse for the purpose of setting up calls. !ike any other language. it possesses a vocabulary of varying size and varying precision, ie. a list of signals which may also vary in size and a syntax in the form of a complex set of rules governing the assembly of these signals.This handout discusses the growth of signalling and various type of signalling codes used in "ndian Telecommunication. Telephony started with the invention of magneto telephone which used a magneto to generate the ringing current, the only signal, sent over a dedicated line between two subscribers. The need for more signals was felt with the advent of manual switching. Two additional signals were, therefore, introduced to indicate call re uest and call release. The range of signals increased further with the invention of electro# mechanical automatic exchanges and is still growing further at a very fast pace, after the advent of $%& electronic exchanges. The interchange of signaling information can be illustrated with the help of a typical call connection se uence. The circled number in 'ig. 1 correspond to the steps listed below

i. ii. iii. iv. v.

A re uest for originating a call is initiated when the calling subscriber lifts the handset. The exchange sends dial#tone to the calling subscriber to indicate to him to start dialing. The called number is transmitted to the exchange, when the calling subscriber dials the number. "f the number is free, the exchange sends ringing current to him. 'eed#back is provided to the calling subscriber by the exchange by sending, a( )ing#back tone, if the called subscriber is free*shown in fig.1( b( +usy tone if the called subscriber is busy * not shown in the figure(, or c()ecorded message, if provision exists, for non completion of call due to some other constraint * not shown in figure(.

vi. vii. viii. ix

The called subscriber indicates acceptance of the incoming call by lifting the handset The exchange recognizing the acceptance terminates the ringing current and the ring#back tone, and establishes a connection between the calling and called subscribers. The connection is released when either subscriber replaces the handset.,hen the called subscriber is in a different exchange, the following inter#exchange trunk. signal functions are also involved, before the call can be set up. The originating exchange seizes an idle inter exchange trunk, connected to a digit register at the terminating exchange.
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x.

The originating exchange sends the digit. The steps iv to viii are then performed to set up the call.

5..

Types of Signalling
Su scri er Line signalling

5...1

Calling Su scri er Line Signaling "n automatic exchanges the power is fed over the subscriber/s loop by the centralized battery at the exchange. 0ormally, it is -1 2. The power is fed irrespective of the state of the subscriber, viz., idle, busy or talking.

5...1.1 &all re uest ,hen the subscriber is idle, the line impedance is high. The line impedance falls, as soon as, the subscriber lifts the hand#set, resulting in increase of line current. This is detected as a new call signal and the exchange after connecting an appropriate e uipment to receive the address information sends back dial#tone signal to the subscriber. 5...1.. Address signal After the receipt of the dial tone signal, the subscriber proceeds to send the address digits. The digits may be transmitted either by decade dialing or by multifre uency pushbutton dialling. 1. 3ecadic 3ialling The address digits may be transmitted as a se uence of interruption of the 3& loop by a rotary dial or a decadic push#button key pad. The number of interruption *breaks( indicate the digit, exept4, for which there are 14 interruptions. The rate of such interruptions is 14 per second and the make5break ration is 16.. There has to be a inter#digital pause of a few hundred milliseconds to enable the exchange to distinguish between consecutive digits. This method is, therefore, relatively slow and signals cannot be transmitted during the speech phase. .. 7ultifre uency %ush#button 3ialling This method overcomes the constraints of the decadic dialling. "t uses two sets of four voice fre uencies. pressing a button *key(, generates a signal comprising of two fre uencies. one from each group. 8ence, it is also called 3ual#Tone 7ulti# fre uency *3T7'( dialling. The signal is transmitted as long as the key is kept pressed. This provides 19 different combinations. As there are only 14 digits, at present the highest fre uency, viz., 19:: 8z, is not used and only ; fre uencies are used, as shown in 'ig... +y this method, the dialling time is reduced and almost 14 digits can be transmitted per second. As fre uencies used lie in the speech band, information may be transmitted during the speech phase also, and hence, 3T7' telephones can be used as access teminals to a variety of systems, such as computers with voice output. The tones have been so selected as to minimize harmonic interference and probability of simulation by human voice.

-.

'"<=)> .. T?0>#3"A!!"0< ')>@=>0&A <)?=%$.

5...1.: >nd of selection signal The address receiver is disconnected after the receipt of complete address. After the connection is established or if the attempt has failed the exchange sends any one of the following signals. 1. )ing#back tone to the calling subscriber and ringing current to the called subscriber, if the called line is free. .. +usy#tone to the calling subscriber, if the called line is busy or otherwise inaccessible. :. )ecorded announcement to the calling subscriber, if the provision exists, to indicate reasons for call failure, other than called line busy. )ing back, tone and ringing current are always transmitted from the called subscriber local exchange and busy tone and recorded announcements, if any, by the e uipment as close to the calling subscriber as possible to avoid unnecessary busying of e uipment and trunks. 5...1.- Answer +ack $ignal As soon as the called subscriber lifts the handset, after ringing, a battery reversal signal is transmitted on the line of the calling subscriber. This may be used to operate special e uipment attached to the calling subscriber, e.g., short#circuiting the transmitter of a &&+, till a proper coin is inserted in the coin#slot.

-:

5...1.5 )elease signal ,hen the calling subscriber releases i.e., goes on hook, the line impedance goes high. The exchange recognizing this signal, releases all e uipment involved in the call. This signal is normally of more than 544 milliseconds duration. 5...1.9 %ermanent !ine *%<( $ignal %ermanent line or permanent glow *%<( signal is sent to the calling subscriber if he fails to release the call even after the called subscriber has gone on#hook and the call is released after a time delay. The %< signal may also be sent, in case the subscriber takes too long to dial. "t is normally busy tone. 5.... Called su scri er line signals. 5.....1 )ing $ignal ?n receipt of a call to the subscriber whose line is free, the terminating exchange sends the ringing current to the called telephone. This is typically .5 or 548z with suitable interruptions. )ing#back tone is also fed back to the calling subscriber by the terminating exchange. 5...... Answer $ignal ,hen the called subscriber, lifts the hand#set on receipt of ring, the line impedance goes low. This is detected by the exchange which cuts off the ringing current and ring#back tone. 5.....: )elease $ignal "f after the speech phase, the called subscriber goes on hook before the calling subscriber, the state of line impedance going high from a low value, is detected. The exchange sends a permanent line signal to the calling subscriber and releases the call after a time delay, if the calling subscriber fails to clear in the meantime. 5...: )egister )ecall $ignal ,ith the use of 3T7' telephones, it is possible to enhance the services, e.g., by dialing another number while holding on to the call in progress, to set up a call to a third subscriber. The signal to recall the dialling phase during the talking phase, is called )egister )ecall $ignal. "t consists of interruption of the calling subscriber/s loop for duration less than the release signal. it may be of .44 to :.4 milliseconds duration.

5.:

Inter!e"c#ange Signaling
"nter#exchange signaling can be transmitted over each individual inter exchange trunk. The signals may be transmitted using the same fre uency band as for speech signals *inband signaling(, or using the fre uencies outside this band *out#of#band signaling(. The signaling may be

--

i. %ulsed The signal is transmitted in pulses. &hange from idle condition to one of active states for a particular duration characterizes the signal, e.g., address information ii. &ontinuous The signal consists of transition from one condition to another, a steady state condition does not characterizes any signal. iii. &ompelled "t is similar to the pulsed mode but the transmission is not of fixed duration but condones till acknowledgement of the receiving unit is received back at the sending unit. "t is a highly reliable mode of signal transmission of complex signals. 5.:.1 5.:.1.1

!ine signals
3& $ignaling The simplest cheapest, and most reliable system of signaling on trunks, was 3& signaling, also known as metallic loop signaling, exactly the same as used between the subscriber and exchange, i.e., i. ii. &ircuit seizure5release corresponding to off5on#hook signal of the subscriber. Address information in the from of decade pulses.

5.:.1..

"n#+and and ?ut#of#+and $ignals >xchanges separated by long distance cannot use any form of 3& line signaling. $uitable interfaces have to be interposed between them, for conversion of the signals into certain fre uencies, to enable them to be carried over long distance. A signal fre uency *$'( may be used to carry the on5off hook information. The dialing pulses can also be transmitted by pulsing of the states. The number of signals is small and they can be transmitted in#band or out#of band. The states involved are shown in Table 1. TA+!> 1. &?03"T"?0 $"0<!> ')>@=>0&A $"<0A!"0< $TAT>$ T?0> $"<0A! $tate "dle *?n hook( '?),A)3 $eizure*off hook( )elease *on hook( +A&B,A)3 Answer*off hook( &lear +ack *on hook( +locking *off hook( ?n off on off off on 'orward ?n on off5on off on off +ackward

'or in band signaling the tone fre uency is chosen to be .9448z. or .-44 8z. As the fre uency lies within the speech band, simulation of tone#on condition indicating end#of call signal by the speech, has to be guarded against, for pre#mature disconnection.
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?ut#of# +and signaling overcomes the problem of tone on condition imitation by the speech by selecting a tone fre uency of :1.5 8z which is beyond the speech band. 8owever, this adds up to the hard#ware costs.

5.:.1.: > C 7 $ignals > C 7 lead signaling may be used for signaling on per#trunk basis. An additional pair of circuit, reserved for signaling is employed. ?ne wire is dedicated to the forward signals **7#,ire for transmit or mouth( which corresponds to receive or )#lead of the destination exchange, and the other wire dedicated to the backward signals *>#wire for receive or ear( which corresponds transmit or send wire or $# !ead of the destination exchange. The signaling states are shown in table.. TA+!> .. > C 7 $"<0A!"0< $TAT>$ $tate "dle *?n hook( '?),A)3 seizure *off hook( )elease *?n hook( +A&B,A)3 Answer *off hook( &lear +ack *?n hook( +locking ?utgoing >xchange 7# lead >#lead >arth ?pen +attery >arth battery battery >arth ?pen >arth5open >arth ?pen >arth "ncoming >xchange 7# lead >lead >arth ?pen >arth +attery5>arth +attery >arth +attery >arth ?pen >arth earth ?pen

This type of signaling is normally used in conDunction with an interface to change the > C 7 signals into fre uency signal to be carried along with the speech.

5.:..

$egister Signals
"t was, however felt that the trunk service could not be managed properly without the trunk register which basically is an address digit receiver, with such development, the inter#exchange signaling was sub# divided into two categories. 1. !ine signaling in which the signals operate throughout the duration of call, and .. )egister signaling during the relatively short phase of setting up the call, essentially for transmitting the address information.
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forward signal time signal cessation time recognition

signal cessation recognition

outgoing register incomming register

.#and#.only signal recognition acknowledgement backward signal and re uest for next signal compelled signal se uence

next forward signal acknowledgement backward signal

receiving

$ending

'ig.:. &ompelled signalling procedure

"n other words, register signals are interchanged between registers during a phase between receipt of trunk seizure signal and the exchange switching to the speech phase. These signals are proceed#to#send *%T$( signals, address, signals, and signals indicating the result of the call attempt. The register signals may be transmitted in band or out of band. however, in the latter case, the signaling is relatively slow and only limited range of signals may be used. 'or example, a single out#of#band fre uency may be selected and information sent as pulses. "n#band transmission can be used easily as there can be no possible interference with the speech signals. To reduce transmission time and to increase reliability, a number of fre uencies are used in groups. 0ormally . out of 9 fre uencies are used. To make the system more reliable compelled se uence is used. 8ence, this system is normally called compelled se uence 7ulti#fre uency *&$7'( signaling as shown in 'ig.:. "n &&"TT
-;

terminology it is termed as ). system. As the fre uencies need be transmitted only for a short duration to convey the entire information, the post dialling delay is reduced. ,hen more than two exchanges are involved in setting up the connections the signaling may be done in either of the two modes i. End!to!end signaling The signaling is always between the ends of the connection, as the call progresses. &onsidering a three exchanges, A#+#&, connection, initially the signaling is between A#+, then between A#& after the +#& connection is established. Lin%!&y!Lin% signaling The signaling is always confined to individual links. 8ence, initially the signaling is between A#+, then between +#& after the +#& connection is established.

ii.

<enerally supervisory *or line( and subscriber signaling is necessarily on link#by#link basis. Address component may be signalled either by end#to#end or link#by#link depending upon the network configuration. 5.:.: $' Signalling &&"TT standardized the ). signaling system to be used on national and international routes. 8owever, the "ndian environment re uires lesser number of signals and hence, a slightly modified version is being used. There is a provision for having 15 combinations using two out of six fre uencies viz., 1:14, 1544, 19.4, 1;-4, 1194 and 1E14 8z, for forward signals and another 15 combination using two out of six fre uencies viz., 11-4,14.4, E44, ;14, 994 and 5-4 8z, for backward signals. "n "ndia, the higher fre uency in the forward group i.e., 1E14 8z, and the lower fre uency in the backward group, i.e., 5-4 hz, are not used. Thus, there are 14 possible combinations in both the directions. The weight codes for the combinations used are indicated in Table : and the significance of each signal is indicated in Table and 5. TA+!> :# $"<0A! ')>@=>0&A "03>F A03 ,>"<8T &?3> $ignal 're uency *8z( 'orward +ackward "ndex ,eight &ode 1:14 11-4 f4 4 1544 14.4 f1 1 19.4 E44 f. . 1;-4 ;14 f: 1194 994 f;
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$ignal 1 . : 5 9 ; 1 E 14 4G1 4G. 1G. 4G1G.G4G; 1G; .G; -G;

TA+!> -#'?),A)3 $"<0A!$ ,eight <roup " 3igit 1 3igit. 3igit: 3igit3igit5 3igit9 3igit; 3igit1 3igitE 3igit4

<roup "" ?rdinary subscriber $ubscriber with priority Test 5 7tce, e uipment $pare $T3 +arred $pare &&+ &hanged 0umber to ?perator &losed 0umber &losed 0umber $pare

$ignal 0o. 1 . :

TA+!> 5 #+A&B,A)3 $"<0A!$ ,eight &ode <roup A 4G1 $end next digit 4G. 1G. )estart Address complete, &hangeover to reception of group + signals &alling line identification for malicious calls send calling subscribers category $et up speech connection $end last but 1 digit $end last but . digit $end last but : digit $pare

<roup + &alled line free with out metering &hanged number &alled line busy

5 9 ; 1 E 14

4G1G.G4G; 1G; .G; -G;

!ocal congestion 0umber unobtainable called line fee, with metering )oute congestion $pare )oute +reakdown 7alicious call blocking

0ote 6 $ignals A., and A; to AE are used in Tandem working only. "t can be seen from the tables that 1. 'orward signals are used for sending the address information of the called subscriber, and category and address, information of the calling subscriber. .. +ackward signals are used for demanding address information and caller/s category and for sending condition and category of called line.

-E

). signaling is fully compelled and the backward signal is transmitted as an acknowledgement to the forward signal. This speeds up the interchange of information, reducing the call set up time. 8owever, the satellite circuits are an exception and semi# compelled scheme may only be used due to long propagation time. )egister signals may be transmitted on end#to#end basis. "t is a self checking system. >ach signal is acknowledgement appropriately at the other end after the receiver checks the presence of only . and only . out of 5 proper fre uencies. 5.:.An example of &$7' signaling between two exchanges may be illustrated by considering a typical case. The various signals interchanged after seizure of the circuit using 3& signaling are 1. .. :. -. 5. 9. ;. 1. E. 14. originating exchange sends first digit )eceipt of the digit is acknowledged by the terminating exchanges by sending A5 *demanding the caller/s category(. A5 is acknowledgement by sending any11#1 to 11#5 by the originating exchange Terminating exchange acknowledges this by A1, demanding for next digit. ?riginating exchange, acknowledges A1 by sending any of 1#1to 1#14 sending the digit. The digits are sent in succession by interchange of steps v and vi. ?n receipt of last digit, the terminating exchange carries out group and line selection and then sends A:, indicating switching over to group + signals. This is acknowledgement by the originating exchange by sending the caller/s category again. The terminating exchange acknowledgements by sending the called line condition by sending any of +. to +9. "n response to +9, the originating exchanges switches through the speech path and the registers are released. Alternatively, in response to +. to +5, the registers are released and appropriate tone is fed to the calling subscriber by the originating exchange.

5.-

(igital Signalling
All, the systems discussed so far, basically, are on per line or per trunk basis, as the signals are carried on the same line or trunk. ,ith the emergence of %&7 systems, it was possible to segregate the signaling from the speech channel. "nter exchange signalling can be transmitted over a channel directly associated with the speech channel, channel#associated signalling *&A$( , or over a dedicated link common to a number of channels, common channel signalling *&&$(. The information transmitted for setting up and release of calls is same in both the cases. &hannel associated signalling re uires the exchanges, to have access to each trunk via the e uipment which may be decentralised, whereas, in common channel signalling, the exchange is connected to only a limited number of signalling links through a special terminal.

54

5.-.1

C#annel! Associated signalling

"n the %&7 systems the signalling information is conveyed on a separate channel which is rigidly associated with the speech channel. 8ence, this method is known as channel associated signalling *&A$(. Though the speech sampling rate is 1 Bhz, the signals do not change as rapidly as speech and hence, a lower sampling rate of 544 8z, for digitisation of signals can suffice. +ased on this concept, T$ 19 of each frame of 1.5 microseconds is used to carry signals of . speech channels, each using - bits. 8ence, for a :4 channel %&7 system, 15 frames are re uired to carry all the signals. To constitute a . millisecond multiframe of 19 frames. ' 4 to ' 15 T$ 19 of the frame ' 4 is used for multiframe synchronisation. T$ 19 of '1 contains signal for speech channels 1 and 19 being carried in T$ 1 and T$ 1;, respectively, T$19 of '. contains signals of speech channels . and 1; being carried in T$. and T$ 11, respectively and so on, +oth line signals and address information can be conveyed by this method. Although four bits per channel are available for signalling only two bits are used. As the transmission is separate in the forward and backward direction, the bits in the forward link are called af and bf, and those in the backward link are called ab and bb. 2alues for these bits are assigned as shown in Table 9. As the dialling pulses are also conveyed by these conditions, the line state recognition time is therefore, above a threshold value. The bit bf is normally kept at 4, and the value 1 indicates a fault. 8owever, the utilisation of such a dedicated channel for signalling for each speech channel is highly inefficient as it remains idle during the speech phase. 8ence, another form of signalling known as common#channel signalling evolved.

$tate 'orward af "dle $eizure $eizure acknowledge Answer &lear 'orward &lear +ack 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 bf

+it 2alue +ackward. ab 1 1 1 4 451 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 bb

51

5.4.2

COMMON C)ANNEL SIGNALLING S*STEM No. + ,CCS-+.

Introduction
&ommunication networks generally connect two subscriber terminating e uipment units together via several line sections and switches for message exchange *e.g. speech, data, text or images(. &ontrol information has to be transferred between the exchanges for call control and for the use of facilities. "n analog communication networks, channel#associated signalling systems have so far been used to carry the control information. 'ault free operation is guaranteed with the channel#associated signalling systems in analog communication networks, but the systems do not meet re uirements in digital, processor#controlled communication network. $uch networks offer a considerably larger scope of performance as compared with the analog communication networks due, for instance, to a number of new services and facilities. The amount and variety of the information to be transferred is accordingly larger. The information can no longer be economically transported by the conventional channel#associated signalling systems. 'or this reason, a new, efficient signalling system is re uired in digital, processor#controlled communication networks. The &&"TT has, therefore, specified the common channel signalling system no.; *&&$#;(. &&$# ; is optimised for application in digital networks. "t is characterised by the following main features 6 internationally standardized *national variations possible(. suitable for the national, international and intercontinental network level.

suitable for various communication services such as telephony, text services, data services digital network *"$30(. high performance and flexibility along with a future#oriented concept which well meet new re uirements. high reliability for message transfer.

processor#friendly structure of messages *signal units of multiples of 1 bits(. signalling on separate signalling linksH the bit rate of the circuits is, therefore, exclusively for communication. signalling links always available, even during existing calls. use of the signalling links for transferring user data also. used on various transmission media # # cable *copper, optical fiber( radio relay
5.

satellite *up to . satellite links(

use of the transfer rate of 9- kbit5s typical in digital networks. used also for lower bit rates and for analog signalling links if necessary. automatic supervision and control of the signalling network.

Signalling Net/or% "n contrast to channel#associated signalling, which has been standard practice until now, in &&$; the signalling messages are sent via separate signalling links *$ee 'ig. 1(. ?ne signalling link can convey the signalling messages for many circuits. The &&$; signalling links connect signalling points *$%s( in a communication network. The signalling points and the signalling links form an independent signalling network which is overlaid over the circuit network.

0ig. 1 Signalling 2ia a Co33on C#annel Signalling lin% Signalling 4oints ,S4. A distinction is made between signalling points *$%( and signalling transfer points *$T%(. The $%s are the sources *originating points( and the sinks *destination points( of signalling traffic. "n a communication network these are primarily the exchanges. The $T%s switch signalling messages received to another $T% or to a $% on the basis of the destination address. 0o call processing of the signalling messages occurs in a $T%. A $T% can be integrated in a $% *e.g. in an exchange( or can form a node of its own in the signalling network. ?ne or more levels of $T%s are possible in a signalling network, according to the size of the network.

5:

All $%s in the signalling network are identified by means of a code within the framework of a corresponding numbering plan and, therefore, can be directly addressed in a signalling message. Signalling lin%s A signalling link consists of a signalling data link *two data channels operating together in opposite directions at the same date rate( and its transfer control functions. A channel of an existing transmission link *e.g. a %&7:4 link( is used as the signalling data link. <enerally, more than one signalling link exists between two $%s in order to provide redundancy. "n the case of failure of a signalling link, functions of the &&$; ensure that the signalling traffic is rerouted to fault#free alternative routes. The routing of the signalling links between two $%s can differ. All the signalling links between two $%s are combined in a signalling link set. Signalling Modes Two different signalling modes can be used in the signalling networks for &&$;, viz. associated mode and uasi#associated mode. "n the associated 3ode of signalling, the signalling link is routed together with the circuit group belonging to the link. "n other words, the signalling link is directly connected to $%s which are also the terminal points of the circuit group *$ee 'ig..(. This mode of signalling is recommended when the capacity of the traffic relation between the $%s A and + is heavily utilized.

0ig. ' Associated Mode of Signalling "n the 5uasi!associated 3ode of signalling, the signalling link and the speech circuit group run along different routes, the circuit group connecting the $% A directly with the $% +. 'or this mode, the signalling for the circuit group is carried out via one or more defined $T%s *$ee 'ig. :.:(. This signalling mode is favourable for traffic relations with low capacity utilization, as the same signalling link can be used for several destinations.

5-

0ig. 6 7uasi!associated Mode of Signalling Signalling $outes The route defined for the signalling between an originating point and a destination point is called the signalling route. The signalling traffic between two $%s can be distributed over several different signalling routes. All signalling routes between two $%s are combined in a signalling route set. Net/or% Structure The signalling network can be designed in different ways because of the two signalling modes. "t can constructed either with uniform mode of signalling *associated or uasi#associated( or with a mixed mode *associated and uasi#associated(. The worldwide signalling network is divided into two levels that are functionally independent of each otherH an international level with an international network and a national level with many national networks. >ach network has its own numbering plans for the $%s. 4lanning Aspects >conomic, operational and organizational aspects must be considered in the planning of the signalling network for &&$;. An administration should also have discussions with the other administrations at an early stage before &&$; is introduced in order to make decisions, for example, on the following points 6 *a( $ignalling network # # # # *b( mode of signalling selection of the $T%s signalling type *en block or overlap( assignment of the addresses to $%s.

signalling data links, e.g. 9- kbit5s digital or -.1 kbit5s analog

55

*c(

safety re uirements # load sharing between signalling links

# diverting the signalling traffic to alternative routes in event of faults. # *d( error correction

adDacent traffic relations

The signalling functions in &&$; are distributed among the following parts 6 # # message transfer part *7T%( function I specific user parts *=%(

The 7T% represents a user#neutral means of transport for messages btween the users. The term user is applied here for all functional units which use the transport capability of the 7T%. >ach user part encompasses the functions, protocols and coding for the signalling via &&$; for a specific user type *e.g. telephone service, data service, "$30(. "n this way, the user parts control the set#up and release of circuit connections, the processing of facilities as well as administration and maintenance functions for the circuits. The functions of the 7T% and the =% of &&$; are divided into - levels. !evels 1 to : are allotted to the 7T% while the =%s form level - *$ee 'ig.:.-(.

0ig. 8 0unctional Le2els of CCS+

59

Message Transfer 4art ,CCITT &lue &oo% $eco33endations 7.+91 to 7.+9+. The message transfer part *7T%( is used in &&$; by all user parts *=%s( as a transport system for message exchange. 7essages to be transferred from one =% to another are given to the 7T% *$ee 'ig.5(. The 7T% ensures that the messages reach the addressed =% in the correct order without information loss, duplication or se uence alteration and without any bit errors. 0ig. 5

Message e"c#ange et/een t/o Signalling 4oints /it# CCS+ 0unctional Le2els Le2el I ,Signalling (ata Lin%. defines the physical, electrical and functional characteristics of a signalling data link and the access units. !evel 1 represents the bearer for a signalling link. "n a digital network, 9-#kbit5s channels are generally used as signalling data links. "n addition, analog channels *preferably with a bit rate of -.1 kbit5s( can also be used via modems as a signalling data link. Le2el ' ,Signalling Lin%. defines the functions and procedures for a correct exchange of user messages via a signalling link. The following functions must be carried out at level . 6 # # # # # delimitation of the signal units by flags. elimination of superfluous flags. error detection using check bits. error correction by retransmitting signal units. error rate monitoring on the signalling data link.

# restoration of fault#free operation, for example, after disruption of the signalling data link. Le2el 6 ,Signalling Net/or%. defines the interworking of the individual signalling links. A distinction is made between the two following functional areas 6
5;

# message handling, i.e. directing the messages to the desired signalling line, or to the correct =%. # signalling network management, i.e. control of the message traffic, for example, by means of changeover of signalling links if a fault is detected and changeback to normal operation after the fault is corrected. The various functions of level : operate with one another, with functions of other levels and with corresponding functions of other signalling of other $%s. Signal Units ,SU. The 7T% transport messages in the form of $=s of varying length. A $= is formed by the functions of level .. "n addition to the message it also contains control information for the message exchange. There are three different types of $=s 6 # # # 7essage $ignal =nits *7$=(. !ink $tatus $ignal =nits *!$$=(. 'ill#in $ignal =nits *'"$=(.

=sing 7$=s the 7T% transfers user messages, that is, messages from =%s *level -( and messages from the signalling network management *level :(. The structure of the three types of message units is shown in 'ig.9. The !$$=s contain information for the operation of the signalling link *e.g. of the alignment(. The '"$=s are used to maintain the acknowledgement cycle when no user messages are to be sent in one of the two directions of the signalling link. 4rotocol Infor3ation &its 0lag ,0. : *1 bits( The $=s are of varying length. "n order to clearly separate them from one another, each $= begins and ends with a flag. The closing flat of one $=s is usually also the opening flag of the next $=. 8owever, in the event of overloading of the signalling link, several consecutive flags can be sent. The flag is also used for the purpose of alignment. The bit pattern of a flg is 41111114. &ac%/ard Se5uence Nu3 er ,&SN. : *; bits( The +$0 is used as an acknowledgement carrier within the context of error control. "t contains the forward se uence number *'$0( of a $= in the opposite direction whose reception is being acknowledged. A series of $=s can also be acknowledged with one +$0. &ac%/ard Indicator &it ,&I&. : *1 bit( The +"+ is needed during general error correction. ,ith this bit, faulty $=s are re uested to be retransmitted for error correction. 0or/ard Se5uence Nu3 er ,0SN. : *; bits( A '$0 is assigned consecutively to each $= to be transmitted. ?n the receive side, it is used for supervision of the correct order for the $=s and for safeguarding against transmission errors. The numbers 4 to 1.; are available for the '$0. 0or/ard Indicator &it ,0I&. : *1 bit( The '"+ is needed during general error correction. "t indicates whether a $= is being sent for the first time or whether it is being retransmitted.
51

Lengt# Indicator ,LI. : *9 bits( The !" is used to differentiate between the three $=s. "t gives the number of octets between the check#bit *&B( field and the !" field. The !" field contains different values according to the type of $=H it is 4 for '"$=, 1 or . for !"$= and is greater than . for 7$=. The maximum value in the length indicator fields is 9: even if the signalling information field *$"'( contains more than 9: octets.

0ig. ; 0or3at of <arious Signal Units C#ec% its ,C=. : *19 bits( The &Bs are formed on the transmission side from the contents of the $= and are added to the $=s as redundancy. ?n the receive side, the 7T% can determine with the &Bs whether the $= was transferred without any errors. The $=s acknowledged as either positive or faulty on the basis of the check. 0ields specific to MSUs : Ser2ice Infor3ation Octet ,SIO. : *1 bits( "t contains the $ervice "ndicator *$", - bits( and $ubservice field *$$', - bits( whose last . bits are 0etwork "ndicator *0"(. An $" is assigned to each user of the 7T%. "t informs the 7T% which =% has sent the message and which =% is to receive it. 'our $" bits can define 19 =%s *:#$&&%, -#T=%, 5#"$=%, 9# 3ATA=%, 1#7T% test, etc.(. The 0" indicates whether the traffic is international *44,41( or national *14,11(. "n &&$; a $% can belong to both national and international network at the same time. $o $$' field indicate where the $% belongs. Signalling Infor3ation 0ields ,SI0. : *. to .;. octets( "t contains the actual user message. The user message also includes the address * routing la el, -4 bits( of the destination to which the message is to be transferred. The maximum length of the user message is 9. octets for national
5E

and .;. octets for international networks *one octet J 1 bits(. The format and coding of the user message are separately defined for each =%. 0ields Specific to LSSUs Status 0ield ,S0. : *1 to . octets( "t contains status indications for the alignment of the transmit and receive directions. "t has 1 or . octets, out of which only : bits of first octet are defined by &&"TT, indicating out *444(, normal *441(, >mergency *414( alignments, out#of#service *411(, !ocal processor outage *144( status, etc. Addressing of t#e SUs ,in SI0. A code is assigned to each $% in the signalling network according to a numbering plan. The 7T% uses the code for message routing. The destination of a $= is specified in a routing label. The routing label is a component of every user message and is transported in the $"'. The routing label in a 7$= consists of the following *$ee 'ig. ;(.

0ig. + $outing La el of a Message Signal Unit (estination 4oint Code ,(4C. : *1- bits( identifies the $% to which this message is to be transferred. Originating 4oint Code ,O4C. : *1- bits( specifies the $% from which the message originates. The coding of ?%& and 3%& is pure binary and using 1- bits linear encoding, it is possible to identify 19,:1- exchanges. The number of exchanges in 3?T network having &&$; capability are expected to be within this limit. Signalling Lin% Selection ,SLS. field : *- bits( The contents of the $!$ field determine the signaling route *identifying a particular signalling link within s link set or link sets( along which the message is to be transmitted. "n this way, the $!$ field is used for load sharing on the signalling links between two $%s. The $"? contains additional address information. =sing the $", the destination 7T% identifies the =% for which the message is intended. The 0", for example, enables a message to be identified as being for national or international traffic. !$$=s and '"$=s re uire no routing label as they are only exchanged between level . of adDacent 7T%s. The message sent from a user to the 7T% for transmission contains 6 the user information, the routing label, the $", the 0" and a !". The processing of a user message to be transmitted in the 7T% begins in level : *$ee 'ig.1(.
94

The 7T% is responsible for *a( transmitting, *b( receiving $=s, *c( for correcting transmission errors, *d( for the signalling network management, and *e( for the alignment. "ts functions are spread over the functional levels 1, . and :. T#e 3essage routing *level :( determines the signalling link on which the user message is to be transmitted. To do this, it analyzes the 3%& and the $!$ field in the routing label of the user message, and then transfers the message to the appropriate signalling link *level .(. T#e trans3ission control *level .( assigns the next '$0 and the '"+ to the user message. "n addition, it includes the +$0 and the +"+ as an acknowledgement for the last received 7$=. The transmission control simultaneously enters the part of the 7$= formed so far in the transmission and retransmission buffers. All 7$=s to be transmitted are stored in the retransmission buffer until their fault#free reception is acknowledged by the receive side. ?nly then are they deleted. T#e c#ec% it and flag generator *level .( generates &Bs for safeguarding against transmission errors for the 7=$ and sets the flag for separating the $=s. "n order that any section of code identical to the flag *41111114( occurring by chance is not mistaken for the flag, the user messages are monitored before the flag is added to see if five consecutive ones *1( appear in the message. A zero *4( is automatically inserted after five consecutive 1s. ?n the receive side, the zero following the five 1s is then automatically removed and the user message thereby regains its original coding. The check#bit and flag generator transfers a complete 7$= to level 1. "n level 1, the 7=$ is sent on the signalling data link. The bit stream along a signalling data link is received in level 1 and transferred to level .. 0lag detection *level .( examines the received bit stream for flags. The bit se uence between two flags corresponds to one $=. The align3ent detection *level .( monitors the synchronism of the transmit and receive sides with the bit pattern of the flags. =sing the &Bs also transmitted, error detection *level .( checks whether the $= was correctly received. A fault#free $= is transferred to the receive control, while a faulty $= is discarded. The reception of a faulty $= is reported to error rate monitoring, in order to keep a continuous check on the error rate on the receive side of the signalling link. "f a specified error rate is exceeded, this is reported to the signalling link status control by error rate monitoring. The signalling link status control then takes the signalling link out of service and sends a report to level :. T#e recei2e control *level .( checks whether the transferred $= contains the expected '$0 and the expected '"+. "f this is the case and if it is a 7$=, the receive control transfers the user message to level : and causes the reception of the 7$= to be positively acknowledged. "f the '$0 of the transferred 7$= does not agree with that expected, the receive control detects a transmission error and causes this and all subse uent 7$= to be retransmitted *see subheading K&orrection of Transmission >rrorsK(.

91

0ig. > (istri ution of 0unctions in Message Transfer 4art

T#e 3essage discri3ination *level :( accepts the correctly received user message. "t first determines whether the user message is to be delivered to one of the immediately connected =%s or to be transferred to the another signalling link * uasi#associated message(. This preselection is achieved in the message discrimination by evaluation of the 3%&. A user message which only passes through a $% *$T%( is transferred by the message discrimination to the message routing, where it is treated as a user message to be transmitted.

9.

"f a received user message is intended for one of the connected =%s *$%(, it is transferred to 3essage distri ution *level :(. The message distribution evaluates the $"?, thereby determining the =% concerned, and delivers the user message there. Signalling Net/or% Manage3ent The signalling network management is a function of level :. "t controls the operation and the interworking of the individual signalling links in the signalling network. To this end, the signalling network management exchanges messages and control instructions with the signalling links of level ., sends message to the =%s and works together with the signalling network management in adDacent $%s. 'or the interworking with other $%s the signalling network management uses the transport function of the 7T%. 7anagement messages are transferred in 7$=s like user messages. 'or discrimination, the management messages have their own $". The signalling network management contains : function blocks 6 ,a. T#e signalling lin% 3anage3ent controls and monitors the individual signalling links. "t receives the messages concerning the alignment and status of the individual signalling links, or concerning operating irregularities and effects any changes in status which may be necessary. "n addition, the signalling link management controls the putting into service of signalling links, including initial alignment and automatic realignment of signalling links after failures or alignment losses due to persistent faults. "f necessary, the signalling link management transfers messages to the signalling traffic management or receives instructions from there. , . T#e signalling route 3anage3ent controls and monitors the operability of signalling routes. "t exchanges messages with the signalling route management in the adDacent $T%s for this purpose. The signalling route management receives, for example, messages concerning the failure or non availability of signalling routes or the overloading of $T%s. "n cooperation with the signalling traffic management, it initiates the appropriate actions in order to maintain the signalling operation to the signalling destinations involved. ,c. T#e signalling traffic 3anage3ent controls the diversion of the signalling traffic from faulty signalling links or routes to fault#free signalling links or routes. "t also controls the load distribution on the signalling links and routes. To achieve this, it can initiate the following actions 6 # changeoverH on failure of a signalling link the signalling traffic management switches the signalling traffic from the failed signalling link to a fault#free signalling link. # change backH when signalling link becomes available again after a fault has been corrected, the signalling traffic management reverse the effect of the changeover.

9:

# reroutingH when $% can no longer be reached on a normal route, the signalling traffic management diverts the signalling traffic to a predefined alternative route. ,hen overloading occurs, the signalling traffic management sends messages to the users in its own $% in order that they reduce the load. The management also informs the adDacent $%s of the overloading in its own $% and re uests them to also reduce the load. The signalling traffic management accomplishes its functions by # receiving messages from the signalling link and signalling route management. # sending control instructions to signalling link and signalling route management. # directly accessing the signalling links, e.g. during emergency alignment. # modifying the message routing on failure of signalling routes.

# exchanging management messages with the signalling traffic management in adDacent $%s. As discussed earlier, level - functions, which include formatting of messages based on the applications, are allotted to =%s. >ach =% provides the functions for using the 7T% for a particular user type. $ome of the =%s as currently specified by the &&"TT are 6 # # # # telephone user part *T=%( integrated services digital network user part *"$30#=%( the signalling connection control part *$&&%( the transaction capabilities application part *T&A%(

'or "ntelligent 0etwork *"0( application, "ntelligent Application %art *"0A%( and T&A% are used. $&&% forms the interface between these =%s and 7T%. 'ig.E shows the users of the 7T% as well as their relationship to one another and to the 7T%. &&$; can be adapted to all re uirements due to the modular structure. >xpansion for future applications is also possible. >ach &&$; user can specify its own =%, for example, the mobile user part *7=%( is $iemenLs own specification for the mobile telephone network &-54. 0ig. ? Message Transfer 4art Users

9-

Telep#one User 4art ,TU4. =se of &&$; for telephone call control signalling re uires *i( application of T=% functions, in combination with *ii( application of an appropriate set of 7T% functions. The T=% is one of level - users in &&$;. "t is specified with the aim of providing the same features for telephone signalling as other telephone signalling systems. "t exchanges signalling messages through 7T%. $ignalling messages contain information relating to call set up and conditions of speech path. The T=% message consists of $"' and a $"?. These signalling information are generated by the T=% of the originating exchange. The label is -4 bits long, comprises 3%&, ?%& and &"&. &"& indicates one of the speech circuit connecting the destination and originating points. !evel : identiies the user to which a message belongs by $"?, which comprises a $" and $$'. 'or T=% $" value is -. The $$' distinguishes the signalling message is for national or international network.

95

6.THE BILLING PROCESS & CDR-BASED BILLING

"n a digital exchange during the course of performing the switching functions, a number of events are significant from the billing or charging point of view. These events include the dialed digits, the moment the customer answers and the moment of disconnection. The first step in the billing process is the recognition of these events and recording of data. This data collection is done by the call processing software and a &all 3etail )ecord *&3)( is prepared .A &3) is a data record that contains information related to a telephone call such as the origination and destination addresses of the call, the exact time the call started and ended, the duration of the call, the time of the day the call was made and charges for operator services among other details of the call. The &3)s can be used for billing and administrative purposes. +y compiling &3)s, it is also possible to keep track of successful and failed call events. ;.1 CON<ENTIONAL MET)O( O0 &ILLING 4ULSE@&ASE( &ILLING "n the conventional method of billing, the charging for a call is done at the originating local exchange. This is known as local automatic message accounting. >ach subscriber line has an individual charge meter defined in the exchange memory to accumulate the charges payable by the subscriber. The charge for a call is computed based on metering pulses *%eriodic pulses(. The metering pulse rate *the interval between successive incrementing of subscriber/s meter( depends not only on the distance between calling and called party but also on other parameters such as the time of the day and type of the day *0ormal ,orking day or 8oliday( etc which are predefined. The pulses for metering may be locally generated or may come from the leading TAF exchange .The meter reading contents of the subscribers or the &3)s present in the buffer of the switch are periodically copied on to a portable secondary storage device such as a magnetic tape or cartridge and are then manually transported to the Telecom )evenue Accounting &entre. A copy of the magnetic tape or cartridge is preserved in the exchange for future verification. At T)A billing centre, these tapes are processed for billing. The billing computer calculates the bills for individual lines based on difference between the current and previous meter readings. 'or $T35"$3 calls made by the subscribers, detailed bills or itemized bills are also generated which contain details about the call such as a( 0umber dialled by the subscriber b( 3ate and time of call c( &hargeable duration of call d( 0umber of &hargeable units etc.
99

;.'

C($ :

&3) is a text record of call related data. The &3)/s are collected in files so that they can be uploaded to a &3) +uffer. &3) files are continually updated to a centralized billing and accounting server to prevent file#overwrites and disk capacity problems. A typical &3) may contain the following fields6

Time 6 The date and time of call origination or disconnection @ualifier 6 @ualifies the type of event. There are - ualifiers

&all )e uest &all 3isconnect $etup 'ail 6 An incoming call was denied or failed 3isc 'ail 6 A disconnect re uest was denied or failed

&alling number &alled number "ncoming circuit or Trunk identifier The bearer channel Timeslot identifier
'or eg6 1 through :1 for >1

A description of the cause for call disconnect

All incoming call re uests are recorded, time#stamped and identified by the call re uest ualifier to help trace network events triggered by call re uest. &all failures may occur
9;

during call setup or tear#down and the failures will be recorded in &3) files which will include all available information identifying the call as well as failure codes. $ome examples of failure codes in mnemonics are6 1( 0ormal call clearing .( 0o user response :( &all reDected etc. &all detail records, both local and long distance, can be used for usage verification, billing reconciliation, network management and to monitor telephone usage to determine volume of the phone usage as well as misuse of the company/s telephone system.&3) analysis gives the following advantages6

)eview all &3)s for accuracy 2erify costs and usage )esolves discrepancies with vendors 3isconnect unused service Terminate leases on unused e uipments 3eter or detect toll fraud of long distant services 0egotiate the most cost#effective call routing
;.6 C($ ased illing )egardless of their size, most telephone exchanges output &3)s. <enerally, these get created at the end of a call but on some phone systems the data is available during the call. This data is output from the phone system through a serial link to a &3) buffer where they are temporarily stored until retrieved by a call accounting software. $ince they provide a reliable method of safely transferring information to a centralized call
91

accounting or Tele#management system, call record buffers have long been broadly accepted as the preferred storage device as a safe#guard against cases of delayed call collection or communication failure. A &3) buffer would be placed at each exchange for collection of call data. A %& with sufficient memory and installed with a suitable software may serve as the &3) buffer. The software has the capability of scheduling the &3) downloading without manual intervention. The &3)s will be sent to the centralized billing centre over !A05,A0 arrangements or over dial#up circuits. The centralized billing and accounting centre to which all &3) buffers will be connected is a powerful, real#time, %& based system capable of processing call records to the tune of tens of thousands per second and generating reports. &3)s are immediately available for viewing and reporting I allowing users to monitor and address business, legal and security issues those need immediate attention such as emergency calls, internal phone abuse *sexual harassment, bomb threats etc.( , potential toll fraud and others. The &3) based call accounting C billing system will be fully web#enabled and any authorized user can access the centralized billing system over the company intranet and run reports right from their desktops using the web browser. The centralized call accounting application can be administered for any number of sites, from one single location. )egardless of number of sites and number of stations, data for multiple sites is maintained in a single database. The &3) buffers at the exchanges connect to a T&%5"% >thernet network and send data continuously over !A05,A0 to the centralized server. The &3) retrieval for all locations would occur in real time and provide users with instant access to all data. I3ple3entation in &SNL CDR Buffer BufferBuffe r

Centralised &illing C Acccounting Syste3 TC4DI4 "nterface

E"c#ange

$S'6' Interface

LAN A BAN or dialup CCT

9E

+$0! is proposing to implement &3) based customer care and convergent billing system. $ince all the switches do not support generation of 144M &3)s, it is proposed that the billing system should also support the conventional meter reading based billing in addition to &3) based billing. A centralized integrated billing system with suitable communication infrastructure will be deployed. This will re uire a countrywide +$0! "ntranet. There will be 9 Nonal billing centers, in : pairs. "n each pair, one will act as disaster recovery centre for the other. &ountry#wide exclusive T&%5"% based intranet re uired for collection of &3)s and meter readings will cover most of the maDor exchanges having more than thousand lines. )emaining exchanges will be connected through dial#up circuits.

There will be centralized data base servers and application servers in each billing centre with provision of client connectivity upto $$A5$3&A level. All processed customer#care related data has to flow from centralized billing and customer care center to designated centers of $$A. "nterconnect billing system is proposed at the respective zonal billing center ;.8 Conclusion After the "nterconnect =sage &harge *"=&( regime has been introduced, it has become necessary to evolve suitable method of generating &3)s for all the calls of private operators handled by +$0! switches and collecting &3)s at the Telecom )evenue Accounting &entre for raising bills. The Telecom )egulatory Authority of "ndia *T)A"( has also stipulated that +$0! should migrate to &3) based billing from the conventional meter reading based billing. Accuracy, speed and customer satisfaction through viewing the reports are the important advantages of &3) based billing
;4

+.IS(N INT$O(UCTION
B#at is IS(N E
The "$30 is an abbreviation of "ntegrated $ervices 3igital 0etwork. The current communications networks vary with the type of service, such as telephone network, telex network, and digital data transmission network. ?n the other hand, the "$30 is an integrated network for various types of communications services handling digitized voice *telephone( and non voice *data( information. 'ig.1 shows the current network configuration with individual networks, such as telephone network and a data network existing independently, and telephone sets, data terminals, etc. connected individually to each network *&urrent Telephone 6 "ndividual access to multiplex networks(

0ig. 1 T#e Net/or% Configuration Bit#out IS(N 'ig.. shows individual networks that will be fully integrated in the future.

;1

0ig. ' T#e Net/or% Configuration Bit# IS(N IS(N (efinition

The &&"TT defines the "$30 as follows 6 *1( A complete, terminal#to#terminal digital network. 'ig.: shows the end#to#end digital connectivity.

0ig. 6 End!to!End (igital Connecti2ity

*.( A network that provides both telephone and non#telephone services in the same network. 'ig.- shows the voice and non#voice services in the same network.

0ig. 8 <oice and Non!<oice Ser2ice in t#e Sa3e Net/or% ,E"a3ple.

*:( A network based on a digital telephone network.

;.

*-(

A network that utilizes $ignaling $ystem 0o. ; *$$;( for signaling between switching systems. 'ig. 5 shows the signaling connection between $witching $ystems.

0ig. 5 T#e Signaling Connection et/een S/itc#ing Syste3s

*5( A network offers standard user network interface. 'ig.9 shows the standard user network interface.

0ig. ; Standard User Net/or% Interface

IS(N Ser2ices
*1( A wide range of services *a( The "$30 provides the following functions, as shown in 'ig.;. %acket switching service &ircuit switching service

;:

!eased circuit service

0ig. + A Bide $ange of Ser2ices

&ircuit switching service includes both telephone and data circuit switching. *b( As shown in the figure, "$30 can interface with various terminals, such as a telephone set, 'AF, 2ideo terminal or personal computer to provide a wide range of services. The "$30 concept can be summarized by two statements 6 "$30 offers a variety of services, such as telephone, data and image transmission through one network. "$30 handles all information digitally.

*c(

;-

*.(

$tandard user#network interface. 'ig.1 shows the user#terminal5network interface.

0ig. > User!Ter3inalDNet/or% Interface

*a( The subscriber line is connected with an 0T *0etwork Termination( installed at the customer premises. *b( 2arious terminals are connected to the 0T. These terminals can include digital telephones, multi media terminal, digital facsimile machines, personal computers, etc. as shown in the figure. *c( The 0T and terminals are connected by $ or T interface *$5T interface(, as recommended by the &&"TT. =p to 1 terminals are connected to one $5T interface. The 0T and terminals are connected using an 1#pin connector, which is also recommended by the &&"TT. *d( As shown in this figure, the personal computer uses the )$.:.& interface that is different from the "$30 $5T interfaces, so a TA *Terminal Adapter( is provided to adapt the )$.:.& interface for use with the "$30 interfaces.

;5

'ig. E shows operation of various terminals in the home.

0ig. ? Operation of <arious Ter3inals in t#e )o3e

*a( >ach terminal is connected to the 0T through $5T interface which, in turn, is connected to the switching system through the subscriber line. At the upper left of the figure a person is using a television telephone called a 2ideo %hone, at the lower left, a person is watching a picture on a 2ideotext terminal. At the upper right of the figure, a person is operating a personal computer, which re uires the use of a TA to convert the computer/s )$.:.& interface to the $5T interfaces used by "$30. At the lower right, a person is doing catalog shopping using a 2ideotex terminal.

*b(

*c(

*:(

8ome $hopping and 8ome +anking 'ig.14 shows home shopping and home banking services. 'ig.14 shows a typical service made possible by "$30. "t shows something is being ordered to a department store, and then delivered

;9

0ig. 19 )o3e S#opping and )o3e &an%ing Ser2ice

*-( The goods are ordered using the 2ideotex terminal, and an instruction is output to the bank to transfer the amount of the bill from your account. The department store delivers the ordered goods.

8ome 7edical $ystem 'ig.11 shows home medical system. 'ig.11 shows another service provided by "$30 6 the receiving of medical care at home.

0ig. 11 )o3e Medical Syste3

;;

The upper left shows the measuring of blood pressure, with the result shown on the videotex screen both at home and at a medical facility *show at the bottom right of the figure(.

The lower left shows a consultation for medication using a T2 telephone.

User Net/or% Interface IS(N User Net/or% Interface Configuration

*1( 'ig.1. shows the interface between the user and the network. Telephone service makes use of two wires for the subscriber line between the switching system and customer/s premises. These same two wires can be ued by "$30 to receive "$30 services. An 0T *0etwork Termination( is installed at the subscriber/s home and connected to the subscriber line.

*.(

0ig. 1' T#e Interface et/een t#e User

*:( The "nterface between the 0T and the "$30 exchange *switching system( is called = interface. This interface has not been defined in the &&"TT )ecommendations because circumstances are different in each country. The point between the 0T and the on# premises terminals is called the $ or T reference point. The "$30 user5network interface refers to these $5T points, and is defined in the &&"TT )ecommendations.
;1

*-(

The $5T interface uses four wires, two for sending and two for receiving. $ince = interface uses two wires, the 0T provides a two#wire5four#wire conversion function. &&"TT recommends the use of A7" *Alternative 7ark "nversion( code at the $5T point. A7" code is a bipolar waveform. As shown in the figure, the "$30 Terminal provides $5T interface that follows the &&"TT )ecommendations, and can be connected directly to the 0T. $ince the personal computer and the analog 'AF utilize a different interface from $5T interface, they re uire protocol conversion by a TA *Terminal Adapter(.

*5(

*9(

Ser2ice Access 4oints ,$eference 4oints.

*1( "n the existing telephone network, a point at which a service is provided for a user, that is, a service access point is located at a rossete between the user/s telephone set and the subscriber line. $ince the "$30 provides various types of service other than telephone service through a plural number of terminals, various service access points are provided. Thus, service access points would have to be defined corresponding to the "$30 $ervices. *.( 'ig. 1: shows the user#network interface reference points which is based on the &&"TT reference model and identifies the important reference points of the model.

0ig. 16

User!Net/or% Interface $eference 4oints

*:( The following describes the user#access points and the function of each for basic user# network interface. *a( 0etwork Termination *0T( 6

;E

The 0T can be split into 0T1 and 0T.. 0T1 and 0T. are terminating e uipment for the network. "n this case, 0T1 provides the !ayer 1 functions, such as circuit termination, timing and supply of electricity, while 0T. provides the layer . functions, such as protocol, control and concentration functions.

*b( Terminal > uipment *T>( 6 The T> can be split into T>1 and T>.. T>1 is an "$30 terminal which is connected to "$30 via the $5T interface. T>. is a non#"$30 terminal which is connected to "$30 via a Terminal Adapter *TA( such as personal computer or analog 'AF as described in 'ig. 1.. *c( Terminal Adapter *TA( 6 A TA is a physical device which is connected to a non#"$30 terminal *T>.( to permit access to "$30. *d( $#"nterface 6 A -#wire physical interface used for a single customer termination between a TA and 0T. or between T>1 and 0T.. *e( T#"nterface 6 A -#wire physical interface between 0T1 and 0T..

*f( )#"nterface 6 A physical interface used for single customer terminator between T>. and TA.

*g( =#"nterface 6 The subscriber line is called =#"nterface and utilizes .#wires.

IS(N User Net/or% Interface 4oints

*1( )e uirements of =ser#0etwork "nterface 'or us to utilize Ointegrated servicesP including voice and non#voice communications and the use of some new media, such as facsimile in offices and home, the following features must be provided for user#network interfaces 6 *a( 3ifferent services for each call *b( *c( A switching mode *packet switched5circuit switched function( can be selected. 3ata transmission speed can be selected.

%lural number of terminals can be concurrently connected. The portability of terminals can be ensured.
14

*.(

+asic $tructure of =ser#0etwork "nterface. The basic conditions for structuring the user#network interface that satisfy the preceding re uirements can be summarized into the following three points 6 *a( 7ulti services &ommon use of various services telephone5non telephone and existing5new services. As shown in 'ig.1., "$30 termianls, personal computers, 'AF machines, etc. are connected to $5T points to offer various services. *b( 7ulti points =p to eight *1( terminals can be connected to one *1( 0T as well as point to point connection. 'ig.1- shows the multi points connection.

0ig. 18 Multi 4oints Connection

*c( %ortability Terminals can be carried from place to place and connected to different sockets for use, Dust as home electrical appliances can be carried around and plugged into A& outlets.

*:(

&hannel &lassification 2arious channels can be used to transmit information between a terminal and the switching system. These include +, 3 and 8 channels. >ach channel has a different bit rate and information carrying attributes. *a( +#channel The +#channel carries user information such as voice and packet data at a rate of 9- kbps. 8owever, the +#channel does not carry signaling information. *b( 3#channel The 3#channel interface carries mainly signaling information such as originating or terminating subscriber number, call origination and disconnect signals for circuit switching and packet switched user data at 19 kbps or 9- kbps. The 3#channel also permits multiple logical channels to be established for use in packet communications.
11

*c(

8#channel The 8#channel carries high#speed user information such as high#speed facsimile, video, high#speed data, etc. 8 channels do not carry signaling information for circuit switching by the "$30.

*d(

Table 1 outlines these three channel types and characteristics.

Ta le 1 : C#annel Types and C#aracteristics

&hannel Type + +it )ate 9- kbps 3 19 kbps 9- kbps 8 84 6 :1- kbps 811 6 15:9 kbps 81. 6 1E.4 kbps 'unction To carry user information &ircuit switchingmode and packet switching mode To carry signaling information for circuit switching To carry high#speed packet data such as facsimile and video An 8 channel does not carry signaling information for circuit switching by the "$30

0ote 6

84 6 9-B F 9 J :1- kbps 811 6 9-B F .- J 15:9 kbps 81. 6 9-B F :4 J 1E.4 kbps

*:(

Typical "nterface $tructures *a( +asic "nterface This interface is primarily for home use. The basic interface is set at a transmission speed of 1-- kbps. This provides two *.( 9- kbps +#channels for user information exchange and a 19 kbps 3#channel for signaling and control. The interface is thus referred to as .+G3.

'ig.15 shows the basic interface structure.

1.

0ig. 15 &asic Interface Structure

*b( %rimary <roup "nterface These interface are primarily for business use. The primary group interface for ATT system consists of a 1.5-- 7bps line. This line can thus provide up to .: +#channels at 9- kbps and a single 3#channel at 9kbps. "n >urope and other countries using &>%T system standards, the primary group is ..4-1 7bps and the interface is :4+#channels and single 9kbps 3#channel. This line is used for %A+F etc. 'ig.19 shows the primary group interface structure.

0ig. 1; 4ri3ary Group Interface Structure

*c( Table . shows the typical user network interface structure.

1:

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>. INTELLIGENT NETBO$=

8.0 Overview o I!"e##i$e!" Ne"wor% Ar&'i"e&"(re ?ver the last thirty years, one of the maDor changes in the implementation of %ublic $witched Telephone 0etworks *%$T0s( has been the migration from analogue to digital switches. &oupled with this change has been the growth of intelligence in the switching nodes. 'rom a customerLs and network providerLs point of view this has meant that new features could be offered and used. $ince the feature handling functionality was resident in the switches, the way in which new features were introduced into the network was by introducing changes in all the switches. This was time consuming and fraught with risk of malfunction because of proprietary feature handling in the individual switches. To overcome these constraints the "ntelligent 0etwork architecture was evolved both as a network and service architecture. "n the "0 architecture, the service logic and service control functions are taken out of the individual switches and centralized in a special purpose computer. The interface between the switches and the central computer is standardised. The switches utilize the services of the specialized computer whenever a call involving a service feature is to be handled. The call is switched according to the advice received by the re uesting switch from the computer. 'or normal call handling, the switches do not have to communicate with the central computer. >.1 O Fecti2es of t#e Intelligent Net/or% The main obDectives of the "0 are the introduction and modification of new services in a manner which leads to substantial reduction in lead times and hence development costs, and to introduce more complex network functions. An obDective of "0 is also to allow the inclusion of the additional capabilities and flexibility to facilitate the provisioning of services independent of the underlying networkLs details. $ervice independence allows the service providers to define their own services independent of the basic call handling implementation of the network owner. The key needs that are driving the implementation of "0 are 6 $apid Ser2ice (eploy3ent 7ost business today re uire faster response from their suppliers, including telecommunication operators. +y separating the service logic from the underlying switch call processing software, "0 enables operator to provide new services much more rapidly.

15

$educed (eploy3ent $is% %rior to "0, the risk associated with the deployment of new services was substantial. 7aDor investments had to be made in developing the software for the services and then deploying them in all of the switches. ,ith the service creation environment available, the "0 services can be prototyped, tested and accessed by multiple switches simultaneously. The validated services can then be rolled out to other networks as well.

Cost $eduction +ecause the "0 services are designed from the beginning to be reusable, many new services can be implemented by building on or modifying an existing service. )eusability reduces the overall cost of developing services. Also, "0 is an architecture independent concept, i.e. it allows a network operator to choose suitable development hardware without having to redevelop a service in the event that the network configuration changes. Custo3iGation %rior to "0, due to complexity of switch based feature handling software, the considerable time frame re uired for service development prevented the provider from easily going back to redefine the service after the customer started to use it. ,ith "0, the process of modifying the service or customization of service for a specific customer is much less expensive and time consuming. The customization of services is further facilitated by the integration of advanced peripherals in the "0 through standard interfaces. 'acilities such as voice response system, customized announcements and text to speech converters lead to better call completion rate and user#friendliness of the services.

>.'

IN Arc#itecture
+uilding upon the discussion in the previous section, one can envisage that an "0 would consist of the following nodes 6

$pecialized computer system for I holding service logic, feature control, service creation, customer data, and service management. $witching nodes for basic call handling. $pecialized resources node. The physical realization of the various nodes and the functions inherent in them is flexible. This accrues form the KopenK nature of "0 interfaces. !et us now look at the nodes that are actually to be found in an "0 implementation. The service logic is concentrated in a central node called the $ervice &ontrol %oint *$&%4.
19

The switch with basic call handling capability and modified call processing model for uerying the $&% is referred to as the $ervice $witching %oint *$$%(. "ntelligent %eripheral *"%( is also a central node and contains specialized resources re uired for "0 service call handling. "t connects the re uested resource towards a $$% upon the advice of the $&%. $ervice 7anagement %oint *$7%4 is the management node which manages services logic, customers data and traffic and billing data. The concept of $7% was introduced in order to prevent possible $&% malfunction due to on#the#fly service logic or customer data modification. These are first validated at the $7% and then updated at the $&% during lean traffic hours. The user interface to the $&% is thus via the $7%. All the nodes communicate via standard interfaces at which protocols have been defined by international standardization bodies. The distributed functional architecture, which is evident from the above discussion, and the underlying physical entities are best described in terms of layers or planes. The following sections are dedicated to the discussion of the physical and functional planes. >.6 4#ysical 4lane Ser2ice S/itc#ing 4oint ,SS4. The $$% serves as an access point for "0 services. All "0 services calls must first be routed through the %$T0 to the KnearestK $$%. The $$% identifies the incoming call as an "0 service call by analysing the initial digits *comprising the K$ervice BeyK( dialled by the calling subscriber and launches a Transaction &apabilities Application %art *T&A%( uery to the $&% after suspending further call processing. ,hen a T&A% response is obtained from the $&% containing advice for further call processing, $$% resumes call processing. The interface between the $&% and the $$% is <.;4: digital trunk. The 7T), $&&%, T&A% and "0A% protocols of the &&$; protocol stack are defined in this interface. Ser2ice Control 4oint ,SC4. The $&% is a fault#tolerant online computer system. "t communicates with the $$%s and the "% for providing guidelines on handling "0 service calls. The physical interface to the $$%s is <.;4: digital trunk. "t communicates with the "% via the re uesting $$% for connecting specialized resources. $&% stores large amounts of data concerning the network, service logic, and the "0 customers. 'or this, secondary storage and "5? devices are supported. 'or more details refer to the chapter on the K$&% ArchitectureK.

1;

As has been commented before, the service programs and the data at the $&% are updated from the $7%. Servi&e )*!*$e+e!" Poi!" ,S)PThe $7%, which is a computer system, is the front#end to the $&% and provides the user interface. "t is sometimes referred to as the $ervice 7anagement $ystem *$7$(. "t updates the $&% with new data and programs *service logic( and collects statistics from it. The $7% also enables the service subscriber to control his own service parameters via a remote terminal connected through dial#up connection or F..5 %$%30. This modification is filtered or validated by the network operator before replicating it on the $&%. The $7% may contain the service creation environment as well. "n that case the new services are created and validated first on the $7% before downloading to the $&%. ?ne $7% may be used to manage more than one $&%s. Intelligent 4erip#eral ,I4. The "% provides enhanced services to all the $$%s in an "0 under the control of the $&%. "t is centralized since it is more economical for several users to share the specialized resources available in the "% which may be too expensive to replicate in all the $$%s. The following are examples of resources that may be provided by an "%6 The "% is switch based or is a specialized computer. "t interfaces to the $$%s via "$30 %rimary )ate "nterface or <.;4: interface at which "$=%, "0A%, T&A%, $&&% and 7T% protocols of the &&$; protocol stack are defined. 2oice response system Announcements 2oice mail boxes $peech recognition system Text#to#speech converters

11

The "0 architecture is depicted in 'ig.1

0ig. 1 IN Arc#itecture >.8 (istri uted 0unctional 4lane 'unctional model of "0 contains nine functional entities *'>Ls( which are distributed over various physical entities *%>Ls( described in the previous section. A functional entity is a set of uni ue functions. +rief description of the '>Ls is given below 6 CCA0 &all &ontrol Agent 'unction, gives users access to the network.

1E

CC0 &all &ontrol 'unction provides the basic facility for connecting the transport *e.g. speech(. "t involves the basic switching function and trigger function for handling the criteria relating to the use of "0. SS0 $ervice $witching 'unction is used to switch calls based on the advice of the $&' at the $&%. This function provides a service independent interface. SC0 "t contains the service logic components and advises the $$' at $$% on further call handling. S(0 $ervice 3ata 'unction contains the user related data and data internal to the network. S$0 $pecialized )esources 'unction covers all types of specialized resources other than the connection resources that are in the exchange *e.g. recorded announcements, tones, conference bridges, etc.(. SCE0 $ervice &reation >nvironment 'unction specifies, develops, tests and deploys the services on the network. SMA0 $ervice 7anagement Access 'unction provides an interface between service management function and the service manager who may be an operator. SM0 $ervice 7anagement 'unction enables a service to be deployed and used on "0. 'ig. . depicts the distribution and interconnection of the various functional entities.
$7A' $7' $&>' $&' $3' $)'

$$'

$$'

&&A'

&&'

&&'

&&'

&&A'

7anagement interface "n real time interface $ignaling circuit interface

0ig. ' (istri uted 0unctional Entities

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The distribution of functional entities over the physical entities and their inter#connection is summarized in Table 1 and . below. "t may be noted that all the physical entities may not be present in all "0s as the choice of functional entities to be provisioned is entirely up to the service provider. Ta le 1 (istri ution of 0EHs o2er 4EHs 4#ysical Entity $$% $&% $7% "% 4ossi le 0unctional Entities &&', $$', &&A' $&', $3' $&>', $7', $7A' $)'

Ta le ' 0E!0E $elations#ip to 4E!4E $elations#ip 0E!0E $$'#$&' $&'#$3' $&'#$)' $)'#$$' 4E!4E $$%#$&% $&%#$3% $&%#"% $&%#$$%#"% $$%#"% 4rotocol "0A%, T&A%, $&&% and 7T% F..5 or %roprietary "0A%, T&A%, $&&% and 7T% "$=%, "0A%, T&A%, $&&% and 7T% "$=% and 7T%

>.5 IN Ser2ices
The "0 services proposed to be introduced in "ndian network have been derived from "T=#T recommendations. @.1.11 *April /E.(. This document briefly gives the description of .5 services mentioned in &apability set no. 1 *&$1( of above mentioned "T=#T recommendations. &$1 basically deals with single ended services *which "T=#T calls as Type#A services(. $ingle needed services apply to only one party in the call. ,1. A&( I A re2iated dialing The subscriber can register a short dialing code and use the same for access to any %$T0 0umber. ,'. ACC I Account Card Calling A special telephone instrument is re uired. =ser dials an access code and gets acceptance tone. Then he dials a %"0 *personal identification no.( code and dials the called no. The >xchange reads the account number from card. The +illing is debited to an account number *Telephone no.( as defined by the card. "n another variation of the service, the account number can be given through 3T7' telephone instrument. The follow#on feature facilitates the subscriber to dial another number without disconnecting the call and without need to dial %"0 and account number again.

E1

,6.

AA& I Auto3atic Alternati2e &illing &all can be initiated by any user and any instrument. The call charges are billed in user/s account and that account need not be a calling or a called party. The user first dials access code. )eceives an announcement to dial account code and 4IN *which is given by management(. The account code and %"0 are validated to check its correctness and expired credit limit. ?n getting acceptance tone the user dials the called number. "n another variation of the service, the called party may be billed based on his concurrence. C( I Call (istri ution This service allows subscribers to have "5& calls routed to different destinations according to allocation law specified by management *The $ubscriber has multiple installations(. Three types of laws exist 6 # =niform load distribution # M !oad distribution # %riority list distribution "n case of congestion or fault the alternative over flow is specified.

,8.

,5. C0U I Call 0or/arding Unconditional The subscriber can forward all incoming calls to a specified destination number. ?ptionally an alerting ring5reminder ring can be given to the forwarding subscriber whenever there is an incoming call. ,;. C$( I Call $erouting (istri ution &alls are rerouted as per conditions encountered, e.g. busy or no reply *time specified( or overload or call limiter. Then as per selected condition the call is rerouted to predefined choice, e.g. paper, vocal box, announcement or ueue.

,+. Co3pletion of calls to usy su scri er The service cannot be fully implemented with &$" capability since the status of called party need to be known. The calls are completed when subscriber who is busy becomes free. ?n getting busy tone I user dials a code. The user disconnects. ?n called party becoming free, call is made by the exchange first to originating then to terminating subscriber *without any call attempt by the user(. ,>. CON I Conference Calling The service cannot be fully implemented with &$" capability. "n adding or dropping the parties concerned it is not possible to check the authenticity of the parties. This service re uires a special transmission bridge to allow conversation among multiple subscribers. CON!Add!ON!Conference Calling
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 ,?.

=ser reserves the &?0 resources in advance indicating date, time of conference and duration. &ontrolled by user. "n active phase of conference parties can be added, deleted, isolated again reattached or split the group of parties. CON!Meet!ME I Conference calling 3eet 3e =ser reserve the resource same as 1A. >ach participant dials a special number at specific time *specified at the time of booking of conference( and reach the conference bridge.

CCC I Credit Card Calling The &redit &ard &alling service allows subscribers to place calls from any normal access interface to any destination number and have the cost of these calls charged to account specified by the &&& number. A special instrument is not re uired. The caller has to dial card number and %"0 using 3T7' instrument. 'ollow#on feature may be provided optionally.

,19. (C$ I (estination Call $outing The call is routed to destination pertaining to following conditions 6 Time of day, day of week Area of call originating &alling identity of customer $ervices attributes *non payment charges against subscriber( %riority &harge rates applicable for destination %roportional routing of traffic ?ptionally the subscribers can be provided with traffic details ,11. 0M( I 0ollo/ 3e (i2ersion A subscriber can remotely control the call forwarding capabilities. "t can be done from any point in the network using a password. "t is re uired if subscriber moves from place to place in a day. The service subscriber will pay for diverted portion of the call. 04) I 0ree 4#one The called subscriber is charged for active phase of a call. 'or the calling user, no charging is done. The called subscriber can have multiple destinations and have 3&) facility. MCI I Malicious Call Indication The subscriber re uests the Administration to register his number for 7&". Administration registers the subscriber for 7&". The called subscriber *who has registered this service( invokes the service during the active phase of the call if he feels that the call is malicious. The call is logged in the network with calling and called party number and 3ate and time of invoking the service. ?ptionally, the network can log unanswered calls also.
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,1'.

,16.

 ,18.

?ptionally, the facility to 8?!3 the connection may be provided.

MAS I Mass Calling "t involves high volume of traffic. &alls can be routed to one or multiple destinations depending on geographical location or time of day. 7ainly used in Televoting. The network operator allots a service number. The user dials this number to register his vote. The user is played an announcement and asked to give his choice. At the end of the service, the network operator provides the call details and the count on various preferences. After the service the same number can be reallocated to another subscriber. &alls made to this 7A$ number may be charged differently. OCS I Originating Call Screening This helps subscriber to screen outgoing call as per day and time. The screening list may be managed by subscriber. The restriction of screening list may be override by %"0 or password. Three call cases are possible 6 # &all screened and allowed # &all screened and reDected # &all passed by using override option 4$M I 4re3iu3 $ate The local call is charged at a higher *premium( rate. This service is used by service providers for value added information services, e.g. Dobs, fortune, forecast, etc. The revenue is shared between network operator and service provider. The network operator allots a specific number to service provider, which can be reached from any point in the network. The provision exists for multiple site provider, in order to achieve minimum expenditure on actual call. SEC I Security Screening This capability allows security screening to be performed in the network before an end user gains access to subscriber/s network, systems or application. "t detects the invalid access attempts 6 how many, over what time period, by whom and from where. "t provides an added layer of security. SC0 I Selected Call 0or/arding ,&usyD(onJt ans/er. This facility is used for a group of 5 to 14 subscribers. A list of $&' is prepared by a subscriber. The list contains the choices as per conditions and calling subscribers of the group. A call from outside the group is forwarded to default telephone number. The variation in $&' list can be done as per time of the day.
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,15.

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,1+.

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,1?.

S4L I Split C#arging "t allows service subscriber to share the call charges with calling party on per call basis. <OT ! Tele2oting "t is used to survey the public opinion by different agencies. The network operator allocates a single telephone number to surveyor. >ach time user makes a call he can get access to televoting. An announcement asks him to input further choice digits as per preference. As the user presses the digits the choice counter is incremented. After voting is ceased the service subscriber is supplied the results. TCS I Ter3inating Call Screening The incoming calls are screened as per screening list. &alls are allowed as per list and time of the day. UAN I Uni2ersal Access Nu3 er 0ational number is published by the subscriber. The subscriber may specify the incoming calls to be routed to number of different destinations based on geographical locations of caller. U4T I Uni2ersal 4ersonal Teleco33unications A universal number is defined. ,henever subscriber changes the destination, he inputs that number from telephone. ,hen a call comes, =%T number is translated to actual number. This number can be accessed across various multiple networks, e.g. mobile and fixed. "t can be accessed from any user network access. U($ I User (efined $outing The user is allowed to define the routing of outgoing calls through different network such as private, public, virtual or mixed network. As per time of the day, for example the call is routed to either public or private network whichever is cheaper. 'or example, outstation calls can have different routes at different times of the day. <4N I <irtual 4ri2ate Net/or% A private network is built using public network resources. A virtual %A+F is created using different switches. A %0% *private numbering plan( can be incorporated on those numbers. 'acilities such as &T, &8, dialed restrictions and other supplementary services can be provided within the network. >ach line or user is assigned a class of service and specific rights in the network. To access the 2%0 from outside by one of 2%0 user, he is re uired to dial a password. $creening feature can be used to put restriction on outgoing and incoming calls.
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,''.

,'6.

,'8.

,'5.

&all charges are assigned to 2%0 service subscriber. Additional Account &odes are assigned to service subscriber to analyse the cost line wise.

>.; C#arging
The "0 services can be broadly divided into three categories for charging purposes 6 # 0o charging for calling user # &harging of calling user as per local call # &harging of calling user at higher rates No c#arging for calling user : '%8, 2&& and 2%0 services fall under this category. !evel Q194/ is free at present and is proposed to be allotted to such services. !ocal exchanges need to analyse only Q194/ and route the call to $$%. This level has to be created as charge free. 0ew services of this type can be introduced in future without any re uirement of further modification in local exchanges C#arging of calling user as per local call : =0 *local( falls under this category. !evel Q1E4/ is free at present and is proposed to be allotted to such services. !ocal exchanges need to analyse only Q1E4/ and route the call to $$%. This level has to be created as local charge. 0ew services of this type can be introduced in future without any re uirement of further modification in local exchanges. C#arging of calling user at #ig#er rates : %)7 and =0 *long distance( falls under this category. $ince the charging is at higher rate it is proposed that prefix Q4/ may be used to have barring facility. !evel Q4E4/ may be used for such purpose. !ocal exchange will analyse Q4E4/ and route the call to $$%. This level has to be created as Qcharge on Dunction pulses/. 0ew services of this type can be introduced in future without any re uirement of further modification in local exchanges. The access code of various "0 services as proposed is as follows 6 No c#arging for calling user : '%8 1944 2&& 1941 %assword change for 2&& 194. 2%0 194: C#arging of calling user as per local call : =0 *local( 1E41 Televoting 1E4. C#arging of calling user at #ig#er rates : %)7 4E44 =0 *!ong distance( 4E41
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