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Introduction

Friction is defined as The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over anotheri. This can be related to fluids flowing in pipes as the surface of water interacts with the inner surface of the pipe. This friction causes the pressure in the pipe to decrease. As the pressure decreases so too does the velocity of the fluid along the walls, but the fluid in the centre of the pipe will be of a higher velocity. Within a system of pipes there are a wide range of fittings and other components that also contribute to the flow of water. This will be investigated using a Venturi meter, an orifice plate assembly, and a pitot tube. Within fluid we have two different types of flow, namely: Turbulent Laminar

The Darcy- Weisbach Formula

- Head Loss in Pipe - Factor of Friction - Pipe Length - Velocity of Fluid in Pipe - Inner Diameter of Pipe

(m) (m) (m/s) (m)

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Aim
The aim of the experiment is to investigate and determine the factor of friction ( ), as well as the head loss ( ), in the pipe. This is done by conducting an investigation of turbulent flow of water through a galvanized steel pipe.

Hypothesis
It is probable that there will be a head loss across the pipe owing to friction. This loss owing to friction will affect the velocity of water across the entire pipe, consequently affecting the flow rate.

Apparatus
Galvanized steel pipe with a 15.6mm and 2.43m length A pump A measuring tank: area of 0.2075m on the left half section and an area of 0.207m on the right half section A piezometer, attached to the tank. A U-tube Manometer containing mercury( 13600kg/m) A stop-watch.

Method:
The left half of the tanks valve was closed.

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The valve connected to the galvanized steel pipe (15.6mm ) was opened to full and the readings were recorded on the left and right hand side of the U-tube mercury manometer, using the left hand scale of the measurements. The pump was switched on and water filled the left half of the tank. After 10 seconds, the flow of water was switched to the right half of the tank and the height of water was recorded using the piezometer. The valve of the galvanized steel pipe was closed slightly to reduce the flow rate subsequently, the readings on the left and right hand side of the mercury manometer were recorded. The flow of water was switched back to the left half of the tank until a slightly less level of water was filled in the tank than at the beginning. After 10 seconds, the height of the water in the tank was recorded using the piezometer. The above steps were repeated 8 times.

Results and observations:


Reading Manom. Manom. Left Right
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.041 0.0443 0.0482 0.0493 0.0553 0.056 0.057 0.0588 0.0808 0.0779 0.0739 0.0707 0.067 0.066 0.0649 0.0632

Hm

Tank Start Height


0 0.046 0.089 0.114 0.134 0.152 0.166 0.179

Tank Stop Height


0.046 0.089 0.114 0.134 0.152 0.166 0.179 0.189

Time

0.0398 0.0336 0.0257 0.0214 0.0117 0.01 0.0079 0.0044

0.046 0.043 0.025 0.02 0.018 0.014 0.013 0.01

23.8 15.5 9.5 9.9 11.8 9.1 9.8 11.5

Head loss, flow rate and velocity calculations:

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. .

First reading:
Head loss: h= h= hf=0.501m .

Flow Rate: Q= Q= Q= 4.01 Velocity: V= V=


. . . .

V= 2.098 m/s2

Second reading:
Head loss:
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h= h= hf=0.423m .

Flow Rate: Q= Q= Q= 5.76 Velocity: V= V=


. . . .

V= 3.01m/s2

Third reading:
Head loss: h= h= hf=0.324m .

Flow Rate: Q=
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Q= Q= 5.46 Velocity: V= V=
. .

. .

V= 2.86 m/s2

Fourth reading:
Head loss: h= h= hf=0.27m .

Flow Rate: Q= Q= Q= 5.66 Velocity: V= V=


. . . .

V= 2.96 m/s2

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Fifth reading:
Head loss: h= h= hf=0.147m .

Flow Rate: Q= Q= Q= 2.585 Velocity: V= V=


. . . .

V= 1.353 m/s2

Sixth reading:
Head loss: h= h= hf=0.126m .

Flow Rate:

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Q= Q= Q= 2.873 Velocity: V= V=
. . . .

V= 1.503 m/s2

Seventh reading:
Head loss: h= h= hf=0.09954m .

Flow Rate: Q= Q= Q= 2.108 Velocity: V= V=


. . . .

V= 1.103 m/s2

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Eighth reading:
Head loss: h= h= hf=0.05544m .

Flow Rate: Q= Q= Q= 1 Velocity: V= V=


. .

V= 5.235 m/s2

Friction factor calculations: First reading:


f= f=
. . . . . . .

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f=

Second reading:
f= f= f=
.
. . . . . . .

Third reading:
f= f= f=
.
. . . . . . .

Fourth reading:
f= f= f=
.
. . . . . . .

fifth reading:
f= f= f=
.
. . . . . . .

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sixth reading:
f= f= f=
.
. . . . . . .

Seventh reading:
f= f= f=
.
. . . . . . .

Eight reading:
f= f= f=
.
. . . . . .

hf 0.501 0.423 0.324

v 2.098 3.01 2.86 11 | P a g e

0.27 0.147 0.126 0.09954 0.05544

2.96 1.353 2.873 1.103 1

v
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 v

Velocity Vs. Head Flow


v 2.098 3.01 2.86 2.96 1.353 2.873 1.103 1 f 0.278 0.327 0.308 0.301 0.616 0.269 0.434 0.023

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1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 f v

Velocity Vs. Friction

Discussion
It is apparent that friction occurs along the walls of the pipe from the calculations, where the head loss was calculated. After each reading a reduction in flow rate was noted, showing a decrease in pressure in the galvanized pipe. This is due to a decrease in the pressure head (h) within the U-Tube manometer. It is seen that the pressure head affects the pressure by the following formula P= .

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This experiment was not conducted in a closed environment, seeing that it was not a closed system, certain external factors may have come into play i.e. Human error in the form of inaccurate readings taken could have resulted in wrong substitution and ultimately, affecting the calculations. The experiment can be improved by: Taking more readings Using digital measuring equipment Using clean and well serviced equipment

The friction factor (f) Vs. velocity (V) graph shows that as the velocity in the pipe decreased due to the reduction of flow rate, the friction factor increased after each reading was taken. v The graph does not fully obey this; this shows that there are errors within our readings and calculations

This experiment is imperative when designing piping systems as friction will affect the velocity, pressure, and flow rate within channels or pipes. When designing systems, materials of the pipe and the sizes need to be taken into consideration. This needs to be done because different materials have different friction factors, therefore the material with the lowest friction factor will need to be used. Another factor is the size of the pipe, the greater the area of the pipe, the greater the flow rate of the fluid flowing through. If the wrong material is selected, it will require an increase in the power of the pump, which is generally a more expensive option; with regard to both maintenance and to run.

Conclusion
The hypothesis of this investigation was proved correct as head loss was noted during this experiment due to friction in the pipe. Velocity decreased in the pipe due to the head loss because of friction in the pipe, as the flow rate was reduced.

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References
i

http://www.google.com/search?q=friction+definition&rls=co

m.microsoft:en-za:IE-SearchBox&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&sourceid=ie7&rlz=1I7ADFA_en

Principles of Fluid Mechanics- C.F.Meyer (CFM Publications)1995.

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