Lecture 10 The Concept of Bio-Mechanics

Concept of Biomechanics
12-10-2011
Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet
Definition of Biomechanics
Application of the principles of mechanics to the study of living systems.
Mechanics Study of the action of forces on particles and mechanical systems. Divided into Static and Dynamics BioPrefix for life or living organism Biomechanics Application of the principles of mechanics to the study of living organisms. The science that examines forces acting on and within biological structures and the effects of such forces Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures, specifically to the locomotor system of the human body. Therefore biomechanics concerns the interrelations of the skeleton, muscles, and joints. The bones form the levers, the ligaments surrounding the joints form hinges, and the muscles provide the forces for moving the levers about the joints.
12-10-2011
Branches of Biomechanics
Kinematics & kinetics Kinematics - description of motion and includes consideration of time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space factors of a systems motion Kinetics - study of forces associated with the motion of a body
12-10-2011 Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet 3
Why Study Biomechanics

Biomechanics: Has many and wide-ranging applications health and sport sciences within Is used by professionals throughout health and sport sciences This will provide a foundation for: Understanding the mechanical principles underlying human movement Applying these principles to the analysis of human movement Understanding biomechanics will make you a more competent professional
12-10-2011
Biomechanics Can Help In

Improving Sports Performance Better technique & training Sports Injury Prevention Identifying safer techniques Training to reduce risk of injury Developing protective equipment (e.g. knee brace) Occupational Injury Prevention (Ergonomics) (e.g. low back pain, hand & wrist trauma) Injury Rehabilitation Identify when safe to return to activity Improving Physical Function (e.g. surgery planning in cerebral palsy) Musculoskeletal Health (e.g. reducing injurious falls by older adults;preventing bone loss in space) Product Design (e.g. athletic shoes, prosthetics) Forensic Biomechanics (e.g. accident investigation
Relevance to Ergonomics
A common problem in ergonomics is the analysis of a human performing a given task and the design of appropriate tools. One part of this analysis is to understand the mechanics of the person and any interactions with his or her surroundings essentially a biomechanical problem. Thus biomechanics is a key skill for the ergonomist.
12-10-2011
Types of machines found in the body

Musculoskeletal system may be thought of as a series of simple machines
Machines - used to increase mechanical advantage Consider mechanical aspect of each component in analysis with respect to components machine-like function
Mechanical advantage
Load/effort or load divided by effort Ideally using a relatively small force, or effort to move a much greater resistance
12-10-2011

Machines function in four ways
balance multiple forces enhance force in an attempt to reduce total force needed to overcome a resistance enhance range of motion & speed of movement so that resistance may be moved further or faster than applied force alter resulting direction of the applied force
12-10-2011

Musculoskeletel system arrangement provides for 3 types of machines in producing movement
Levers (most common) Wheel-axles
Force Resist. Axis
Pulleys
12-10-2011
Levers
What do levers have to do with human movement? EVERYTHING! Humans moves through a system of levers Levers are rigid bars (in the body, bones) that move around an axis of rotation (a joint) or fulcrum Forces (supplied by muscles) cause the movement to occur
12-10-2011
10
Lever Functions
Magnify a force
A simple crow bar
Increase speed and range-of-motion (ROM)

Small amount of muscular contraction proximally can produce lots of movement distally
Balance torques
A triple beam scale
Change direction of force

A seesaw or a pulley of a weight machine
Laws of levers
Effort(force) arm= the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the effort force to the falcrum Resistance arm= the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the resistance force(load) to the falcrum Mechanical Advantage (MA) MA = the ratio of the effort (force) arm to the resistance arm MA is used to measure the efficiency of the lever
Force
Resist.
Axis
12-10-2011
12
If the force arm and resistance arm are equal in length, a force equal to the resistance is required to balance it
Force Arm F Resistance Arm R
Balanced
A
As the force arm becomes shorter an increasing amount of force is required to more a relatively smaller resistance Force Arm F Resistance Arm
Balance with More Force

R
A
As the force arm becomes longer, a decreasing amount of force is required to move a relatively larger resistance, Force Arm F Resistance Arm R
12-10-2011 Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet
Balanced with Less Force

13
Laws of levers
Mechanical Advantage (MA)
When the effort arm equals the resistance arm: MA = 1
the function of the lever is to alter the direction of motion or balance the lever, and NOT to magnify the effort
When the effort arm less than the resistance arm: MA <1
the function of the lever is to magnify the velocity or speed of movement (Because a much greater force is required to overcome the resistance. But the effort force acts over a small distance, which moves the resistance force over greater distance in the same amount of time)
When the effort arm is greater than the resistance arm: MA >1
the function of the lever is to magnify the effort force(Because the greater effort arm magnifies the torque created by the effort force)
12-10-2011
14
Laws of levers
A lever operates at a mechanical advantage when the effort is farther from the falcrum than the load
12-10-2011
15
Laws of levers
A lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage when the effort is nearer to the falcrum than the load
12-10-2011
16
Classes of levers
Depending on the relative positions of the three elements: Effort Falcrum Load
12-10-2011
17
First-class levers
Effort is applied at one end, and the load is at the other end, with the falcrum somewhere in between Example: scissors, neck extension
12-10-2011
18
First-class levers
Force
Resist.
Axis
12-10-2011
Example: Neck extension

19
First-class levers
12-10-2011
20
First-class levers
First-class levers May have a mechanical advantage of 1, more than one, or less than one (1MA1) In most cases, first-class levers in the human body act with MA=1, so the lever acts to balance or change the direction of the effort force
12-10-2011
21
First-class levers
First-Class Levers Produce balanced movements when axis is midway between force & resistance
Produce speed & range of motion when axis is close to force,
Produce force motion when axis is close to resistance

Second-class Levers
Effort is applied at one end, and the falcrum is at the other end, with the load somewhere in between Not common in the body Example: wheelbarrow, heel lift in standing (calf raise)
12-10-2011
23
Second-class Levers
Produces force movements, since a large resistance can be moved by a relatively small force
Wheelbarrow Nutcracker Loosening a lug nut Raising the body up on the toes
12-10-2011
3-24
Second-class levers
All work at a mechanical advantage (MA>1)because the muscle insertion (effort) is farther from the falcrum than the load Provide great strength Does not provide speed and range of motion
Second-class levers Function: To magnify force To conserve energy (because muscles can use less amount of force with minimum energy to produce work)
12-10-2011
25
Third-class levers
Effort is applied between the falcrum and the load Common in the body (most skeletal muscles)
12-10-2011
26
Third-class Levers
Produce speed & range-of-motion movements Most common in human body Requires a great deal of force to move even a small resistance
Paddling a boat Shoveling - application of lifting force to a shovel handle with lower hand while upper hand on shovel handle serves as axis of rotation
12-10-2011
3-27
Third-class Levers
All work at a mechanical disadvantage(MA<1) because the muscle insertion (effort) is closer to the falcrum than the load A large effort is applied to overcome a moderate resistance Provide increased speed and range of motion Most skeletal muscles are inserted close to the joint around which movement occurs allows fast movement with relatively little shortening of the muscle (humans are built for speed more than for strength) Permits us to move our limbs quickly, such as when we run or throw
12-10-2011
28
Examples of Levers in Human Body
12-10-2011
29
Difference between levers

Differences in positioning of the three lever-elements (effort, load, falcrum), modify the activity of muscles with respect to: Speed of contraction Range of movement The weight of the load that can be lifted In lever systems that operate at a mechanical disadvantage: force is lost speed and range of motion are gained Lever systems that operate at a mechanical advantage: used where strength is needed end to be slower and more stable
Factors In Use of Anatomical Levers

A lever system can be balanced if the F and FA equal the R and RA
12-10-2011
31
Factors In Use of Anatomical Levers

A lever system can become unbalance when enough torque is produced Torque is the turning effect of a force; inside the body it caused rotation around a joint. Torque = Force (from the muscle) x Force Arm (distance from muscle insertion from the joint)
12-10-2011
32
Practical Application
Force is produced by the muscle FA the distance from joint (i.e. axis or folcrum) to insertion of the force Resistance could be a weight, gravity, etc. RA the distance from joint to the center of the resistance
Resistance
Force
33
Examples
1. How much torque needs to be produced to move 45 kg when the RA is 0.25 m and the FA is 0.1 meters? Use the formula F x FA = R x RA
Note: A Newton is the unit of force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram one meter per second per second.
Resistance
Force
Example 1
F x 0.1 meters = 45 Kg x 0.25 meters F x 0.1 kg = 11.25 Kg-meters F = 112.5 Kg
RA = 0.25 FA = 0.1 ? 45
A
Example 2: Increasing the FA

2. What if the FA was increased to 0.15 meters? F x 0.15 meters = 45 Kg x 0.25 meters F x 0.15 = 11.25 Kg-meters F = 75 Kg
RA = 0.25 FA = 0.15 ? 45
A
Example 3: Decreasing the RA

3. What if the RA was decreased to 0.2 meters? F x 0.1 meters = 45 Kg x 0.2 meters F x 0.1 = 9 Kg-meters F = 90 Kg
RA = 0.2 FA = 0.1 ? 45
A
Summary
The actual torque needed to move a given resistance depends on the length of the FA and RA As the FA increases or RA decreases, the required torque decreases. As the FA decreases or RA increases, the required torque increases.
12-10-2011
38
Torque and length of lever arms

Human leverage system is built for speed & range of movement at expense of force Short force arms & long resistance arms require great muscular strength to produce movement
12-10-2011
39

Human leverage for sport skills requires several levers
throwing a ball involves levers at shoulder, elbow & wrist joints
The longer the lever, the more effective it is in imparting velocity

A tennis player can hit a tennis ball harder with a straight-arm drive than with a bent elbow because the lever (including the racket) is longer & moves at a faster speed
Lever Length
A longer lever would increase speed at the end of the racquet unless the extra weight was too great. Then the speed may actually be slower.
12-10-2011
41

Long levers produce more linear force and thus better performance in some sports such as baseball, hockey, golf, field hockey, etc.
12-10-2011
42

For quickness, it is desirable to have a short lever arm
baseball catcher brings his hand back to his ear to secure a quick throw sprinter shortens his knee lever through flexion that he almost catches his spikes in his gluteal muscles
12-10-2011
43
Wheels and axles

Used primarily to enhance range of motion & speed of movement in the musculoskeletal system function essentially as a form of a lever When either the wheel or axle turn, the other must turn as well Both complete one turn at the same time
12-10-2011
44
Wheels and axles

Center of the wheel & the axle both correspond to the fulcrum Both the radius of the wheel & the radius of the axle correspond to the force arms
12-10-2011
45
Wheels and axles

If the wheel radius is greater than the radius of the axle, then, due to the longer force arm, the wheel has a mechanical advantage over the axle
a relatively smaller force may be applied to the wheel to move a relatively greater resistance applied to the axle if the radius of the wheel is 5 times the radius of the axle, then the wheel has a 5 to 1 mechanical advantage over the axle
Wheels and axles

calculate mechanical advantage of a wheel & axle by considering the radius of the wheel over the axle
Mechanical advantage = radius of the wheel radius of the axle
12-10-2011
47
Wheels and axles

If application of force is reversed and applied to the axle, then the mechanical advantage results from the wheel turning a greater distance & speed
if the radius of the wheel is 5 times the radius of the axle, then outside of the wheel will turn at a speed 5 times that of the axle the distance that the outside of the wheel turns will be 5 times that of the outside of the axle
Wheels and axles

Calculate the mechanical advantage for this example by considering the radius of the wheel over the axle
Mechanical radius of the axle advantage = radius of the wheel
12-10-2011
49
Wheels and axles

Ex. resulting in greater range of motion & speed is with upper extremity in internal rotators attaching to humerus
humerus acts as the axle hand & wrist are located at the outside of the wheel when elbow is flexed 90 degrees with minimal humerus rotation, the hand & wrist travel a great distance allows us significantly increase the speed at which we can throw objects
Pulleys
Single pulleys function to change effective direction of force application
Mechanical advantage = 1
Pulleys may be combined to form compound pulleys to increase mechanical advantage

Each additional rope increases mechanical advantage by 1
12-10-2011
51
Pulleys
Ex. lateral malleolus acting as a pulley around which tendon of peroneus longus runs
As peroneus longus contracts, it pulls toward it belly (toward the knee) Using the lateral malleolus as a pulley, force is transmitted to plantar aspect of foot resulting in eversion/plantar flexion
12-10-2011
52
Basic types of Motion

Linear
rectilinear curvilinear
Angular or rotational Combined or general
12-10-2011
53
Human Analysis
Internal: mechanical factors creating and controlling movement inside the body External: factors affecting motion from outside the body
12-10-2011
54
Kinematics
Describes motion
Time Position Displacement Velocity Acceleration
Vectors Angular and linear quantities

Kinematics Formulas
12-10-2011
56
Kinetics
Explains causes of motion
Mass
amount of matter (kg)
Axis
Inertia: resistance to being moved Moment of Inertia (rotation) I = mr2
12-10-2011
57
Kinetics
Force: push or pull that tends to produce acceleration Important factor in injuries Vector
12-10-2011
58
Kinetics
Idealized force vector Force couple system
F F d = d F M=Fd d =
F
F
59
Kinetics: Force
Force & Injury factors
Magnitude Location Direction Duration Frequency Variability Rate
12-10-2011
60
Kinetics: Force System

Linear Parallel Concurrent General Force Couple
Center of Mass or Gravity

Imaginary point where all the mass of the body or system is concentrated Point where the bodys mass is equally distributed
12-10-2011
62
Pressure
P = F/A Units (Pa = N m2) In the human body also called stress Important predisposing factor for injuries
12-10-2011
63
Moments of Force (Torque)

Effect of a force that tends to cause rotation about an axis M = F d (Nm)
If F and d are
Force through axis
12-10-2011
64

Force components
Rotation Stabilizing or destabilizing component
12-10-2011
65

Net Joint Moment
Sum of the moments acting about an axis
Human: represent the muscular activity at a joint

Concentric action Eccentric action Isometric

Large moments tends to produce injuries on the musculo-skeletal system Structural deviation leads to different MAs
12-10-2011
67
1st Law of Motion

A body a rest or in a uniform (linear or angular) motion will tend to remain at rest or in motion unless acted by an external force or torque Whiplash injuries
12-10-2011
68
2nd Law of Motion

A force or torque acting on a body will produce an acceleration proportional to the force or torque F = m a or T= I
F
12-10-2011
69
3rd Law of Motion

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (torque and/or force) Contact forces: GRF, other players etc.
GRF
Equilibrium
Sum of forces and the sum of moments must equal zero
F=0 M=0
Dynamic Equilibrium
Must follow equations of motions F=mxa T=Ix
Work & Power

Mechanical Work
W= F d (Joules) W= F dcos ()
Power: rate of work

P = W/ t (Watts) P = F v P = F (d/t)
d W
12-10-2011
72
Mechanical Energy
Capacity or ability to do work Accounts for most severe injuries Classified into
Kinetic (motion) Potential (position or deformation)
12-10-2011
73
Kinetic Energy
Bodys motion Linear or Angular
KE=.5mv2 KE=.5 I2
12-10-2011
74
Potential Energy
Gravitational: potential to perform work due to the height of the body
Ep= mgh
Strain: energy stored due to deformation

Es= .5kx2
12-10-2011
75
Total Mechanical Energy

Body segments: rigid (no deformable), no strain energy in the system TME = Sum of KE, KE, PE
TME = (.5m v2)+(.5 I 2)+(m g h )
12-10-2011
76
Momentum
Quantity of motion p=m v (linear) Conservation of Momentum Transfer of Momentum Injury may result when momentum transferred exceeds the tolerance of the tissue Impulse = Momentum
P
12-10-2011
77
Angular Momentum
Quantity of angular motion H=I (angular) Conservation of angular momentum Transfer of angular momentum
12-10-2011
78
Collisions
Large impact forces due to short impact time Elastic deformation Plastic deformation (permanent change) Elasticity: ability to return to original shape Elastoplastic collisions
Some permanent deformation Transfer and loss of energy & velocity
Coefficient of restitution e=Rvpost/Rvpre
12-10-2011
79
Friction
Resistance between two bodies trying to slide Imperfection of the surfaces Microscopic irregularities asperities Static friction f< sN Kinetic f=kN
12-10-2011
80
Friction
Rolling: Lower that static and kinetic friction (100-1000 times) Joint Friction - minimized Blood vessels - atherosclerosis
12-10-2011
81
Fluid mechanics
Branch of mechanics dealing with the properties and behaviors of gases & fluids
12-10-2011
82
Fluid Flow
Laminar Turbulent Effects of friction on arterial blood flow
12-10-2011
83
Fluid Forces
Buoyancy Drag
Surface Pressure Wave
Lift Magnus forces Viscosity Biological tissue must have a fluid component
12-10-2011
84
THANK YOU
You can download the PDF version of these slides from: http://salmanipe.webs.com/
12-10-2011
85

Lecture 10 The Concept of Bio-Mechanics

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Lecture 10 The Concept of Bio-Mechanics

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Concept of Biomechanics

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Why Study Biomechanics

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Biomechanics Can Help In

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Types of machines found in the body

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Types of machines found in the body

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Types of machines found in the body

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Increase speed and range-of-motion (ROM)

Change direction of force

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Balance with More Force

Balanced with Less Force

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Example: Neck extension

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Produce speed & range of motion when axis is close to force,

Produce force motion when axis is close to resistance

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Examples of Levers in Human Body

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Difference between levers

Factors In Use of Anatomical Levers

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Factors In Use of Anatomical Levers

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Example 2: Increasing the FA

Example 3: Decreasing the RA

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Torque and length of lever arms

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Torque and length of lever arms

The longer the lever, the more effective it is in imparting velocity

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Torque and length of lever arms

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Torque and length of lever arms

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Wheels and axles

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Wheels and axles

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Wheels and axles

Wheels and axles

Facilitator: Ahmed Salman Imtiaz, Lecturer, IPED, SUST, Sylhet

Wheels and axles

Wheels and axles