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Using the divergence theorem, the contour integral can be expanded into an area integral in two dimensions or a volume integral in three dimensions, over a finite domain surrounding the crack. This domain integral method is used to evaluate contour integrals in Abaqus/Standard. The method is quite robust in the sense that accurate contour integral estimates are usually obtained even with quite coarse meshes. The method is robust because the integral is taken over a domain of elements surrounding the crack and because errors in local solution parameters have less effect on the evaluated quantities such as J, the stress intensity factors, and the T-stress.
The J integral can be evaluated numerically along a contour surrounding the crack tip. The advantages of this method are that it can be applied both to linear and nonlinear problems, and path independence (in elastic materials) enables the user to evaluate J at a remote contour, where numerical accuracy is greater.
mechanics. They characterize the influence of load or deformation on the magnitude of the crack-tip stress and strain fields and measure the propensity for crack propagation or the crack driving forces. Furthermore, the stress intensity can be related to the energy release rate (the Jintegral) for a linear elastic material through
where and is called the pre-logarithmic energy factor matrix .For homogeneous, isotropic materials is diagonal and the above equation simplifies to
where
where r and are polar coordinates centered at the crack tip in a plane orthogonal to the crack front. The direction of crack propagation can be obtained using either the condition ; i.e., or
where the crack propagation angle is measured with respect to the crack plane. represents the crack propagation in the straight-ahead direction. if if
while
The J-integral is usually used in rate-independent quasi-static fracture analysis to characterize the energy release associated with crack growth. It can be related to the stress intensity factor if the material response is linear. The J-integral is defined in terms of the energy release rate associated with crack advance. For a virtual crack advance is given by in the plane of a three-dimensional fracture, the energy release rate
where
is a surface element along a vanishing small tubular surface enclosing the crack tip is the outward normal to is given by , and is the local direction of virtual crack
For elastic material behavior W is the elastic strain energy; for elastic-plastic or elastoviscoplastic material behavior W is defined as the elastic strain energy density plus the plastic dissipation, thus representing the strain energy in an equivalent elastic material. Therefore, the J-integral calculated is suitable only for monotonic loading of elastic-plastic materials.