\

Table of Contents
Chapter 14 DSS1 and R2....................................................................................................... 14.1.1 Overview of DSS1 Signaling....................................................................... 1 1 14.1 DSS1 Signaling....................................................................................................... 1 14.1.2 Basic Concepts............................................................................................ 1 14.1.3 Application of DSS1..................................................................................... 7 14.1.4 Protocol Structure of DSS1........................................................................... 14.1.! Call Control "essage.............................................................................. 14.1.$ Basic Signaling Process........................................................................... 14.2 %2 Signaling....................................................................................................... 14.2.2 &ine Signaling ......................................................................................... 14.2.4 Application of %2 Signaling....................................................................... 1# 13 1! 1! 32

14.2.1 Basic Concepts......................................................................................... 1! 14.2.3 %egister Signaling..................................................................................... 21 14.2.! Basic Signaling 'low.................................................................................. 32

Chapter 14
14.1 DSS1 Signaling
14.1.1

DSS1 and R2

Overview of DSS1 Signaling

(SD) features *ultiple capa+ilities, inclu-ing circuit switc.ing, pac/et switc.ing, non0switc.ing connection, an- co**on c.annel signaling. )or*all1, a networ/ onl1 provi-es functions of lower la1ers2p.1sical la1er, -ata lin/ la1er, an- networ/ la1er 0 of t.e open s1ste*s interconnection 3OS(4 *o-el. (ntra0networ/ .ig.er la1er 3la1ers 4 to 7 of *o-el OS(4 functions re5uire- +1 so*e supple*entar1 services can +e i*ple*ente- insi-e (SD) or provi-e- +1 an in-epen-ent service center. 6.e +asic structure of (SD) is s.own in 'igure 1.1 . 6.e ter*inal e5uip*ent 3674 of (SD) is connecte- t.roug. t.e stan-ar- user0to0networ/ interface.

Circuit switc.ing capacit1 Pac/et switc.ing capacit1 (SD) switc. )on0switc.ing capacit1 Co**on c.annel signaling capacit1
8ser0networ/ interface

67

8ser0networ/ interface

(SD) switc.

67

Figure 1.1 Structure of (SD)

14.1.2

Basi Con epts

!. Referen e "oints and Fun tional #roup
6.e reference configuration 3reference *o-el4 of t.e (SD) user0to0networ/ interface is s.own in 'igure 1.1 . 6.e *o-el is an a+stract arrange*ent of t.e user0 to0networ/ interface stan-ar-i9e- +1 CC(66 3(684 regulations. (t offers reference points to +e stan-ar-i9e- an- functional groups relate- to t.e reference points.

S 671 )62

6 )61

6rans*ission line
% 672 6A S

%eference point

'unctional group

Figure 1.1 %eference configuration for (SD) user0to0networ/ interfaces %eference point (n 'igure 1.1 , crosses stan-s for reference points. A cross is a conceptual reference point for -ivi-ing functional groups. (n t.e user accessing, crosses stanfor p.1sical interfaces +etween -evice units. 'or t.e i*ple*entation of *ultiple functional groups co*+ine- in one -evice, reference points +etween functional groups e:ist onl1 conceptuall1. 6.e p.1sical interfaces cannot +e o+serve-. 6.ere are t.ree t1pes of reference points; t.e 8 reference point, S<6 reference point an- % reference point.

8 reference point

6.e 8 reference point, also calle- t.e 8 interface, is t.e line interface +etween t.e networ/ an- t.e user. Accor-ing to t.e regulations of (68, t.e 8 interface is t.e line interface +etween t.e networ/ an- t.e (SD) +asic rate access 3B%A4 user, +ut not t.e line interface +etween t.e networ/ an- t.e pri*ar1 rate access 3P%A4 user. Co*paring t.e reference *o-el to t.e actual application, we regar- t.at t.e 71 line in t.e P%A application as t.e 8 interface in 'igure 1.1 . 6.e B%A 8 interface -eter*ines t.e trans*ission line co-e. 6.e 8 interface uses t.e original analog su+scri+er line 3AS&4. 6o trans*it -igital signals t.roug. twistepairs, 1ou nee- to re-uce trans*ission attenuation. One wa1 for re-ucing trans*ission attenuation is to re-uce t.e line trans*ission rate, t.at is, to trans*it a 20+it +inar1 co-e wit. one level. 6.e trans*ission line co-e a-opte- +1 t.e 8 interface in C.ina is 2B1=. 6.is co-e in-icates t.at t.e line trans*ission uses four levels, eac. level +eing a co*+ination of two +its. Correlation +etween +inar1 co-es an- line levels; Binar1 co-e ## #1 1# 11 &ine level >3? >1? @3? @1?

(n t.is wa1, t.e line rate is re-uce- +1 .alf co*pare- wit. t.e +inar1 co-e rate, t.us re-ucing t.e trans*ission attenuation. A.en t.e 2B1= line co-e is use-, t.e line ele*ent rate 3+au- rate4 is # /+it<s, ant.e correspon-ing +an-wi-t. is 1$# /+it<s. 6.e +an-wi-t. allocation is -escri+e- in 6a+le 1.1 .

Table 1.1 Ban-wi-t. allocation in t.e 2B1= line co-e *o-e Channel 2B c.annel D c.annel " c.annel Rate $bit%s& 12 / 1$ / 4# / Fun tion 6raffic c.annel Signaling c.annel 6rans*itting t.e *aintenance

infor*ation +etween t.e networ/ an- t.e ter*inal 8se- for 8 interface s1nc.roni9ation 12 / 6rans*itting cloc/ infor*ation

S reference point an- 6 reference point

6.e S reference point, also calle- S interface, is t.e line interface +etween t.e (SD) ter*inal 3ter*inal e5uip*ent t1pe 1 36714 or ter*inal a-aptor 36A44 an- t.e networ/ ter*inal 3)64. 6.e 6 reference point, also calle- 6 interface, is t.e line interface +etween networ/ ter*inal t1pe 1 3)614 an- networ/ ter*inal t1pe 2 3)624. (n t.e (68 regulation, t.e specifications of t.e S interface is t.e sa*e as t.at of t.e 6 interface. (f t.e )62 -evice -oes not e:ist, S an- 6 toget.er for* S<6 reference point, also calle- S<6 interface. 6.e S<6 interface uses a four0line trans*ission *o-e, two lines for sen-ing an- two lines for receiving. 6.e line co-e is a pseu-o0A"( 3alternate *ar/ inversion4 co-e. (n A"( co-e, +inar1 +it B1C is converte- to positive pulse or negative pulse, w.ic. alternate forwar- an- +ac/war-D +inar1 +it B#B is converte- to level #. 'igure 1.2 illustrates t.e correlation +etween a +inar1 co-e an- an A"( co-e.
Binar1 co-e A"( co-e 1 # # 1 1 1 # 1 # 1

Sen-ing -irection

Figure 1.2 Correlation +etween a +inar1 co-e an- an A"( co-e

% reference point interface, an- analog telep.one

6.e % reference point, also calle- % interface, is a non0stan-ar- (SD) ter*inal interface, for e:a*ple, %S0232 interface, (77704 interface. 'unctional group (n 'igure 1.1 , +loc/s stan- for functional groups. A functional group is t.e co*+ination an- arrange*ent of functions re5uire- on (SD) user interfaces. (n application, a nu*+er of functional groups *a1 +e i*ple*ente- in one -evice.

)61

)61 provi-es 8 interfaces an- S<6 interfaces for connecting (SD) ter*inals an-evices of t.e (SD) e:c.ange. 6.e function of )61 is t.e co-e conversion +etween t.e 8 interface an- S<6 interface, for e:a*ple, t.e 2B1=<A"( co-e conversion in t.e C.inese stan-ar-. )61 is purel1 a p.1sical la1er -evice wit.out software intelligence,+ut it .as t.e line *aintenance an- perfor*ance *onitoring functions. (t ensures t.e cloc/ s1nc.roni9ation of t.e (SD) ter*inal an- networ/.

'ote( (f t.e )61 inclu-es t.e function of t.e 6A, it is calle- )61@.

)62

)62 is an intelligent ter*inal -evice. A co**on )62 -evice can +e a ter*inal control -evice suc. as a private auto*atic +ranc. e:c.ange 3PABE4 t.at .as t.e functions of (SD), an- a &A) router.

671

6.e 671 is a stan-ar- (SD) ter*inal, wit. stan-ar- S interfaces. (t can +e connecte- -irectl1 wit. t.e )61 or )62 t.roug. S interfaces. Co**on 671 -evices inclu-e (SD) -igital telep.one sets, F4 fa: *ac.ines, an- vi-eo p.ones.

6er*inal e5uip*ent t1pe 2 36724

672 is a non0stan-ar- (SD) ter*inal wit.out S interfaces. (t cannot +e -irectl1 connecte- wit. t.e )61 or )62. An S interface can +e connecte- to t.e 672 t.roug. a ter*inal a-apter 36A4. Co**on 672 -evices inclu-e PCs, or-inar1 telep.one sets, E 2! pac/et ter*inals an- F3 fa: *ac.ines.

6A

6.ere is an S or 8 interface on one en- of t.e 6A, an- an interface for connecting a non0stan-ar- (SD) ter*inal on t.e ot.er en-. 6.e role of t.e 6A is for rate a-aptation an- protocol conversion. 6.e non0stan-ar- (SD) ter*inal 36724 -oes

not .ave t.e function of t.e co**on c.annel signaling 3D c.annel4. (t can +e connecte- wit. t.e S or 8 interface onl1 after t.e rate a-aptation an- protocol conversion wit. t.e 6A. So*e 6As contain t.e +uilt0in A6 co**an- set. 6.e A6 co**an- set is a general co**an- for*at for operating on t.e "o-e* on a co*puter. (t supports call originating an- answering on a co*puter. (n ot.er wor-s, t.e A6 co**an- is converte- to D c.annel signaling. Ait. a 6A, t.e user can *a/e calls an- trans*it -ata si*ultaneousl1 t.roug. a co*puter. 6.e B c.annel protocol of t.e 6A is ?.11#. (t converts t.e low0spee- serial port -ata to t.e -ata wit. t.e spee- of $4 /+it<s to enter t.e B c.annel. (t ena+les t.e non0 stan-ar- (SD) ter*inal to co**unicate wit. t.e networ/ t.roug. a stan-ar- (SD) interface.

!!.

!SD' Channel
6.e (SD) c.annel t1pe refers to t.e c.annel pat. t1pe of t.e user0to0networ/ interface. (t inclu-es +earer c.annel 3B c.annel4, -e*an- c.annel 3D c.annel4 anG c.annel.

B c.annel

6.e B c.annel is use- for trans*itting user infor*ation 3inclu-ing voice, -ata ani*ages4 at t.e rate of $4 /+it<s. (t can i*ple*ent circuit switc.ing, pac/et switc.ing an- se*i0per*anent connection 3SPC4.

D c.annel

6.e D c.annel trans*its signaling *essages an- pac/et *essages for circuit switc.ing. Accor-ing to t.e nu*+er of B c.annels supporte- +1 D c.annels, D c.annels are -ivi-e- into 2B@D an- 3#B@D. Table 1.1 Ban-wi-t. allocation in t.e 2B1= line co-e *o-e Channel D1$ D$4 Rate $bit%s& 1$/ $4/ Fun tion D c.annel in 2B@D D c.annel in 3#B@D

G c.annel

6.e G c.annel is for trans*itting user infor*ation 3inclu-ing stereo progra*s, i*ages an- -ata4 at a rate over 3 4 /+it<s.

!!!.

!SD' !nterfa e
6.e (SD) interface falls into t.ree t1pes; B%A 32B@D4, P%A 33#B@D4 an- (S8P.

B%A interface

B%A is s.ort for t.e +asic rate interface<access 3B%(<B%A4. (t is specifie- w.en t.e or-inar1 su+scri+er line in PS6) is use- as t.e (SD) su+scri+er line. (t .as a rate of 144 /+it<s. (t supports two $4 /+it<s user c.annels 3B c.annel4 an- one 1$ /+it<s signaling c.annel 3D c.annel4. 6.e B%A interface is provi-e- +1 t.e -igital su+scri+er line +oar- 3DS&4 of t.e optical networ/ unit 3O)84 or re*ote su+scri+er processor 3%SP4 un-er t.e 8"F H##. 7ac. DS& can provi-e eig.t B%A interfaces. One B%A interface can +e connecte- wit. eig.t (SD) ter*inals at *ost. (t allows two telep.ones 3eac. occup1ing a B c.annel4 an- a pac/et ter*inal 3occup1ing t.e D c.annel4 to co**unicate wit. t.e networ/ si*ultaneousl1. A.en t.e (SD)0PC co**unicates wit. t.e networ/, it can occup1 two B c.annels at t.e *a:i*u* rate of 12 /+it<s. As s.own in 'igure 10$, t.e eig.t (SD) ter*inals attac.e- to t.e 2B@D interface can call anot.er ter*inal in t.e Bsu+scri+er nu*+er @ su+0a--ressC *o-e. 6wo su+scri+er nu*+ers *ust +e allocate- to a B%A interface on t.e networ/ si-e anset on t.e ter*inal. 7ac. su+scri+er nu*+er can .ave four su+0a--resses 31>4 -igits4 at *ost. On t.e networ/ si-e, su+0a--ress nu*+ers nee- not +e set. Onl1 t.e aut.orities for su+0a--ress nu*+ers nee- to +e registere-. Su+0a--resses are set on ter*inals.
S8B1I1 S8B1I2 S8B1I3 S<6JK 2B@D su+scri+er line )1I$$##### )2I$$####1 )61 S8B1I1 S8B1I2 S8B1I3 S8B1I4 )2I$$####1 S8B1I4 )1I$$#####

Figure 1.1 (SD) su+scri+er nu*+er an- su+0a--ress

P%A interface

Accor-ing to -ifferent gaping 371I326S, 61I246S4 -ivi-e- +1 t.e PC" s1ste*, t.e pri*ar1 rate interfaces<accesses 3P%(<P%A4 are classifie- into t.e 3#B@D interfaces 3C.ina an- 7urope4 an- t.e 23B@D interfaces 3)ort. A*erica an- Lapan4. 6.e 3#B@D interface is t.e P%A interface in C.ina wit. a rate of 2#4 /+it<s. (t supports t.irt1 $4 /+it<s user c.annels 3B c.annels4 an- a $4 /+it<s signaling c.annel 3D c.annel4. 6.e p.1sical c.annel of t.e P%A interface is provi-e- +1 t.e -igital trun/ *o-ule 3D6"4. 6.e +oar- t1pe *ust +e set to BP%AC -uring .ar-ware -ata configuration. 7ac. P%A +oar- provi-es two 3#B@D P%A interfaces. 6.e su+scri+er line is a

coa:ial ca+le t.at can *eet t.e re5uire*ent of users wit. .eav1 traffic. 6.e P%A interface can +e connecte- to t.e PABE t.at .as t.e functions of (SD), a &A), or (nternet interi* inter0switc. signalling protocol 3(SP4 s1ste*. (t can also provi-e c.annels for vi-eo conference users to trans*it .ig. 5ualit1 pictures.

(S8P interface

6.e (SD) user part 3(S8P4 interface is nee-e- for ena+ling t.e (S8P circuit +etween two e:c.anges.

14.1.)

*ppli ation of DSS1

'igure 1.1 is a t1pical application of DSS1 signaling in )F).

SoftE3###

(P "A)

G.24 <(8A

G.24 <(8A

8"F H##
P%(

8"F H##
P%(

%SP B%( B%(

PBE

)AS

(SD)

(SD)

PO6S

PO6S

(SD) 2B@D access

PBE an- )AS -evices

Figure 1.1 61pical application of DSS1 in )F) 6.e 8"F H## provi-es t.e B%(s an- P%(s specifie- in ISDN User to Network Interface Specifications, for processing =.H21 *essages. (t transparentl1 trans*its =.H31 signaling to t.e "SO'6E3### t.roug. (SD) =.H2108ser A-aptation &a1er 3(8A4 to i*ple*ent t.e following (SD) services;

Provi-ing B%(s for t.e accessing of or-inar1 (SD) users 32B@D4D Provi-ing P%(s for accessing PABEs an- networ/ access servers 3)AS4.

'or t.e DSS1 signaling s1ste*, t.is -ocu*ent intro-uces onl1 t.e P%(. 'or t.e

B%(, refer to relevant stan-ar-s.

14.1.4

"roto ol Stru ture of DSS1

DSS1 signaling .as t.ree la1ers; p.1sical la1er, -ata lin/ la1er an- call control la1er. 'igure 1.1 reference *o-el.
&a1ers 407 Call control la1er Data lin/ la1er P.1sical la1er DSS1 signaling &a1er 3 &a1er 2 &a1er 1 OS( reference *o-el

illustrates t.e correlation +etween DSS1 signaling an- t.e OS(

Figure 1.1 Correlation +etween DSS1 signaling an- t.e OS( reference *o-el

!. "h+si al ,a+er
6.e p.1sical la1er specifies t.e proce-ure an- electrical an- functional features of t.e (SD) user0to0networ/ interface. (t provi-es t.e tec.nical +asis for t.e interconnection, operation an- *aintenance, e5uip*ent -esign, networ/ planning an- acceptance test of t.e user0to0networ/ interface. 'or e:a*ple, t.e reference configuration of t.e P%( is s.own in 'igure 1.1 .

%
671 )62

6
)61

6rans*ission *e-ia

%
672 6A

671; Stan-ar- (SD) ter*inal %eference point 672; )on0stan-ar- (SD) ter*inal )61; )etwor/ ter*inal t1pe 1 )62; )etwor/ ter*inal t1pe 2 3'or e:a*ple, PBE, &A), %outer4 'unctional group 6A; 6er*inal a-aptor

Figure 1.1 %eference configuration of (SD) user0to0networ/ interfaces 6.e *eanings of t.e B c.annel an- D c.annel supporte- +1 t.e P%(; B c.annel; +earer c.annel of t.e user infor*ation wit. t.e rate of $4 /+it<s, use- for carr1ing voice an- -ata for circuit switc.ing, pac/et switc.ing an- SPC. D c.annel; +earer c.annel of t.e signaling infor*ation wit. t.e rate of $4 /+it<s,

use- to trans*it t.e signaling infor*ation an- pac/et -ata infor*ation of circuit switc.ing. 6.e P%( p.1sical c.annel is in t.e PC" structure. (t .as t.e sa*e rate as t.e PC" pri*ar1 rate, na*el1, 2#4 /+it<s. 6.e P%( can use twiste- pairs as t.e trans*ission *e-ia. (n t.e 3#<32 c.annels of PC", eac. fra*e is -ivi-e- into 32 +asic ti*e slots. 6S# is use- for fra*e s1nc.roni9ation an- error control, an- 6S1$ for signaling trans*ission.

!!.

Data ,in- ,a+er

6.e -ata lin/ la1er specifies t.e specification attri+utes of t.e -ata lin/ la1er of t.e (SD) user0to0networ/ interface 3P%(4. 6.ese specification attri+utes inclu-e t.e concept an- ter*s of t.e -ata lin/ la1er protocol, an- t.e fra*e structure, proce-ure, proce-ure ele*ent an- fiel- for*at of t.e -ata lin/ la1er protocol un-er nor*al operation. On t.e (SD) user0to0networ/ interface, t.e -ata lin/ la1er protocol accesses t.e &APD protocol t.roug. t.e lin/ on t.e D c.annel. 6.e &APD protocol -efines rules for t.e la1er 2 entit1 on t.e user0to0networ/ interface to e:c.ange infor*ation t.roug. t.e D c.annel. 6.e la1er 2 entit1 *a1 e:c.ange infor*ation +etween t.e 67 an- t.e )62 3suc. as PABE, &A) an- a router4, +etween t.e )62 an- an e:c.ange, or +etween t.e 67 an- an e:c.ange. 6.erefore, &APD is to provi-e *eans of infor*ation trans*ission +etween co*+inations of -ata lin/ connection en-s. 'unctions of &APD are as follows; Provi-ing -ata lin/ connections on one or *ore D c.annelsD Discri*ination of -ata lin/ connections -epen-ing on t.e -ata lin/ connection i-entifier 3D&C(4 containein eac. fra*eD Deli*itation, location an- transparent trans*ission of fra*es, .ence allowing recogni9ing a string of +its sent on t.e D c.annel in t.e for* of a fra*eD Se5uence control for /eeping t.e se5uence of fra*es connecte- t.roug. -ata lin/sD C.ec/ing of t.e trans*ission an- for*at of an- operation onto -ata lin/ connectionsD 7rror recover1 after t.e trans*ission, for*at an- operation c.ec/D )otif1ing t.e *anage*ent entit1 of unrecovera+le errorsD Perfor*ing flow controlD "anage*ent of t.e activation of t.e p.1sical la1er. 'or -etails, refer to ISDN User to Network Interface Specifications Part 2: Technical Specifications on Data Link Layer 3MD) #34.301HH74.

!!!.

Call Control ,a+er

6.e call control la1er specifies t.e proce-ure for esta+lis.ing, /eeping anre*oving networ/ connections on t.e (SD) user0to0networ/ interface. (t also

specifies t.e process of *essage e:c.ange on t.e D c.annel. Ait. t.e functions an- services provi-e- +1 t.e -ata lin/ la1er, t.e call control la1er provi-es functions for esta+lis.ing an- operating on networ/ connections to users. 6.ese functions support t.e +asic call control progra* an- t.e call control progra* relate- to supple*entar1 features provi-e- +1 t.e networ/. 6.ese functions inclu-e; Processing t.e pri*itive use- for t.e co**unication wit. t.e -ata lin/ la1erD Fenerating an- translating la1er03 *essages for intra0la1er co**unicationD "anaging t.e ti*er an- logical entit1 use- in t.e call control progra*D "anaging accessing resources, inclu-ing t.e B c.annel, an- t.e logical pat. of t.e pac/et la1er 3for e:a*ple, E.2! reco**en-ations4D 7nsuring t.e consistenc1 +etween t.e provi-e- services an- t.e services re5uire+1 t.e user 3for e:a*ple, t.e +earer capacit1, a--ress, an- t.e co*pati+ilit1 +etween t.e lower la1ers an- t.e .ig.er la1ers4D %outing an- trun/sD )etwor/ connection controlD 6rans*itting infor*ation +etween t.e networ/ an- t.e userD "ultiple:ing of networ/ connectionsD 7rror c.ec/ingD 7rror recover1D Se5uencingD Bloc/ing control an- user -ata strea* controlD %estart. 'or -etails, refer to (SD) 8ser to )etwor/ (nterface Specifications > Part 3; 6ec.nical Specifications on Basic Call Control of &a1er 3 MD) #34.301HH7.

14.1..

Call Control /essage

6.e &a1er 3 3call control la1er4 entit1 of t.e user si-e nee-s to co**unicate wit. t.e &a1er 3 entit1 of t.e networ/ si-e for call control. 6.e co**unication is reali9e+1 e:c.anging *essages on t.e D c.annel. 6.e call control la1er *essage is co*pose- of -ata +loc/s of -ifferent lengt.s. (t is pro-uce- an- processe- +1 t.e call control la1er, an- carrie- an- trans*itte- +1 t.e -ata lin/ la1er. 6.e for*at of t.e call control la1er *essage specifie- +1 t.e reco**en-ations of (6806 =.H31<=.H32 is illustrate- in 'igure 1.1 . 6.e call control la1er *essage consists of a nu*+er 3an integer4 of +1tes. 7ac. *essage .as a co**on part, anoptional or *an-ator1 infor*ation ele*ents.

1#

7
Co**on part

1 1 +1te 1 +1te 2 +1tes at *ost 1 +1te

Protocol -iscri*inator

&engt. of call reference value

'&AF Call reference value #

Optional or *an-ator1 infor*ation ele*ents
"essage t1pe

Ot.er infor*ation ele*ents

Ot.er infor*ation ele*ents

Figure 1.1 'or*at of (6806 =.H31 *essages 6.e co**on part consists of t.ree su+0parts wit. t.e for*at i-entical wit. t.at of all *essages.

!. "roto ol Dis ri0inator

6.e protocol -iscri*inator separates t.e call control *essage fro* ot.er *essages on t.e user0to0networ/ interface. 6.e lengt. of t.e protocol -iscri*inator is one +1te. 6.e value of t.e =.H31 call control la1er *essage fi:e-l1 is ####1###.

!!.

Call Referen e 1alue

6.e reference i-entifies calls involve- +1 *essages or facilit1 registration<un0 registration re5uests on t.e local user0to0networ/ interface. Call reference value -oes not .ave t.e *eaning of overri-ing (SD) fro* en- to en-. 6.e call reference value is allocate- +1 t.e call originating interface. (nsi-e t.e la1er02 logical lin/ connection of a specific D c.annel, call reference values are uni5ue on t.e originating si-e. 6.e1 are allocate- at t.e start of calls an- /ept till t.e en- of t.ese calls 3e:cept in t.e cases of call suspension4. After t.e en- or successful suspension of a call, t.e call reference value can +e re0allocate- to a new call. On la1er 2 logical lin/s of a sa*e D c.annel, two calls of -ifferent -irections can .ave t.e sa*e call reference value. 6.e eig.t. +1te of t.e secon- eig.t0+1te set is t.e call reference flag. 6.e value of t.e flag is # or 1. 6.e call reference flag i-entifies t.e en- of t.e la1er 2 logical lin/ to sen- t.e call reference value. 6.e call reference flag on t.e originating si-e is alwa1s set to #, an- t.at on t.e ter*inating si-e is alwa1s set to 1. 6.e sole purpose of t.e call reference flag is to solve t.e pro+le* of two en-s atte*pting to allocate t.e sa*e call reference value at t.e sa*e ti*e. 6.e call reference flag is also applie- w.en using t.e glo+al call reference 3for e:a*ple, to restart a progra*4.

!!!.

/essage T+pe
"essage t1pes i-entifies *essages t.at are +eing sent. 6.e1 inclu-e -ifferent

11

infor*ation ele*ents. 6.e *essage part is t.e t.ir- part of a *essage, an- its lengt. is one +1te. Bit is reserve- for future e:pansion. Call control la1er *essages of =.H31 are classifie- into four t1pes; *essages for call setup, *essages use- at t.e call infor*ation stage, *essages for call clearing, an- ot.er *essages. 6.e co-ing of -ifferent t1pes of *essages is -escri+e- in 6a+le 1.1 Table 1.1 . 61pes of call control la1er *essages of =.H31 /essage t+pe

/essage ode #### ###1 #### ##1# #### #111 #### 1111 #### ##11 #### #1#1 #### 11#1 ##1# #11# ##1# 111# ##1# ##1# ##1# #1#1 ##1# 11#1 ##1# ###1 #1## #1#1 #1## 11#1 #1#1 1#1# #1## #11# #1## 111# #111 1#11 #11# 111# Ot.er *essages "essages for call setup

A&7%6()F CA&& P%OC77D()F CO))7C6 CO))7C6 ACN)OA&7DF7 P%OF%7SS S768P S768P ACN)OA&7DF7

"essages use- at t.e call infor*ation stage

%7S8"7 %7S8"7 ACN)OA&7DF7 %7S8"7 %7L7C6 S8SP7)D S8SP7)D ACN)OA&7DF7 S8SP7)D %7L7C6

"essages for call clearing

D(SCO))7C6 %7&7AS7 %7&7AS7 CO"P&767 %7S6A%6 %7S6A%6 ACN)OA&7DF7 ()'O%"A6(O) )O6('M

12

#111 11#1 #111 #1#1

S6A68S S6A68S 7)=8(%M

14.1.2

Basi Signaling "ro ess

6.e following ta/es t.e process of t.e si*plest call control wit. circuit switc.ing as an e:a*ple to -escri+e t.e +asic signaling process of DSS1. Suppose +ot. t.e calling en- an- t.e calle- en- use (SD) ter*inal -evices. (f (S8P is use- as t.e signaling protocol +etween t.e originating an- ter*inating offices, t.e process of a t1pical call is illustrate- in 'igure 1.1 .
67: Calle- ter*inal 671

Calling ter*inal S768P S768P ACN ()'O ()'O CA&& P%OC

Originating (S8P office

6er*inating office

(A"

S768P A&7%6

A&7%6 CO)) CO)) ACN

AC" A)"

A&7%6 CO)) CO)) ACN %7& %7& CO"P

Conversation or -ata Caller .oo/s on first D(SC3cause valueI1$4 %7& %7& CO"P %7& %&C D(SC3cause valueI1$4 %7& %7& CO"P D(SC3cause valueI1$4 %7& %7& CO"P Caller .oo/s on first

D(SC3cause valueI1$4 %7& %7& CO"P

%7& %&C

Figure 1.1 Basic signaling process of DSS1 3circuit switc.ing4

!. Call Setup "ro ess

A call re5uest is sent in t.e for* of t.e S768P *essage. 6.e *essage is

13

trans*itte- on an esta+lis.e- -ata lin/. A.en t.e S768P *essage reac.es t.e networ/ si-e of t.e originating office, t.e networ/ entit1 of la1er 3 c.ec/s w.et.er t.e calle- a--ress is co*plete. (f it is co*plete, t.e originating office returns t.e CA&& P%OC77D()F *essage to .olt.e caller waiting. (f t.e calle- a--ress is inco*plete, t.e originating office returns t.e S768P ACN *essage to re5uest su+se5uent infor*ation. 6.e caller sen-s t.e ()'O%"A6(O) *essage to provi-e t.e re*aining infor*ation. A.en t.e originating office networ/ si-e receives t.e co*plete a--ress infor*ation, it notifies t.e e:c.ange for routing an- resource allocation. (n t.is e:a*ple, t.e call *ust go t.roug. anot.er e:c.ange +efore +eing connecte- to t.e callee. 6.erefore, t.e originating office e:c.ange *ust sen- a *essage containing t.e call0relate- infor*ation to t.e ter*inating office e:c.ange t.roug. SS7 signaling 3(S8P4. A.en t.e ter*inating office receives t.is *essage, it sen-s t.e S768P *essage to t.e callee. 6.e S768P *essage contains all t.e infor*ation sent +1 t.e originating office, inclu-ing t.e +earer service capacit1, ter*inal lower la1er an- .ig.er la1er attri+utes, an- en-0to0en- infor*ation. (t also contains t.e su+scri+er infor*ation c.annel selecte- +1 t.e ter*inating office. On t.e +asic interface of t.e callee, t.e S768P *essage is trans*itte- on t.e +roa-cast -ata lin/ 367( I 1274. 6.erefore, all t.e ter*inals connecte- to t.e passive +us receive t.e S768P *essage. 6.ese ter*inals will c.ec/ w.et.er t.e1 *eet t.e content re5uire*ents of t.e S768P *essage. 'or e:a*ple, w.et.er t.e1 .ave t.e sa*e +earer service features as t.e *essage, w.et.er t.e lower la1er an- .ig.er la1er protocols are consistent, w.et.er t.eir ter*inal t1pes *atc. t.at of t.e calling ter*inal, an- w.et.er t.e su+0a--ress 3if t.ere is one4 is confor*ant. 6.e following case is possi+le. 'or a call, t.ere are several ter*inals .aving t.e infor*ation co*pati+le wit. t.e S768P *essage. 6.en, t.ese ter*inals si*ultaneousl1 return t.e A&7%6()F *essage to t.e networ/ an- sen- t.e ringing tone to t.e callee. 6.e ter*inating office sen-s t.e first A&A%6()F *essage to t.e originating office. A.en t.e A&A%6()F *essage finall1 arrives at t.e calling ter*inal, t.e calling ter*inal sen-s t.e ring+ac/ tone 3or -ispla1s t.e A&A%6()F infor*ation4 to t.e caller. A.en a calle- ter*inal respon-s to t.e call, it i**e-iatel1 sen-s t.e CO))7C6 *essage to t.e networ/. 6.e e:c.ange of t.e ter*inating office transfers t.e CO))7C6 *essage to t.e caller si-e, an- at t.e sa*e ti*e sen-s t.e CO))7C6 ACN *essage to t.e respon-ing calle- ter*inal. 6.en, t.e B c.annels selecte- +1 +ot. e:c.anges are connecte-. 6.e circuit connection is set up +etween t.e caller an- t.e callee an- t.e circuit is rea-1 for trans*itting su+scri+er infor*ation.

!!.

Call Release "ro ess

6.e call release process wit. t.e caller .oo/ing on first is as follows. 6.e caller sen-s t.e D(SCO))7C6 *essage 3cause value I 1$4 to t.e originating

14

office. After t.e originating office receives t.e *essage, it sen-s t.e %7& *essage to t.e ter*inating office to -isconnect t.e inter0office circuit. 6.e ter*inating office returns t.e %&C *essage, in-icating t.e co*pletion of call release. A.en t.e originating office sen-s t.e %7& *essage to t.e ter*inating office, it also respon-s to t.e calling ter*inal wit. t.e %7&7AS7 *essage to -isconnect t.e inter0office circuit. 6.e calling ter*inal returns t.e %7&7AS7 CO"P767 *essage, in-icating t.e co*pletion of -isconnection. After t.e ter*inating office receives t.e %7& *essage fro* t.e originating office, it sen-s t.e D(SCO))7C6 *essage 3cause value I1$4 to t.e calle- ter*inal. 6.e calle- ter*inal respon-s wit. t.e %7&7AS7 *essage to -isconnect t.e circuit +etween t.e caller an- t.e ter*inating office. 6.e ter*inating office returns t.e %7&7AS7 CO"P&767 *essage to t.e callee, in-icating t.e co*pletion of -isconnection. )ow, t.e call is co*pletel1 release-. 'or t.e call release process wit. t.e callee .oo/ing on first, DSS1 call control *essages on t.e user0to0networ/ interface are t.e sa*e as t.e a+ove. %efer to ('igure 1.1 for an anal1sis.

14.2 R2 Signaling
14.2.1 Basi Con epts
As t.e teleco* networ/ is ver1 large in scale, it is .ar- to replace c.annel associate- signaling co*pletel1 wit. SS7 signaling in a s.ort ti*e span. B1 far, t.e c.annel associate- signaling s1ste* is still wi-el1 use- in t.e international teleco* networ/ an- teleco* networ/s of various countries. )o. 1 signaling is a su+set of %2 signaling. %2 signaling consists of line signaling an- register signaling. Of t.ese two /in-s of signaling, t.e -efinition varies fro* countr1 to countr1. &ine signaling is trans*itte- +etween line -evices 3repeaters4. (t is co*pose- of line *onitoring signals. (t is use- for *onitoring t.e status of connection of trun/s an- controlling t.e connection. A line -evice cannot +e s.are- a*ong trun/s. (nstea-, eac. trun/ *ust .ave a line -evice. 6.erefore, line signaling is relativel1 si*ple to re-uce costs, an- t.e t1pes of line signaling are few. %egister signaling is trans*itte- +etween registers. (t is co*pose- of selection signals an- service signals. (t is use- for selecting route an- callee an- *anaging t.e telep.one networ/. A register is a s.are- -evice. 'ew registers are nee-e- in a signaling networ/. 6.erefore, a register can +e a co*ple: -evice for *atc.ing *ore /in-s of signaling.

14.2.2

,ine Signaling
6.ere are t.ree for*s of line signaling; DC line signaling, line signaling wit. in0+an-

1!

single fre5uenc1 pulse an- -igital line signaling.

!. DC line signaling
DC line signaling is use- for t.e real line trun/s of electro*ec.anical switc.es. (n C.ina, local call networ/s are all store- progra*0controlle-D t.erefore DC line signaling actuall1 is not use-. DC line signaling will not +e intro-uce- in t.is -ocu*ent.

!!.

,ine signaling with in3band single fre4uen + pulse

(n a toll auto*atic telep.one networ/, if t.e inter0office trans*ission s1ste* uses carrier, *icrowave or satellite circuits of fre5uenc10-ivision *ultiple:ing, t.e inter0 office line signaling usuall1 uses t.e au-io signal, na*el1, t.e in0+an- single fre5uenc1 pulse signal. 6.e single fre5uenc1 use- +1 line signaling is 2$## G9. (t consists of t.e s.ort signal unit, long signal unit an- continuous signal unit. 6.e s.ort signal unit is a s.ort pulse signal wit. t.e no*inal value of 1!# *illisecon-s. 6.e long signal unit is a long pulse signal wit. t.e no*inal value of $## *illisecon-s. 6.e no*inal interval of sen-ing two signals is 3## *illisecon-s. 6a+le 1.1 pulse signals an- intervals. Table 1.1 intervals 'o0inal values of pulse signal or interval "ulse Signal length $0s& !nterval $0s& Sending ti0e deviation at trans0itting end $0s& S.ort signal unit Sen-ing interval &ong signal unit $## $## O 12# 37! O 7! > 3## O $# > 1!# 1!# O 3# # O 2# Re ognition ti0e range at re eiving end $0s& )o*inal values of t.e in0+an- single fre5uenc1 pulses an- t.eir lists t.e no*inal values of

6.ere are two /in-s of line signaling; forwar- signaling an- +ac/war- signaling. 'orwar- signaling is sent fro* t.e originating office to t.e ter*inating office. Bac/war- signaling is sent fro* t.e ter*inating office to t.e originating office. 6.e structure of signaling signals is -escri+e- in 6a+le 1.2 .

1$

Table 1.2 Ser ial 'o. Conne tion status $signaling na0e&

Signal structure of line signaling wit. in0+an- single fre5uenc1 pulse Sending dire tion Forw ard Ba -wa rd Signaling signal stru ture $0s& Re0ar-s

Occupation signal

Single pulse 1!#

Disconnection signal

Single pulse $##

%epeate-isconnection signal

P
1!# 3## $##

8se+etween toll offices an+etween toll<local offices 8se$## $## $##

+etween local offices

4 ! $

Answer signal Clear signal %elease signal guar-

Q Q Q

Single pulse 1!# Single pulse $## Single pulse $##

Bloc/ing signal Op era tor sig nal %e0ringing or force-isconnec tion signal P

Continuous At
1!# 1!# 1!# 1!# 1!#

least

t.ree pulses

%ing+ac/ signal

Q
1!# 1!# 1!# 1!# 1!#

At t.ree pulses

least

17

Ser ial 'o.

Conne tion status $signaling na0e&

Sending dire tion Forw ard Ba -wa rd

Signaling signal stru ture $0s&

Re0ar-s

'orcesignal

release

A P

Single pulse $##

75uivalent to signal clear

B Q

Single pulse $##

75uivalent to release guarsignal

6.e connection states in 6a+le 1.2

are -escri+e- as follows;

Occupation signal is a forwar- signaling. A.en t.e outgoing trun/ of t.e originating office sen-s an occupation signal, an inco*ing trun/ of t.e peer office will c.ange its state fro* i-le to occupie-.

Disconnection signal is a forwar- signaling sent +1 t.e outgoing trun/ to t.e inco*ing trun/ of t.e peer office. (t *eans t.at t.e switc. can release t.e call in a+nor*al call -isconnection in a--ition to nor*al -isconnection. 6.e -isconnection signal is sent in an1 of t.e following cases; 1 2 3 6.e caller .angs up in call control recover1 *o-e 6.e operator of original toll office in toll se*i0auto*atic connection 6.e original office receives a +ac/war- register signaling suc. as connection +us1. 4 Callee not pic/up after alerting ti*eout, or caller not .ang up for *ore t.an H# secon-s after callee .angs up

6.e repeate- -isconnection signal is sent +1 t.e outgoing trun/ of t.e original office w.en it -oes not receive t.e release control signal 3 to ! secon-s after its sen-ing t.e -isconnection signal. (f t.e release control signal is still not receive- after sen-ing t.e repeate- -isconnection signal, an alar* will +e generate-.

6.e answer signal in-icates t.at t.e callee pic/s up t.e p.one. (t is a +ac/war- signaling sent +1 t.e inco*ing trun/.

6.e clear signal in-icates t.at t.e callee .angs up. (t is a +ac/war- signaling sent +1 t.e inco*ing trun/ fro* t.e ter*inal office to t.e original office in rela1. 6.e release control signal is a +ac/war- confir*ation signal of t.e -isconnection signal. (t in-icates t.at t.e caller of t.e originating office releases.

6.e +loc/ing signal is a +ac/war- signaling sent +1 t.e inco*ing trun/ of t.e inco*ing office, in-icating t.at t.e trun/ .as +een +loc/e-. 6.e re0ringing signal is a forwar- operator signaling. After t.e toll office operator esta+lis. call connection wit. t.e callee an- t.e callee answers, if t.e callee .angs up an- t.e operator nee- to call t.e callee, t.e operator can sent.e re0ringing signal.

6.e force- -isconnection signal is also a forwar- operator signal. A.en t.e toll office operator tries to connect t.e call, an- fin-s t.at t.e callee is engage- in a local call, t.e operator will sen- t.e signal after receiving confir*ation fro* t.e callee.

6.e ring+ac/ signal is a +ac/war- operator signaling. (t is sent +1 t.e operator +ac/ to t.e caller. 6.e force- release signal is use- in t.e following case. (n a +i0-irectional trun/ circuit, so*eti*es it is occupie- in +ot. -irection -ue to -istur+ances. (f no register signaling is receive- in 1! secon-s, one en- will sen- a forwar- forcerelease signal 3acting as a release signal4, an- t.e ot.er en- will sen- a +ac/war- force- release signal 3acting as a release control signal4, an- t.e trun/ circuit is release-.

!!!.

Digital line signaling

6.e line signaling *onitors t.e occupation, release, an- +loc/ing state of t.e trun/ lines. 6o support trans*ission of 3# voice c.annel line signaling in t.e PC"

s1ste*, a *ultifra*e concept is intro-uces. A *ultifra*e consists of 1$ in-ivi-ual fra*es, eac. of w.ic. is 12! Rs an- contains 32 ti*eslots. A *ultifra*e .as 1$ 6S1$. (n t.e 6S1$ of t.e fra*e #, t.e first four +its are use- for s1nc.roni9ation in t.e *ultifra*e, t.e last four +its are use- for loss0of0s1nc.roni9ation report, an- t.e 6S1$ of t.e ot.er 1! fra*es are use- to trans*it t.e line signaling of t.e 3# voice c.annels. 6a+le 1.1 -escri+es t.e usage of 6S1$ in a PC" *ultifra*e. Table 1.1 8se of 6S1$ in a PC" *ultifra*e Fra0e 5 ## ## EM EE a+c?oice c.annel 1 Fra0e 1 a+c?oice c.annel 1$ Fra0e 2 a+c?oice c.annel 2 a+c?oice c. annel 17 ... S

1H

6S1$ of fra*e #

E; Spare +it, an- is set to 1. M; &oss0of0s1nc.roni9ation report +it. # *eans nor*al, an- 1 *eans loss of s1nc.roni9ation.

6S1$ of ot.er fra*es

A 3#0voice0c.annel PC" s1ste* sen-s t.e line signaling +1 sa*pling antrans*itting t.e 6S1$ in a *ultifra*e. 6.ere are four +it2a, +, c, an- -2availa+le in +ot. trans*ission -irections for eac. voice c.annel. Onl1 t.e first t.ree +its are use- for +ot. t.e forwar- signaling an- t.e +ac/war- signaling. 6.e +it af, +f, an- cf are for t.e forwar- signaling, an- t.e a +, ++, an- c+ are for t.e +ac/war- signaling. 6a+le 1.2 Table 1.2 lists t.e *eaning of t.e signaling.

"eaning of forwar- signaling in -igital lines Bit /eaning Caller pic/s up 3occupie-4 Caller .angs up 3release-4 )ot fault1 'ault1 Operator re0rings or force- releases Operator -oes not re0ring or force- release

afI# afI1 +fI# +fI1 cfI# cfI1

Table 1.)

"eaning of +ac/war- signaling in -igital lines Bit /eaning Callee pic/s up Caller .angs up 3+ac/war- release-4 (-le Occupie- or +loc/eOperator rings +ac/ Operator -oes not ring +ac/

a+I# a+I1 ++I# ++I1 c+I# c+I1

O+viousl1, no operator intervention is nee-e- in t.e connection +etween local offices, an- t.e auto*atic connection +etween a local office an- a toll office.

2#

6.erefore, Cf an- C+ are not nee-e-. 6a+le 1.4 s.ows t.e -ifferences +etween -ifferent -igital line signaling in t.e t.ree +its. Table 1.4 office Conne tion state af (-le OccupieOccupation confir*eAnswer Gang up %e0ring release4 %elease %elease control %ing +ac/ Bloc/e1 1 1 1 # # # # 1 1 1 1 # 1 # 1 1 # 1 1 3force# # # # # # 1 1 # # 1 1 1 1 1 1 # # bf # # #
f

Signaling +its in t.e auto*atic an- se*i0auto*atic connection of a toll

Forward signaling

Ba -ward signaling ab 1 1 1 bb # # 1

1 1 1

%efer to t.e previous paragrap.s on t.e -efinition of connection states.

14.2.)

Register Signaling
!. Definition of Register Signaling
6.e %2 register signaling is in *ultiple fre5uenc1 control 3"'C4 *o-e. (t is -ivi-einto two t1pes2forwar- signaling an- +ac/war- signaling. (n t.e register signaling, t.e forwar- signaling an- +ac/war- signaling are +ot. consistent. 6.e forwarsignaling trans*its a--resses an- controls in-ications, w.ile t.e +ac/warsignaling confir*s an- controls a call. A.en sen-ing a -igit, t.e sen-ing part1 will not stop sen-ing t.e forwar-ing signaling until .aving receive- a +ac/warconfir*ation. Si*ilarl1, t.e receiving en- will not stop sen-ing +ac/war- signaling until .aving -etecte- t.at t.e peer en- stops sen-ing forwar-ing signaling. As s.own in 'igure 1.1 , t.e trans*ission of %2 register signaling is -one in four +eats.

21

Orginating office Sen- t.e first +it of forwar- signaling 3Beat 14 Stop sen-ing t.e first +it t2 of forwar- signaling 3Beat 34 S)D %C?

6er*inating office S)D %C?

t1

Sen- t.e first +it of +ac/war- signaling 3Beat 24

t3

Sen- t.e secon- +it of forwar-ing signaling

t4

Stop sen-ing t.e first +it of +ac/war- signaling 3Beat 34

Figure 1.1 6.e trans*ission process of %2 register siganling Beat 1 2 Operations 6.e originating office sen-s t.e first +it of forwar-ing signaling. 6.e ter*inating office 3receiving en-4 receives an- i-entifies t.e forwar-ing signaling, an- returns t.e first +it of +ac/war- confir*ation signaling. 6.e ter*inating office t.us replies t.at it .as receive- t.e forwar-ing signaling, an- infor*s w.at specific forwar-ing signaling t.e originating office s.all ne:t sen-. 3 6.e originating office receives an- i-entifies t.e +ac/war- confir*ation signaling, an- stops sen-ing t.e forwar- signaling. 4 6.e ter*inating office -etects t.at t.e peer en- stops sen-ing t.e forwar- signaling, an- stops sen-ing t.e +ac/war- confir*ation signaling. A.en t.e originating office -etects t.at t.e peer en- stops sen-ing t.e +ac/war- confir*ation signaling, it starts t.e secon- control perio- +1 sen-ing t.e ne:t +it of forwar-ing signaling.

!!.

Coding /ode of /FC Register Signaling

6.ere are 1! t1pes of forwar- signaling of "'C register signaling. 'ifteen co*+inations of two fro* t.e si: .ig. fre5uencies213 # G9, 1!## G9, 1$2# G9, 174# G9, 1 $#G9, an- 1H #G9. 6.ere are si: +ac/war- signaling of "'C register signaling. Si: co*+inations of two fro* four low fre5uencies2114# G9, 1#2# G9, H## G9, an- 7 # G9. 6a+le 1.1 fre5uencies. an- 6a+le 1.2 -etails t.e co*+ination of

22

Table 1.1 'orwar- signaling Code Fr4 $67& '# 313 #4 '1 31!##4 '2 31$2#4 '4 3174#4 '7 31 $#4 '11 31H #4 1 2 ) 4 . 2 8 9 : 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 ) 1 4 1 .

Table 1.2 Bac/war- signaling Code Fr4 $67& '# 3114#4 '1 31#2#4 '2 3H##4 '4 37 #4 1 2 ) 4 . 2

!!!. T+pes and 0eanings /FC register signaling

As -escri+e- in t.e a+ove, t.e "'C register signaling falls into two t1pes; forwaran- +ac/war-. Bot. forwar- signaling an- +ac/war- signaling .ave two su+0t1pes; group ( an- group (( for t.e forwar- signaling, an- group A an- group B for t.e +ac/war- signaling. Froup A is t.e ac/nowle-ge*ent of group (, an- group B t.e ac/nowle-ge*ent of group ((. 6a+le 1.1 signaling. Table 1.1 "eanings of t.e four groups of signaling Ba -ward signal Capa it+ #roup 'a0 e NA Caller t1pe 1#<1! A A Bac/ $ /eaning apa it+ lists t.e *eanings of t.e four groups of

Forward signal #rou p ( 'a0e /eaning

23

Forward signal #rou p NC 6oll connection t1pe N7 6oll<local office ant1pe Digital signal (( ND Originating call service t1pe $ B Digit 1># 1# ur+an connection ! ! 'a0e /eaning Capa it+ #roup

Ba -ward signal 'a0 e Sign al control ac/nowlege*ent of t.e nu*+er receiving status anconnectio n status B signa l Callee status $ /eaning apa it+

)ote; 'or a local office using t.e step0+10step s1ste*, t.ere are 1# user t1pesD for a store- progra* control 3SPC4 local office using t.e cross+ar s1ste*, t.ere are 1! user t1pes.

'orwar- group ( signaling an- 6a+le 1.4 .

'orwar- group ( signaling consists of connection control signaling an- -igital signaling. 'or -etails, refer to 6a+le 1.2 Table 1.2 T+pe NA 'orwar- group ( signaling /eaning (t refers to t.e caller t1pe signaling sent fro* t.e originating local office to t.e originating toll office or originating international switc.ing center in t.e forwar- -irection. 6.e purpose of t.is signaling is to provi-e t.e c.arging t1pe 3perio-ical, i**e-iate, free4 an- user level 3or-inar1, .ig. priorit14 infor*ation. 6.e co*+ination of t.ese two /in-s of infor*ation is in-icatewit. a NA co-e, as s.own in 6a+le 1.3. 6.e .ig. priorit1 user in t.e ta+le refers to t.ose w.ose calls ta/e prece-ence over ot.ersT in t.e case of networ/ +loc/ing or overloa-. NC (t refers to t.e connection control signaling sent +etween toll offices in t.e forwar- -irection. 6.is signaling .as t.e functions of ensuring t.e co**unication 5ualit1 of .ig.0priorit1 users, co*pleting specifie- calls, an- connecting ot.er specifie- calls 3for e:a*ple, test calls4.

24

N7

(t refers to t.e connection control signaling sent fro* t.e ter*inating toll office to t.e ter*inating local office an- +etween local offices in t.e forwar- -irection. 6.ere are two t1pes of N7 signaling, as s.own in 6a+le 1.3 .

Digital signaling

(t is a selection signaling. 6.e ten -igits, 1, 2, 3, S, #, are use- to in-icate t.e calling nu*+er, calle- area co-e an- calle- nu*+erD B1!C is use- to separate t.e calling nu*+er an- calle- nu*+er, in-icating t.e en- of t.e calling nu*+er.

Bac/war- group A signaling

Bac/war- group A signaling is t.e "'C signaling of forwar- group ( signaling. (t controls an- ac/nowle-ges forwar- group ( signaling. 'or -etails, refer to 6a+le 1.2 an- 6a+le 1.3 . Table 1.) T+pe A1, A2, A$ Bac/war- group A signaling /eaning 6.ese t.ree /in-s of signaling toget.er are calle- co-e0sen-ing se5uence control signaling. 6.e1 control t.e co-e0sen-ing se5uence of forwar- -igital signaling. A3 A3 is a conversion control signaling for -ifferentiating forwargroup ( fro* forwar- group ((, an- +ac/war- group A fro* +ac/war- group B. (n t.e toll inco*ing register at t.e local office en- in t.e connection fro* t.e ter*inating toll office to t.e local office, or in t.e *ultiple fre5uenc1 inco*ing register of t.e local call connection, A3 signaling is t.e control signaling. (n ot.er cases, A3 signaling is a pulse 31!#O3# *s4 signaling. A4, A! 6.e1 are t.e cause anal1sis signaling w.en connection to t.e callee fails. A4 in-icates +us1, an- A! an unallocate- nu*+er.

2!

Table 1.4 'orwar- group ( signaling an- +ac/war- group A signaling Forward group ! signaling Ba -ward group * signaling ; * Step3 o d e b+3step lo al offi e ;* 1 O Perior i 2 n a r 1 8ser ta+le, i**e -iate ical O rin ar 1 Contents of ;* signaling $in luding ;O*& S"C lo al offi e using rossbar s+ste0 $also in luding "*/ offi e& ;* Pe rio -ic al 8s er ta+ le, i* *e -ia te 3 Printe r, i**e -iate Pri nte r, i* *e -ia te 4 Stan-+1 Stan-+1 Stan-+1 4 A4; telep. one /e1 +loc/i ng Print er, i** e-iat e 3 A3; s.ift to B signal O r -i n a r 1 8ser ta+le , i** e-iat e 2 ;* Perio -ical 1 A1; senne:t +it A2; senstartin g fro* t.e first +it ; C o d e Conte nts of ;C signali ng o d e ; < Content s of ;< signalin g Digit al sign aling Conte nts of * signal ing

2$

Forward group ! signaling

Ba -ward group * signaling

; *

Contents of ;* signaling $in luding ;O*& Step3 S"C lo al offi e using rossbar s+ste0 $also in luding "*/ offi e& ;* Or-inar1, free ;* Or-inar1, free

; C o d e

Conte nts of ;C signali ng

; < o d e

Content s of ;< signalin g

Digit al sign aling

Conte nts of * signal ing

o d e

b+3step lo al offi e ;*

Or-inar1 , free

A!; unallo catenu*+e r

Stan-+1

Stan-+1

Stan-+1

A$; senNA ancalling nu*+e r

Stan-+1 Stan-+1

Stan-+1 Gig. priorit1, perio-ical

Stan-+1 Gig. priorit1, perio-ical Stan-+1

3Gave rig.t for su+ur+a n auto*ati c callD .ave rig.t for toll auto*ati c call

Stan-+1

27

Forward group ! signaling

Ba -ward group * signaling

; *

Contents of ;* signaling $in luding ;O*& Step3 S"C lo al offi e using rossbar s+ste0 $also in luding "*/ offi e& ;* Gig. priorit1, free ;* Gig. priorit1, free

; C o d e

Conte nts of ;C signali ng

; < o d e

Content s of ;< signalin g

Digit al sign aling

Conte nts of * signal ing

o d e

b+3step lo al offi e ;*

1 #

3Gave no rig.t for toll<su+u r+an auto*ati c call4

1 1

>

Stan-+1

11

Stan -+1

1 1 U

?oice *ail+o: notifies t.e user to leave a *essag e

1 2

12

BVC in-ic ates a spec ifienu* +er call

1 2

Stan-+1

Forward group ! signaling

Ba -ward group * signaling

; *

Contents of ;* signaling $in luding ;O*& Step3 S"C lo al offi e using rossbar s+ste0 $also in luding "*/ offi e& ;* 6est call ;*

; C o d e

Conte nts of ;C signali ng

; < o d e

Content s of ;< signalin g

Digit al sign aling

Conte nts of * signal ing

o d e

b+3step lo al offi e ;*

1 3

13

B6C in-ic ates a test conn ectio n call

1 3

B6C in-icates a call test

1 4

Stan-+1

14

Gig. prior it1

1 4

Stan-+1

1 !

>

1!

Cont rol t.e nu* +er of satel lite circu it seg *en ts

1 !

?oice *ail+o: cancels notif1ing t.e user to leave a *essag e

)ote; 6.ose t1pes wit. +rac/ets are not sent to t.e originating toll officeD BUC in-icates t.at t.e signal is nee-e- for cooperating wit. ol- e5uip*ent.

2H

'orwar- group ((

'orwar- group (( signaling is also calle- ND signaling. (t in-icates t.e originating call service t1pe. (t is use-, +ase- on ND, to Wu-ge w.et.er t.e atten-ant can +rea/ in or forcefull1 release a local call. 6a+le 1.$ -escri+es t.e role of t.is signaling.

Bac/war- group B signaling

Bac/war- group B signaling is also calle- NB signaling. (t in-icates t.e status of t.e callee. (t is sent after t.e reception of ND signaling to ac/nowle-ge t.e control anconnection of ND signaling. %efer to 6a+le 1.! for t.e contents of +ac/war- group B signaling. Table 1.. 'orwar- group (( signaling an- +ac/war- group B signaling Ba -ward group B signaling $;B&

Forward group !! signaling $;D& ;D ode Contents of ;D signaling ;B ode

Contents of ;B signaling During toll all onne tion or test all onne tion $when ;D=1> 2 or 2& During lo al all onne tion $when ;D=) or 4&

Se*i0 auto*atic call of a toll atten-ant

8sefor toll call connec tion

Callee i-le

Callee i-le, first part1 release recovere-

Auto*atic toll call,

Callee local +us1

Stan-+1

3 4

8r+an call 'a: or user -ata co**unicatio n of t.e ur+an userD .ig. priorit1 user

8sefor ur+an call connec tion

3 4

Callee toll +us1 6elep.one +loc/e/e1 Callee +us1 or telep.one /e1 +loc/e-

3#

Forward group !! signaling $;D& ;D ode Contents of ;D signaling ;B ode

Ba -ward group B signaling $;B&

Contents of ;B signaling During toll all onne tion or test all onne tion $when ;D=1> 2 or 2& During lo al all onne tion $when ;D=) or 4&

Auto*ati call1 c.ec/ing calling nu*+er

Calle- nu*+er is an unallocatenu*+er

Calle-

nu*+er is an

unallocate- nu*+er

6est call

Stan-+1

Callee i-le, calling part1 release recovere-

Table 1.2 ;D ode

Contents an- role of ND signaling Originating all servi e t+pe Role of ;D signaling ?hether attendant an brea- in lo al all @es 'o > @es > 'o ?hether toll attendant an brea- in

Se*i0auto*atic +rea/ing atten-ant in of toll

2 3 4 !

Auto*atic toll call 8r+an call 8r+an fa: or -ata Auto*aticall1 c.ec/ing nu*+er calling

> > > >

>

>

>

> >

> >

6est call

>

>

31

14.2.4

*ppli ation of R2 Signaling

'igure 1.1 illustrates t.e t1pical application of %2 signaling in )F).

SoftE3###

(P "A)

G.24 <(8A

G.24 <(8A

8"F H##

8"F H##

%2

%2

7:c.ange

PBE

PO6S

PO6S

PO6S

PO6S

Figure 1.1 61pical application of %2 signaling in )F) 6.e 8"F H## provi-es t.e interconnection +etween %2 trun/s an- t.e e:c.ange an- PBE. (t pac/ages t.e %2 *essage in t.e G.24 *essage an- sen-s t.e %2 *essage to t.e Soft3###, t.us i*ple*enting t.e interwor/ing +etween )F) ant.e e:c.ange an- PBE in PS6).

14.2..

Basi Signaling Flow

'igure 1.1 ta/es t.e connection process of a local call as an e:a*ple to intro-uce

t.e +asic flow of %2 signaling.

32

Originating office
Occup1

6ransit office

6er*inating office

Occupation ac/nowle-ge P A1 = A1 % A1 A A1 B A1 C A1 D

Occup1 Occupation ac/nowle-ge P A1 = A1 % A1 A A1 B A1 C A1 D

A3 NDI3 NBI1 Answer

A3 NDI3 NBI1 Answer 6al/

Caller .oo/s on Callee .oo/s on (-le

Caller .oo/s on Callee .oo/s on (-le

Figure 1.1 Signaling process of a local call (n 'igure 1.1 , t.e calle- nu*+er is P=%ABCD, in w.ic. P%= is t.e office -irectional nu*+er, an- ABCD is t.e user nu*+er. 6.e figure s.ows t.at line signaling an- register signaling are sent seg*ent +1 seg*ent. After t.e transit office receives P=% co*pletel1, it starts routing to sen- register signaling of t.e originating office. After sen-ing t.e full nu*+er, t.e originating office waits for t.e ter*inating office to sen- t.e A3 signal, an- t.en co*pletes t.e signaling flow. 6.is connection *o-e ta/es a long ti*e. 6.erefore, it is use- w.en t.e trans*ission line is of a poor 5ualit1.

33