The construction of the induction machines with squirrel-cage rotor should be described and also their principle of operation.

The equivalent circuit and the torque-speed diagram of induction machine should be drawn and explained. The special features of induction generators used in wind turbines to be explained in details In order to understand the induction generators and their role within the wind turbines, first of all we will make a briefly description about some basic things, such as : Electromagnetic induction, induction motors, induction generators. Electromagnetic induction is the heart of the practical generation of electricity. Faraday discovered that a voltage would be generated across a length of wire if that wire is e posed to a perpendicular magnetic field flu of changing intensity. !n easy way to create a magnetic field of changing intensity is to move a permanent magnet ne t to a wire or coil of wire. "he magnetic field must increase or decrease in intensity perpendicular to the wire #so that the lines of flu $cut across$ the conductor%, or else no voltage will be induced:

!n electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. &ost electric motors operate through interacting magnetic fields and current'carrying conductors to generate force. "he reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is done by generators such as an alternator or a dynamo. &any types of electric motors can be run as generators and vice versa. !n induction generator or asynchronous generator is a type of !( electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power. Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor in generator mode, giving negative slip. In most cases, a regular !( asynchronous motor is used as a generator, without any internal modifications. In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. ! generator forces electrons in the windings to flow through the e ternal electrical circuit. It is somewhat analogous to a water pump, which creates a flow of water but does not create the water inside. In our case the source of the mechanical energy would be the wind power in wind turbines.

)umerous advantages made the asynchronous machine to the most fre*uently used electric driving machine. It has a simple mechanical configuration with few wear parts. !part from the special shape of the slipring rotor, the machine neither has sliprings nor brushes. "herefore it re*uires low maintenance, has a long service life and a robust design. ! high efficiency can be achieved at a very favourable price. Induction generators and motors produce electrical power when their rotor is rotated faster than the synchronous fre*uency. For a typical four'pole motor #two pairs of poles on stator% operating on a +, -. electrical grid, synchronous speed is /0,, rotations per minute. 1imilar four'pole motor operating on a 2, -. grid will have synchronous speed e*ual to /2,, rpm. In normal motor operation, stator flu rotation is faster than the rotor rotation. "his is causing stator flu to induce rotor currents, which create rotor flu with magnetic polarity opposite to stator. In this way, rotor is dragged along behind stator flu , by value e*ual to slip. In generator operation, certain prime mover #turbine, engine% is driving the rotor above the synchronous speed. 1tator flu still induces currents in the rotor, but since the opposing rotor flu is now cutting the stator coils, active current is produced in stator coils, and motor is now operating as a generator, and sending power back to the electrical grid.

E*uivalent circuit of induction generator Induction generators are particularly suitable and usually used for wind generating stations as in this case speed is always a variable factor, and the generator is easy on the gearbo .

3oth wind and water energy can be converted into electrical energy in various electromechanical systems using induction and synchronous generators with separate e citation and permanent magnets . In electric power stations mainly double'fed induction generators are used. "hey constitute almost 2,4 of the installed power of the wind power plants in operation . 5art of them are induction machines working at fi ed turbine speed . "he systems are characteri.ed by a small range of speed changes at the time when energy is sent to the grid. In a historical perspective, to make a better use of various wind power: mechanical, electromechanical and electrical changes have been introduced. "he improvements involved using constant and variable speed transmission mechanisms, variable pitch angle of turbine blades, changeable number of pole pairs as well as wound'rotor motors with controlled resistance and power electronic converters used practically in all modern systems. ! list of conditions that should be fulfilled by a system used to produce electrical energy from wind power is given below ' "he generator should be adapted to operate at variable angular turbine velocity at the largest possible range to make ma imum use of weak winds. ' "he generator should provide efficient conversion of wind power into electrical energy #high efficiency of the whole system%. ' "he generator design should take e treme working conditions and emergency situations into consideration. It should have suitable braking systems protecting it against strong gusts of wind and other dangers that may occur in this type of systems. ' "he actual construction of the generator should ensure long'lasting, failure'free and low'noise operation. !dditionally, its design should enable easy, *uick and infre*uent maintenaince in repair. ' "he generators should be relatively light and small in si.e but, first of all, ine pensive to buy and also cheap to operate. 6ind turbines that operate at a constant speed attain the greatest aerodynamic efficiency levels only when the wind speed is the same as the design wind speed. In variable speed wind power systems, the turbine runs at a tip speed ratio which ensures bits ma imum efficiency. 7ariable speed systems have more advantages such as that the turbine is less sensitive to the wind pattern of a given location and emits less noise at low speeds. (urrent variabie speed systems generally iitili.e electric generators, which are rigidly fitted to the turbine and are coupled to an inverter, which ad8usts the electric current generated to the fre*uency re*uired. 1ystems e*uipped with inverters present a number of drawbacks. "hey are particularly e pensive and comple and the inverter and variable speed electrical machine are not very efficient or reliable.

"he first classic way of generating electricity with wind turbines is shown in figure below

"he rotor of the generator is fed by the electrical grid or is a permanent magnet. 6hen the rotor is rotated from the outside, instead of letting the current from the grid move it, it will work like a generator. "he more tor*ue you apply to the turbine, the more electricity you generate, but the generator will still run at the same speed dictated by the fre*uency of the electrical grid. "he main ingredient for the wind turbines to work it is..the wind, so in order to understand the principle better, we will describe some of the wind characteristics. a% 6ind distribution 6ind is the movement of air in comparison to the earth surface. "he geostrophic winds are largely driven by temperature differences, and thus pressure differences, and are not very much influenced by the surface of the earth. "he geostrophic wind occurs at altitudes above /,,, metres above ground level. !nother force that causes air to move is the coriolis force which is caused by the rotation of the earth. "he wind speed at the usual measurement height of /, meter is appro imately twice as small as the wind speed at the geostrophic height. "his is because the friction of the earth surface slows the airflow down. "he wind speed at a certain height can be appro imated by the following e*uation.

6ith 7ref a known wind speed at a certain height zref and z, is the roughness length in the current wind direction. "he roughness length may be found in certain reference manuals. For the design of a wind turbine wind is considered to consist of a constant part and a fluctuating part. "he constant part of the wind is of importance when determining the place of a turbine site. It determines the *uantity of energy that can be e tracted from the wind over a long period of time. "he fluctuating part of the wind #turbulent effects% is

considered when investigating the forces acting on a turbine. If a wind turbine is designed for a certain site, detailed information is needed to calculate the energy present in the wind at that site at the turbine height. In general a wind turbine is designed to deliver sufficient energy over a whole range of sites that satisfy a certain wind class. "o show the information about the distributions of wind speeds, and the fre*uency of the varying wind directions, one may draw a so'called wind rose on the basis of meteorological observations of wind speeds and wind directions.

b% "urbulence !ll time variations in wind speed and direction with a period smaller than ,./ hour are considered as turbulence. 6ind acting on a turbine can be divided in two categories. "he first one is caused by a constant wind speed and is also caiied *uasi'static or time averaged. "he second one is caused by turbulence or wind gusts and is called dynamic. For the description of a turbulent airflow a number of different models are available varying in comple ity. c% 9usts 6ind patterns are considered to be wind gusts when their speed grows to one and a half. times their average speed in ma imum time span of three seconds. ! wind gust is said to be heavy when the wind speed during the gust rises to :/':; m<s. 7ery heavy wind gusts have a minimum wind speed of :; m<s. ! discrete wind gust is characteri.ed by its amplitude #the deviation from the average wind speed%, its time span and a certain shape function which gives the variation of wind speed as a function of time during the gust.

d% 6ind energy "he power in wind is e*ual to the kinetic energy of the wind multiplied by the wind speed. -ere 5w is the power density =6 / m : ] ,p is the air density and 7 is the hori.ontal wind speed. "he ma imum power that can be e tracted from the wind is e*ual to the power density multiplied by the turbine rotor area.

Further , we will analyse the induction machines within the wind turbines. 6e will concentrate on the s*uirrel'cage rotor. "he generator of the wind turbine converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. "he shaft that is directly coupled with the turbine rotor delivers the mechanical energy. The asynchronous generator For generating an alternating current an asynchronous generator is mostly used. "he choice to use an asynchronous generator for wind turbine application is that they are really reliable and comparatively ine pensive. >ther advantages of the asynchronous generator are the slip and a certain overload capacity. "he difference between the synchronous and asynchronous generator is the rotor. "he rotor consists of a number of aluminium or copper bars which are electrically connected with the electrical grid by aluminium end rings.

"he key component of the asynchronous generator is the cage rotor. #It used to be called a s*uirrel cage rotor but after it became politically incorrect to e ercise your domestic rodents in a treadmill, we only have this less captivating name%.

(age rotor is the rotor that makes the asynchronous generator different from the synchronous generator. "he rotor consists of a number of copper or aluminium bars which are connected electrically by aluminium end rings.

"he rotor is provided with an $iron$ core, using a stack of thin insulated steel laminations, with holes punched for the conducting aluminium bars. "he rotor is placed in the middle of the stator, which in this case is a ?'pole stator which is directly connected to the three phases of the electrical grid. In the figure below, you can see the outside of the asynchronous generator.

It also consists like a synchronous generator of a number of poles that can produce a magnetic field for the rotor. 6hen the current is fed to the stator the generator will act like a motor and turns with a speed lower than the synchronous speed. @own it can be seen the rotor with the magnetic field coming from the stator, which arouses a current in the rotor bars.

"hese bars will offer very little resistance, since they are dragged along by the electromagnet force from the rotating magnetic field in the stator. 6hen the rotor rotates with a speed e*ual to the speed of the asynchronous generator, forced by the fre*uency from the electrical grid and the number of poles, the generator will not have power output. "his is because there is no induction between the rotor and stator. For generating a current the rotor will have to rotate at a higher level as the magnetic field. "he harder you crank the rotor, the more power will be transferred as an electromagnetic force to the stator, and in turn converted to electricity which is fed into the electrical grid. "he speed of the asynchronous generator varies with the torsion acting on the incoming shaft. "he difference between the speed on peak power and on ideal power is in order of a number of percents. "he difference in percents of the synchronous speed is called the generators slip. ! ?'pole generator will rotate ideal with /2,, rpm when attached to the 2, Hz electrical grid. 6hen the generator produces its peak power, the generator rotates about /+,2 rpm..

electromagnetic tor*ue as function of the speed "he slip is a function of the direct current resistance in rotor windings of the generator. !n increase in resistance will induce an increase in slip. 3y enlarging the resistance, the slip may increase to /, percent. ! very useful mechanical property of the asynchronous generator is that it will not decrease of increase its speed much when the torsion varies. "his means there is less wear and tear to the gearbo , caused by lower peak forces. "his is one of the main reasons why people choose an asynchronous generator rather than a synchronous one. !nother advantage is that the rotor adapts by itself the number of poles in the stator. "his is why the rotor can be used for a large variation of niimber of poles. It is possible to use pitch to slow down the speed of the turbine. "he purpose of this is to control the tor*ue and not to overload the gearbo and the generator. "he advantage of variable speed is that you can rotate the generator on half its slip at his rated power. In case there is a gust in wind the speed of the generator can be increased. In the mean time itAs possible to the pitch mechanism to pitch the blades more out of the wind. >nce the pitch mechanism has done its work, the slip is decreased again. In case the wind suddenly drops, the process is applied in reverse order. "he main advantage of this control strategy is that the fluctuations in power output are li*uidated by varying the generators slip and storing or releasing part of the energy as rotational energy in the wind turbine rotor. ! disadvantage is that if you run the generator with a high slip it will produce more heat and thus runs less efficiently. @uring the operation of producing electricity the generators need to be cooled. ItAs possible to use a large fan for air'cooling, but also water'cooled generators are used. "he main advantage for using a water'cooled system is that it can be built more compactly. "his gives some electrical efficiency advantages. "he disadvantage of this system is that they need a radiator to get rid of the heat. "his radiator should be placed in the nacelle.

Further, we will see images and descriptions about the functioning of the wind turbines in general.

>n top of each turbine there is a bo called the nacelle. !ttached to the nacelle, are B propeller like blades connected to a rotor. !lso on the nacelle there is an anemometer that measures wind speed and direction.

"he wind direction rotates the nacelle to face into the wind. "he energy of the wind, turns the turbine blades around the rotor, creating mechanical energy. "he rotor connects into the main shaft, wich turns in the generator housing.

-ere, a magnetic rotor spins inside loops of copper wires.

"his causes electrons inside the copper to flow C creating electrical energy 'D what we call electricity in our daily lifes. Further, a step'up transformer increases the electrical generation from +;,7 to B?,,7.

"hen the electricity travels large cables from the nacelle into the tower and into underground cables.

"he cables take the electricity generated from all the wind turbines to a substation, where another step'up transformer increases again the electrical output. ! transmission line connects this output to the electrical grid serving community around the region.