Computer Systems.

Data and Information

The word data is the plural of datum, though data s commonly used to represent both singular and plural forms. Data is commonly defined as raw facts or observation typically about physical phenomena or business transactions. For example, a spacecraft launch or the sale of an automobile world generates a lot of describing those events. More specifically, data are objective measurements of the attributes (the characteristics of entities (such as people, place, things and events . These measurements are usually represented by symbols such as numbers and words, or by codes composed of a mixture of numerical, alphabetical, and other characters. !owever, data commonly ta"es a variety of forms including numeric data, text, voice and images. The terms data and information are often used interchangeably. !owever, it is helpful to view data as raw material resources that are processed into finished information products. #nformation can then be defined as data that has been transformed in to a meaningful and useful context for specific end users. $f course, data may not re%uire processing before constituting information for a particular end user. !owever, data is usually not useful until subjected to a value added process. &here' (. #ts form is aggregated, manipulated and organi)ed. *. #ts content is analy)ed and evaluated. +. #t is placed in a proper context for a human user. Thus, you should view information as refined or processed data and place in its proper context to give it value for a specific end user. Data is typically manipulated by activities such as calculating, comparing, sorting, classifying and summari)ing. These activities organi)e, analy)e and manipulate data, thus converting it into information for end users. The %uality of any data stored in an information system must also be maintained by a continual process of correcting of updating activities. . For example data received about a purchase can be. (. ,dded to running total of sales results. *. -ompared to a standard to determine its eligibility for a sales discount. +. .orted by arranging it in a numerical order based on a product identification number. /. -lassified into product categories. 0. .ummari)ed to provide a sale manager with information about total sales of the various product categories. 1. 2sed to update sales records to reflect new sales transactions.

INPUT OUTPUT DEVICES

, computer is only useful when it is able to communicate with the external environment. &hen you wor" with the computer you feed your data and instructions through some devices to the computer. These devices are called #nput devices. .imilarly computer after processing, gives output through other devices called output devices. For a particular application one form of device is more desirable compared to others. &e will discuss various types of #3$ devices that are used for different types of applications. They are also "nown as peripheral devices because they surround the -42 and ma"e a communication between computer and the outer world. Input Devices #nput devices are necessary to convert our information or data in to a form which can be understood by the computer. , good input device should provide timely, accurate and useful data to the main memory of the computer for processing followings are the most useful input devices. (. Keyboard ! This is the standard input device attached to all computers. The layout of "eyboard is just li"e the traditional typewriter of the type 5&67T8. #t also contains some extra command "eys and function "eys. #t contains a total of (9( to (9/ "eys. , typical "eyboard used in a computer is shown in Fig. *.1. 8ou have to press correct combination of "eys to input data. The computer can recognise the electrical signals corresponding to the correct "ey combination and processing is done accordingly. *. "ouse : Mouse is an input device shown in Fig. *.; that is used with your personal computer. #t rolls on a small ball and has two or three buttons on the top. &hen you roll the mouse across a flat surface the screen censors the mouse in the direction of mouse movement. The cursor moves very fast with mouse giving you more freedom to wor" in any direction. #t is easier and faster to move through a mouse.

+. Scanner The "eyboard can input only text through "eys provided in it. #f we want to input a picture the "eyboard cannot do that. .canner is an optical device that can input any graphical matter and display it bac". The common optical scanner devices are Magnetic #n" -haracter 7ecognition (M#-7 , $ptical Mar" 7eader ($M7 and $ptical -haracter 7eader ($-7 . "a#netic In$ C%aracter &eco#nition '"IC&( : This is widely used by ban"s to process large volumes of che%ues and drafts. -he%ues are put inside the M#-7. ,s they enter the reading unit the che%ues pass through the magnetic field which causes the read head to recogni)e the character of the che%ues. Optica) "ar$ &eader 'O"&( This techni%ue is used when students have appeared in objective type tests and they had to mar" their answer by dar"ening a s%uare or circular space by pencil. These answer sheets are directly fed to a computer for grading where $M7 is used. Optica) C%aracter &eco#nition 'OC&( : This techni%ue unites the direct reading of any printed character. .uppose you have a set of hand written characters on a piece of paper. 8ou put it inside the scanner of the computer. This pattern is compared with a site of patterns stored inside the computer. &hichever pattern is matched is called a character read. 4atterns that cannot be identified are rejected. $-7s are expensive though better the M#-7. *. Di#ita) Camera. Digital camera e%uipped with an electronic photosensitive sensor. The digital pictures are stored directly in the camera<s memory and can be used immediately on a computer others. (. , camera that captures the photo not on film but in an electronic imaging sensor that ta"es the place of film. *. , camera that ta"es pictures without film, but instead records the image on an image sensor chip in a format that is readable by a computer. +. , camera that records pictures electronically rather that on film.

+ Trac$ ba))
Trac"ball is another pointing device. 6ssentially, a trac"ball is a mouse lying on its bac". To move the pointer, you rotate the ball with your thumb, your fingers, or the palm of your hand, there ate usually one to three buttons next to the ball, which you use just li"e mouse buttons. The advantage of trac"ball over mice is that the trac"ball is stationary so it does not re%uire much space to use it. #n addition you can place a trac"ball on any type of surface, including your lap. For both these reasons, trac"balls ate popular pointing devices for portable computers.

,. -oystic$
The lever that moves in all directions and controls the movement of a pointer or some other display symbols. , joystic" is similar to a mouse, except that with a mouse the cursor stops moving as soon as you stop moving the mouse. &ith a joystic" the pointer continues moving in the direction the joystic" is pointing. To stop the pointer, you must return the joystic" to its upright position. Most joystic" include two buttons called triggers.

..

Di#iti/in# Tab)et
This is an input device that enable you to enter drawings and s"etches into a computer. , digiti)ing tablet consists of an electronic tablet and a cursor or pen. , cursor (also called a puc" is similar to a mouse. 6xpect that it has a window with cross hairs for pinpoint placement, and it can have as many as (1 buttons.

, pen (also called a stylus , which loo"s li"e a simple ballpoint pen but uses an electronic head instead of in". The tablet contains electronics that enable it to detect movement of the cursor or pen and translate the movements in to digital signals that it sends to the computer. For digiti)ing tablets, each point on the tablet represents a point on the display screen in a fixed manner. This differs from mice, in which all movement is relative to the current cursor position. The static nature of digiti)ing tablets ma"es them particularly effective for tracing drawings. Most modern digiti)ing tablets also support a mouse emulation mode, in which the pen or cursor acts li"e a mouse. Digiti)ing tablets are also called digiti)ers, graphics tablets, touch tablets, or simply tables.

0. Touc% Screen
Touch screen is a type of display screen that has a touch sensitive transparent panel covering the screen. #nstead of using a pointing device such as a muse or light pen, you can se your finger to point directly to objects on the screen. ,lthough touch screens provide a natural interface for computer novices, they are unsatisfactory for most applications because the finger is such a relatively large object. #t is impossible to point accurately to small areas of the screen. #n addition, most find touch:screen tiring to the arms after long use.

1. Touc% pad
, small, touch:sensitive pad used as a pointing device on some portable computes. =y moving a finger or other object along the pad, you can move the pointer on the display screen.

23.

4i#%t pen

>ight pen is an input device that utili)es a light:sensitive detector to select object on a display screen. , light pen is similar to a mouse, except that with a light pen you can move the pointer and select objects on the display screen by directly pointing to the objects with the pen.

Output Devices
Monitor 4rojector 4rimers .pea"er

2. Visua) Disp)ay Unit The most popular input3output device is the ?isual Display 2nit (?D2 . #t is also called the monitor. , @eyboard is used to input data and Monitor is used to display the input data and to receive massages from the computer. , monitor has its own box which is separated from the main computer system and is connected to the computer by cable. #n some systems it is compact with the system unit. #t can be color or monochrome. 5. Termina)s #t is a very popular interactive input:output unit. #t can be divided into two types' hard copy terminals and soft copy terminals. , hard copy terminal provides a printout on paper whereas soft copy terminals provide visual copy on monitor. , terminal when connected to a -42 sends instructions directly to the computer. Terminals are also classified as dumb terminals or intelligent terminals depending upon the wor" situation. Printer #t is an important output device which can be used to get a printed copy of the processed text or result on paper. There are different types of printers that are designed for different types of applications. Depending on their speed and approach of printing, printers are classified as impact and non-impact printers. #mpact printers use the familiar

typewriter approach of hammering a typeface against the paper and in"ed ribbon. Dotmatrix printers are of this type. Aon:impact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print. They use electro:static chemicals and in":jet technologies. Laser printers and Ink-jet printers are of this type. This type of printers can produce color printing and elaborate graphics. 5.+ "E"O&6 S6STE" IN 7 CO"PUTE& There are two "inds of computer memory' primary and secondary. 4rimary memory is accessible directly by the processing unit. 7,M is an example of primary memory. ,s soon as the computer is switched off the contents of the primary memory is lost. 8ou can store and retrieve data much faster with primary memory compared to secondary memory. .econdary memory such as floppy dis"s, magnetic dis", etc., is located outside the computer. 4rimary memory is more expensive than secondary memory. =ecause of this the si)e of primary memory is less than that of secondary memory. &e will discuss about secondary memory later on. -omputer memory is used to store two things' i instructions to execute a program and ii data. &hen the computer is doing any job, the data that have to be processed are stored in the primary memory. This data may come from an input device li"e "eyboard or from a secondary storage device li"e a floppy dis". ,s program or the set of instructions is "ept in primary memory, the computer is able to follow instantly the set of instructions. For example, when you boo" tic"et from railway reservation counter, the computer has to follow the same steps' ta"e the re%uest, chec" the availability of seats, calculate fare, wait for money to be paid, store the reservation and get the tic"et printed out. The programme containing these steps is "ept in memory of the computer and is followed for each re%uest. =ut inside the computer, the steps followed are %uite different from what we see on the monitor or screen. #n computer<s memory both programs and data are stored in the binary form. 8ou have already been introduced with decimal number system, that is the numbers ( to B and 9. The binary system has only two values 9 and (. These are called bits. ,s human beings we all understand decimal system but the computer can only understand binary system. #t is because a large number of integrated circuits inside the computer can be considered as switches, which can be made $A, or $FF. #f a switch is $A it is considered ( and if it is $FF it is 9. , number of switches in different states will give you a message li"e this' ((9(9(....(9. .o the computer ta"es input in the form of 9 and ( and gives output in the form 9 and ( only. #s it not absurd if the computer gives outputs as 9<s C (<s onlyD =ut you do not have to worry about. 6very number in binary system can be converted to decimal system and vice versaE for example, (9(9 meaning decimal (9. Therefore it is the computer that ta"es information or data in decimal form from you, convert it in to binary form, process it producing output in binary form and again convert the output to decimal form.

The primary memory as you "now in the computer is in the form of #-<s (#ntegrated -ircuits . These circuits are called 7andom ,ccess Memory (7,M . 6ach of 7,M<s locations stores one byte of information. ($ne byte is e%ual to 8 bits . , bit is an acronym for binary digit, which stands for one binary piece of information. This can be either 9 or (. 8ou will "now more about 7,M later. The 4rimary or internal storage section is made up of several small storage locations (#-s called cells. 6ach of these cells can store a fixed number of bits called word length. 6ach cell has a uni%ue number assigned to it called the address of the cell and it is used to identify the cells. The address starts at 9 and goes up to (A:( . 8ou should "now that the memory is li"e a large cabinet containing as many drawers as there are addresses on memory. 6ach drawer contains a word and the address is written on outside of the drawer. Capacity of Primary "emory 8ou "now that each cell of memory contains one character or ( byte of data. .o the capacity is defined in terms of byte or words. Thus 1/ "ilobyte (@= memory is capable of storing 1/ (9*/ F +*,;1G bytes. (( "ilobyte is (9*/ bytes . , memory si)e ranges from few "ilobytes in small systems to several thousand "ilobytes in large mainframe and super computer. #n your personal computer you will find memory capacity in the range of 1/ @=, / M=, G M= and even (1 M= (M= F Million bytes . The following terms related to memory of a computer are discussed below' (. &andom 7ccess "emory '&7"( The primary storage is referred to as random access memory (7,M because it is possible to randomly select and use any location of the memory directly store and retrieve data. #t ta"es same time to any address of the memory as the first address. #t is also called read3write memory. The storage of data and instructions inside the primary storage is temporary. #t disappears from 7,M as soon as the power to the computer is switched off. The memories, which loose their content on failure of power supply, are "nown as vo)ati)e memories ..o now we can say that 7,M is volatile memory. *. &ead On)y "emory '&O"( There is another memory in computer, which is called 7ead $nly Memory (7$M . ,gain it is the #-s inside the 4- that form the 7$M. The storage of program and data in the 7$M is permanent. The 7$M stores some standard processing programs supplied by the manufacturers to operate the personal computer. The 7$M can only be read by the -42 but it cannot be changed. The basic input3output program is stored in the 7$M that examines and initiali)es various e%uipment attached to the 4- when the switch is made $A. The memories, which do not loose their content on failure of power supply, are "nown as non!vo)ati)e memories. 7$M is non:volatile memory. +. P&O" There is another type of primary memory in computer, which is called 4rogrammable 7ead $nly Memory (47$M . 8ou "now that it is not possible to modify or erase programs stored in 7$M, but it is possible for you to store your program in 47$M chip. $nce the programmes are written it cannot be changed

and remain intact even if power is switched off. Therefore programs or instructions written in 47$M or 7$M cannot be erased or changed. /. EP&O" This stands for 6rasable 4rogrammable 7ead $nly Memory, which over come the problem of 47$M C 7$M. 647$M chip can be programmed time and again by erasing the information stored earlier in it. #nformation stored in 647$M exposing the chip for some time ultraviolet light and it erases chip is reprogrammed using a special programming facility. &hen the 647$M is in use information can only be read. 0. Cac%e "emory The speed of -42 is extremely high compared to the access time of main memory. Therefore the performance of -42 decreases due to the slow speed of main memory. To decrease the mismatch in operating speed, a small memory chip is attached between -42 and Main memory whose access time is very close to the processing speed of -42. #t is called -,-!6 memory. -,-!6 memories are accessed much faster than conventional 7,M. #t is used to store programs or data currently being executed or temporary data fre%uently used by the -42. .o each memory ma"es main memory to be faster and larger than it really is. #t is also very expensive to have bigger si)e of cache memory and its si)e is normally "ept small. 1. &e#isters The -42 processes data and instructions with high speed, there is also movement of data between various units of computer. #t is necessary to transfer the processed data with high speed. .o the computer uses a number of special memory units called registers. They are not part of the main memory but they store data or information temporarily and pass it on as directed by the control unit. 5., SECOND7&6 STO&78E 8ou are now clear that the operating speed of primary memory or main memory should be as fast as possible to cope up with the -42 speed. These high:speed storage devices are very expensive and hence the cost per bit of storage is also very high. ,gain the storage capacity of the main memory is also very limited. $ften it is necessary to store hundreds of millions of bytes of data for the -42 to process. Therefore additional memory is re%uired in all the computer systems. This memory is called auxiliary memory or secondary storage. #n this type of memory the cost per bit of storage is low. !owever, the operating speed is slower than that of the primary storage. !uge volume of data are stored here on permanent basis and transferred to the primary storage as and when re%uired. Most widely used secondary storage devices are magnetic tapes and magnetic disk. (. "a#netic Tape Magnetic tapes are used for large computers li"e mainframe computers where large volume of data is stored for a longer time. #n 4- also you can use tapes in the form of cassettes. The cost of storing data in tapes is inexpensive. Tapes consist of magnetic materials that store data permanently. #t can be (*.0 mm to *0 mm wide plastic film:type and 099 meter to (*99 meter long which is coated with magnetic material. The dec" is connected to the central

processor and information is fed into or read from the tape through the processor. #t similar to cassette tape recorder.

9i#. 5.: "a#netic Tape Ad antages of !agnetic "ape#

Compact , (9:inch diameter reel of tape is */99 feet long and is able to hold G99, (199 or 1*09 characters in each inch of its length. The maximum capacity of such tape is (G9 million characters. Thus data are stored much more compactly on tape. Economica)' The cost of storing characters is very less as compared to other storage devices. 9ast' -opying of data is easier and fast. 4on# term Stora#e and &e!usabi)ity' Magnetic tapes can be used for long term storage and a tape can be used repeatedly with out loss of data.

*. "a#netic Dis$ 8ou might have seen the gramophone record, which is circular li"e a dis" and coated with magnetic material. Magnetic dis"s used in computer are made on the same principle. #t rotates with very high speed inside the computer drive. Data is stored on both the surface of the dis". Magnetic dis"s are most popular for direct access storage device. 6ach dis" consists of a number of invisible concentric circles called tracks. #nformation is recorded on trac"s of a dis" surface in the form of tiny magnetic spots. The presence of a magnetic spot

represents one bit and its absence represents )ero bit. The information stored in a dis" can be read many times without affecting the stored data. .o the reading operation is non:destructive. =ut if you want to write a new data, then the existing data is erased from the dis" and new data is recorded.

+. 9)oppy Dis$ #t is similar to magnetic dis" discussed above. They are 0.*0 inch or +.0 inch in diameter. They come in single or double density and recorded on one or both surface of the dis"ette. The capacity of a 0.*0:inch floppy is (.* mega bytes whereas for +.0 inch floppy it is (.// mega bytes. #t is cheaper than any other storage devices and is portable. The floppy is a low cost device particularly suitable for personal computer system.

9i#. 5.+ 9)oppy Dis$ *. Optica) Dis$ &ith every new application and software there is greater demand for memory capacity. #t is the necessity to store large volume of data that has led to the development of optical dis" storage medium. $ptical dis"s can be divided into the following categories' (. $ompact Disk% &ead 'nly !emory ($D-&'!)' -D:7$M dis"s are made of reflective metals. -D:7$M is written during the process of manufacturing by high power laser beam. !ere the storage density is very high, storage cost is very low and access time is relatively fast. 6ach dis" is approximately / (3* inches in diameter and can hold over 199 M= of data. ,s the -D:7$M can be read only we cannot write or ma"e changes into the data contained in it. *. *rite 'nce+ &ead !any (*'&!)' The inconvenience that we can not write any thing in to a -D:7$M is avoided in &$7M. , &$7M allows the user to write data permanently on to the dis". $nce the data is written it can never be erased without physically damaging the dis". !ere data can be recorded from "eyboard, video scanner, $-7 e%uipment and other devices. The advantage of &$7M is that it can store vast amount of data amounting to gigabytes ((9B bytes . ,ny document in a &$7M can be accessed very fast, say less than +9 seconds. +. ,rasable 'ptical Disk' These are optical dis"s where data can be written, erased and re:written. This also applies a laser beam to write and re:write the data. These dis"s may be used as alternatives to traditional dis"s. 6rasable optical dis"s are

based on a technology "nown as magnetic optical (M$ . To write a data bit on to the erasable optical dis" the M$ driveHs laser beam heats a tiny, precisely defined point on the dis"Hs surface and magnetises it.
4. Optical storage devices use a laser to read data on optical disks. Pits and lands on the surface of the disk store the data as 1's and 0's. Lands are the dark spots or the 1's. Pits are light spots or the 0's. The optical disks are proteced by a clear plastic covering.Scratches figerprints and dust !ill all corrupt the data. The plastic prevents the pits and lands for" being destroyed and the data corrupted. #ll $%'s and %&%'s use rando" access. $%'s and %&%'s are either "ade !ith recordable or re!ritable technology. 'oth technologies are "eans of storing data on optical disks per"anently but re!ritable is far "ore versatile because it is not indelible. Recordable technology uses a laser to change color in a dye layer beneath a clear plastic disk surface. The dark spots in the dye are per"anent and cannot be changed. $ontrary to popular belief $%'s and %&%'s are not the sa"e. The technology is si"ilar but the storage capacaties differ in a variety of !ays. $%'s can hold up to (00 )' of data or "usic files !hile %&%'s range fro" 4.( *' to the +., *' of a double layer %&%. The 'lu-.ay %&% can hold up to /, *' of data. ,. 0lash %rives transfer data to and fro" the co"puter. Speed1 23tre"ely fast about 4/5// )' per sec $apacity1 4/)' - +*' &ersatility1 $an be used in any co"patible 6S' port. 0lash %rives store co"puter files and etc. $an be da"aged by radiation and electrostatic.

Processin#
The tas" of performing operations li"e arithmetic and logical operations is called processing. The -entral 4rocessing 2nit (-42 ta"es data and instructions from the storage unit and ma"es all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data provided. #t is then sent bac" to the storage unit. 5.* 9UNCTION74 UNITS #n order to carry out the operations mentioned in the previous section the computer allocates the tas" between its various functional units. The computer system is divided into three separate units for its operation. They are ( arithmetic logical unit, * control unit, and + central processing unit. 5.*.2 7rit%metic 4o#ica) Unit '74U( ,fter you enter data through the input device it is stored in the primary storage unit. The actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by ,rithmetic >ogical 2nit. The major operations performed by the ,>2 are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison. Data is transferred to ,>2 from storage unit when re%uired. ,fter processing the output is returned bac" to storage unit for further processing or getting stored. 5.*.5 Contro) Unit 'CU( The next component of computer is the -ontrol 2nit, which acts li"e the supervisor seeing that things are done in proper fashion. The control unit determines the se%uence in which computer programs and instructions are executed. Things li"e processing of programs stored in the main memory, interpretation of the instructions and issuing of signals for other units of the computer to execute them. #t also acts as a switch board operator when several users access the computer simultaneously. Thereby it coordinates the activities of computer<s peripheral e%uipment as they perform the input and output. Therefore it is the manager of all operations mentioned in the previous section. 5.*.: Centra) Processin# Unit 'CPU( The ,>2 and the -2 of a computer system are jointly "nown as the central processing unit. 8ou may call -42 as the brain of any computer system. #t is just li"e brain that ta"es all major decisions, ma"es all sorts of calculations and directs different parts of the computer functions by activating and controlling the operations.

SO9T;7&E :.2 INT&ODUCTION #n the previous lesson we discussed about the different parts and configurations of computer. #t has been mentioned that programs or instructions have to be fed to the computer to do specific tas". .o it is necessary to provide se%uence of instructions so that your wor" can be done. &e can divide the computer components into two major areas, namely, hardware and software. !ardware is the machine itself and its various individual e%uipment. #t includes all mechanical, electronic and magnetic devices such as monitor, printer, electronic circuit, floppy and hard dis". :.: ;<7T IS SO9T;7&E= ,s you "now computer cannot do anything without instructions from the user. #n order to do any specific job you have to give a se%uence of instructions to the computer. This set of instructions is called a computer program. .oftware refers to the set of computer programs, procedures that describe the programs, how they are to be used. &e can say that it is the collection of programs, which increase the capabilities of the hardware. .oftware guides the computer at every step where to start and stop during a particular job. The process of software development is called programming. 8ou should "eep in mind that software and hardware are complementary to each other. =oth have to wor" together to produce meaningful result. ,nother important point you should "now that producing software is difficult and expensive. :.* SO9T;7&E T6PES -omputer software is normally classified into two broad categories.

,pplication .oftware .ystem software

7pp)ication Soft>are ,pplication .oftware is a set of programs to carry out operations for a specific application. For example, payroll is an application software for an organi)ation to produce pay slips as an output. ,pplication software is useful for word processing, billing system, accounting, producing statistical report, analysis of numerous data in research, weather forecasting, etc. #n later modules you will learn about M. &$7D, >otus (:*:+ and d=,.6 ### 4lus. ,ll these are application softwares. ,nother example of application software is programming language. ,mong the programming languages -$=$> (-ommon =usiness $riented >anguage is more suitable for business application whereas F$7T7,A (Formula Translation is useful for scientific application. &e will discuss about languages in next section.

System Soft>are 8ou "now that an instruction is a set of programs that has to be fed to the computer for operation of computer system as a whole. &hen you switch on the computer the programs written in 7$M is executed which activates different units of your computer and ma"es it ready for you to wor" on it. This set of program can be called system software. Therefore system software may be defined as a set of one or more programs designed to control the operation of computer system. .ystem software are general programs designed for performing tas"s such as controlling all operations re%uired to move data into and out of the computer. #t communicates with printers, card reader, dis", tapes etc. monitor the use of various hardware li"e memory, -42 etc. ,lso system software are essential for the development of applications software. .ystem .oftware allows application pac"ages to be run on the computer with less time and effort. &emember that it is not possible to run application software without system software. Development of system software is a complex tas" and it re%uires extensive "nowledge of computer technology. Due to its complexity it is not developed in house. -omputer manufactures build and supply this system software with the computer system. D$., 2A#I and &#AD$&. are some of the widely used system software. $ut of these 2A#I is a multi:user operating system whereas D$. and &#AD$&. are 4-:based. &e will discuss in detail about D$. and &#AD$&. in the next module. .o without system software it is impossible to operate your computer. The following picture is shown in Fig. +.( relation between hardware, software and you as a user of computer system.

9i#. :.2 &e)ation bet>een %ard>are? soft>are.