Problem 2.1 A transmission line of length l connects a load to a sinusoidal voltage source with an oscillation frequency f .

Assuming the velocity of wave propagation on the line is c, for which of the following situations is it reasonable to ignore the presence of the transmission line in the solution of the circuit: (a) l = 20 cm, f = 20 kHz, (b) l = 50 km, f = 60 Hz, (c) l = 20 cm, f = 600 MHz, (d) l = 1 mm, f = 100 GHz. Solution: A transmission line is negligible when l / 0.01. lf l (20 102 m) (20 103 Hz) (a) = = = 1.33 105 (negligible). up 3 108 m/s l (50 103 m) (60 100 Hz) lf = = 0.01 (borderline). (b) = up 3 108 m/s lf l (20 102 m) (600 106 Hz) (c) = = = 0.40 (nonnegligible). up 3 108 m/s l (1 103 m) (100 109 Hz) lf = = 0.33 (nonnegligible). (d) = up 3 108 m/s

Problem 2.3 Show that the transmission line model shown in Fig. P2.3 yields the same telegraphers equations given by Eqs. (2.14) and (2.16).
i(z, t) R'z 2 L'z 2 R'z 2 L'z 2 i(z+z, t)

v(z, t)

G'z

C'z

v(z+z, t)

z
Figure P2.3: Transmission line model.

Solution: The voltage at the central upper node is the same whether it is calculated from the left port or the right port:
1 1 v(z + 2 z, t ) = v(z, t ) 1 2 R z i(z, t ) 2 L z

i(z, t ) t

1 1 = v(z + z, t ) + 2 R z i(z + z, t ) + 2 L z

i(z + z, t ). t

Recognizing that the current through the G C branch is i(z, t ) i(z + z, t ) (from Kirchhoffs current law), we can conclude that
1 i(z, t ) i(z + z, t ) = G z v(z + 2 z , t ) + C z

v(z + 1 2 z, t ). t

From both of these equations, the proof is completed by following the steps outlined in the text, ie. rearranging terms, dividing by z, and taking the limit as z 0.

Problem 2.4 A 1-GHz parallel-plate transmission line consists of 1.2-cm-wide copper strips separated by a 0.15-cm-thick layer of polystyrene. Appendix B gives c = 0 = 4 107 (H/m) and c = 5.8 107 (S/m) for copper, and r = 2.6 for polystyrene. Use Table 2-1 to determine the line parameters of the transmission line. Assume = 0 and 0 for polystyrene. Solution: 2 2Rs 109 4 107 2 f c = = w w c 1.2 102 5.8 107 d 4 107 1.5 103 = = 1.57 107 (H/m), L = w 1.2 102 G = 0 because = 0, R = C = 1.2 102 w w 109 2.6 = 0 r = = 1.84 1010 d d 36 1.5 103
1/2

= 1.38 (/m),

(F/m).

Problem 2.13 In addition to not dissipating power, a lossless line has two important features: (1) it is dispertionless (p is independent of frequency) and (2) its characteristic impedance Z0 is purely real. Sometimes, it is not possible to design a transmission line such that R L and G C , but it is possible to choose the dimensions of the line and its material properties so as to satisfy the condition RC = L G (distortionless line).

Such a line is called a distortionless line because despite the fact that it is not lossless, it does nonetheless possess the previously mentioned features of the loss line. Show that for a distortionless line,

= R

C = RG , L

= LC ,

Z0 =

L . C

Solution: Using the distortionless condition in Eq. (2.22) gives

= + j =
= = = Hence,

(R + j L )(G + j C ) LC LC LC R + j L R + j L R + j L G + j C R + j L = R C LC . + j L

From R'C'=L'G', we get R'/L'=G'/C'

= Re( ) = R

C , L

= Im( ) = LC ,

up =

1 . = LC

Similarly, using the distortionless condition in Eq. (2.29) gives Z0 = R + j L = G + j C L C R /L + j = G /C + j L . C

Problem 2.12 Generate a plot of Z0 as a function of strip width w, over the range from 0.05 mm to 5 mm, for a microstrip line fabricated on a 0.7-mmthick substrate with r = 9.8. Solution: