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2/10/2014
British Petroleum Introduction BP PLC, also known as (19542000) British Petroleum, British petrochemical corporation that ecame one o! the worl"#s lar$est oil companies throu$h its mer$er with the %moco Corporation o! the &nite" 'tates in 199() BP was initiall* re$istere" on %pril 14, 1909, as the %n$lo+Persian ,il Compan*, Lt") -t was rename" the %n$lo+-ranian ,il Compan*, Lt"), in 19.5 an" chan$e" its name to the British Petroleum Compan* Limite" in 1954) /he name British Petroleum Compan* PLC was a"opte" in 19(2) %!ter mer$in$ with %moco in 199(, the corporation took the name BP %moco e!ore assumin$ the name BP PLC in 2000) /he compan*#s hea"0uarters are in Lon"on) /he %n$lo+Persian ,il Compan* was !orme" to take o1er an" !inance an oil+!iel" concession $rante" * the -ranian $o1ernment to an 2n$lish in1estor, 3illiam 4no5 6#%rc*) /he !irst success!ul oil wells were "rille" at 7as8e" 'ole*m9n, an" cru"e oil was pipe" to a re!iner* uilt at : 9"9n, !rom which the !irst car$o o! oil was e5porte" in 7arch 1912) ,ther -ranian !iel"s an" re!ineries were uilt, an" * 19.( : 9"9n ha" the lar$est sin$le re!iner* in the worl") /he concession was re1ise" in 19.., rie!l* suspen"e" in 19515., an" renewe" in 195. in a consortium with other oil companies) -n 1914 the British $o1ernment ecame the compan*#s principal stockhol"er an"
remaine" so) 2!!ecti1e ;anuar* 1, 1955, British Petroleum ecame a hol"in$ compan*) Be$innin$ in 19<<, the British $o1ernment re"uce" its ownership o! British Petroleum * sellin$ shares to the pu lic, an" in the late 19(0s the $o1ernment turne" o1er British Petroleum entirel* to pri1ate ownership * sellin$ its remainin$ shares) /his cleare" the wa* !or British Petroleum to ac0uire Britoil PLC, an in"epen"ent oil compan* that pro"uce" oil !rom the =orth 'ea !iel"s)
British Petroleum "e1elope" oil !iel"s an" uilt re!ineries in se1eral more countries, inclu"in$ ma8or interests in %laska#s Pru"hoe Ba* an" in the &nite" 4in$"om sector o! the =orth 'ea, where, in 19>5, British Petroleum ma"e the !irst commercial "isco1er* o! natural $as an", in 19<0, the !irst "isco1er* o! a ma8or oil !iel") Be$innin$ in 19<0, BP mer$e" its assets in the &nite" 'tates with those o! the 'tan"ar" ,il Compan* (,hio), in which BP ac0uire" a controllin$ interest) -n 19(< BP ac0uire" the remain"er o! the 'tan"ar" ,il Compan* !or almost ?( illion) -n mer$in$ with &)') oil $iant %moco in 199(, the newl* create" BP %moco ecame the one o! the lar$est petroleum concerns in the worl") /he corporation chan$e" its name to BP PLC !ollowin$ the ac0uisitions, in 2000, o! %tlantic @ich!iel" Compan* (known !or %@C, ran" $asoline in the western &nite" 'tates) an" Burmah Castrol (a lea"in$ British oil, $as, an" lu ricants compan*)) -n 2010 the o!!shore "rillin$ ri$ 6eepwater AoriBon, owne" * /ransocean an" lease" * BP, e5plo"e" an" collapse", causin$ a rupture in the riser o! a 1er* "eep oil well) %n estimate" 4)9 million arrels o! oil were release" into the Cul! o! 7e5icoDthe lar$est marine oil spill in histor*) /he compan* su se0uentl* pai" illions o! "ollars in "ama$es to in"i1i"uals an" usinesses a!!ecte" * the spill) -n 2012 BP a$ree" to pa* more than ?4)5 illion in !ines an" penalties to the &)') $o1ernment an" to plea" $uilt* to 14 criminal char$es) BP an" its su si"iaries an" associate" companies continue to en$a$e in the e5ploration, pro"uction, re!inin$, transportation, an" "istri ution o! oil an" natural $as an" in the manu!acture o! chemicals, plastics, an" s*nthetic !i res) -t operates con1enience stores an" !illin$ stations throu$h ran"s such as BP, %ral, %@C,, an" amEpm) BP operates in o1er (0 countries 3orl"wi"e (5900 emplo*ees ,peratin$ re1enues o! BP is aroun" ?.<5<>5 million BP owns 15 re!ineries across $lo e re!inin$ a out 2.54 thousan" arrels per "a*
Cas pro"uction at <,>09 million cu ic+!eet per+"a* Cas sales at 14,4<1 million cu ic+!eet per+"a* Chemicals Pro"uction at 22,0>5 thousan" tonnes BP solar is the worl"Fs lar$est solar electric compan*
Company Profile @enewa le 3in" 'olar Bio !uels Clean Coal /echnolo$ies A*"ro$en power an" pol*$eneration &n"er$roun" coal $asi!ication Capture an" stora$e o! C,2
Unethical practices British Petroleum (BP) is no stran$er to ein$ in the news !or unethical practices) 3ith the most recent ein$ the e5plosion o! the Cul! Coast @i$, the 6eepwater AoriBon, that kille" 11 people, in8ure" man* more an" pro"uce" one o! the lar$est oil spills in histor* that occurre" in &)') 3aters (%"elson, 2010)) -! this inci"ent was BP#s !irst than woul" sa* this coul" ha1e een an acci"ent) Aowe1er, this inci"ent "oesn#t come close to ein$ the !irst an" onl* shows us a "e1astatin$ tren" that places pro!its o1er the 1alue o! human li!e) -n !act, BP#s unethical practices ha1e claime" the li1es o! .( emplo*ees en"in$ 8ust a!ter 7arch, 2., 2005 (C'B, 200<)) ,ne o! the acci"ents happene" !i1e *ears a$o, when the BP /e5as @e!iner* e5plo"e" killin$ 15 an" in8urin$ 1(0 more) /o etter un"erstan" what is $oin$ on at BP we will take a look at the /e5as @e!iner* 25plosion an" the ethical consi"erations that contri ute" to the pro lems that lea" to the "eath o! those 15 workers)
7arch 2., 2005, the BP /e5as Cit* @e!iner* (BP/C@) e5plo"e" causin$ 4.,000 people in the surroun"in$ area to remain in"oors a!ter ein$ issue" a shelter+in+place or"er) /he e5plosion also kille" 15 contractors an" in8ure" another 1(0 workers, which cause" an a""itional estimate" ?1)5 illion in !inancial losses (C'B, 200<)) /he Ginal -n1esti$ation @eport, issue" * the &)') Chemical 'a!et* an" AaBar" -n1esti$ation Boar" (C'B), citesH I/he /e5as Cit* "isaster was cause" * or$aniBational an" sa!et* "e!iciencies at all le1els o! the BP Corporations (C'B, 200<))J /he C'B, usin$ in1esti$ation techni0ues that were similar to the techni0ues use" * the Colum ia %cci"ent e!ore the 2005 -n1esti$ation Boar" "urin$ their pro e in the e5plosion o! the space shuttle, !oun" that warnin$ si$ns o! possi le "isaster were present !or se1eral *ears BP/C@ e5plosion) /he unethical "ecisions that were ma"e to i$nore the sa!et* o! BP#s emplo*ees an" contractors, in or"er to sha1e costs an" increase pro!its, lea" ,'A% to han"out the lar$est penalt* in the re$ulator#s histor*) BP a$ree" to settle with ,'A%, in what was then the hi$hest penalt* $i1en, at ?21 million (,'A%, 2009)) /he 2005 'ettlement %$reement inclu"e"H %$ree to pa* ?21 million in penalties) %
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%pril 24, 200>, BP#s 'enior Croup Kice Presi"ent o! 'a!et* L ,perations, ;ohn 7o$!or", $a1e a speech, a out the /e5as Cit* inci"ent, to e5press the lessons learne" !rom the acci"ent an" to help others !rom en"urin$ the same !ate (7o$!or", 200>)) 6urin$ the speech ;ohn state" that, I/his was a pre1enta le inci"entJ an" I-t shoul" e seen as a process !ailure, a cultural !ailure an" a mana$ement !ailure)J ;ohn also a""resse" BP#s commitment to make sure that what happene" at the /e5as @e!iner* ne1er happens a$ain)
Part o! BP#s 2005 settlement was to resol1e more than .00 separate alle$e" 1iolations o! ,'A% re$ulations (7o$!or", 200>)) -n 200>, ;ohn 7a$!or"#s speech reassures BP#s stakehol"ers that the* are committe" to resol1in$ all sa!et* issues) 'o, wh* in 2009, when all o! the .00 separate alle$e" 1iolations were to e complete, "i" ,A'% !in" that BP !aile" to correct 2<0 pre1ious citations an" !oun" 4.9 new 1iolations (,'A%, 2009)M -t seems ;ohn#s speech was nothin$ more than pu!!er* an" BP was still up to their ol" unethical ha its) ,A'% cite" BP with another recor" reakin$ penalt* totalin$ ?(< million !or their !ailure to a ate)
The Fall of British Petroleums Ethics British Petroleum (BP), a $lo al ener$* $roup ase" in Lon"on, is no stran$er to en1ironmental haBar"s) ,1er the last 20 *ears, "atin$ ack !rom the 255on Kal"eB oil spill to the present "a* Cul! Coast oil spill that !ollowe" the e5plosion o! an o!!+shore "rillin$ site late last month, BP has !oun" themsel1es in a num er o! unethical "ecisions that ha1e cause" a "rop in their reputation) Companies are !orme" to turn pro!its !or their stakehol"ers) Aowe1er, we must ensure that unethical "ecisions "o not hol" ack pro!its * "ama$in$ the compan*#s reputation) - will attempt to e5plain how unethical "ecisions can e linke" to a compan*#s reputation an" ine1ita l* a!!ect pro!its)
Down
ill !lide
-n 2005, an in"epen"ent research an" ratin$ compan* name" 7ana$ement L 25cellence ')%) ('L2) was !oun"e" in 7a"ri" in 2000) 'L2 release" the 2005 results o! their ethical stu"* that co1ere" ethics within some o! the top oil companies in the worl") /he 'L2 ethical stu"* was title", I2thics in the ,il -n"ustr* 2005J an" upon it was BP at num er three on the list) /he onl* two oil companies ahea" o! BP were @o*al 6utch 'hell at num er one an" 255on 7o il at num er two) (7ana$e L 25cellence, 2005) BP has "ispla*e" that the* take ethics 1er* seriousl*, at least enou$h to e reco$niBe" in the stu"*) /his will e our ape5 to the slipper* slope in which the reputations o! BP will start its "ecent) %lso, in 2005, BP !ace" its worst "isaster to "ate when one o! BP#s re!ineries locate" in /e5as Cit*, /e5as, e5plo"e" killin$ 15 people an" in8urin$ another 1(0 in"i1i"uals an" !orce" thousan"s o! near * resi"ents to take up shelter within their homes) (7auer L /insle*, 2010) %n -n1esti$ation lea" * the &)') Chemical 'a!et* an" AaBar" -n1esti$ation Boar" !oun", Ior$aniBational an" sa!et* "e!iciencies at all le1els o! the BP corporation)JBritish Petroleum plea"e" $uilt* to !elon* acts that 1iolate" the Clean %ir %ct an" was !ine" ?50 million while onl* recei1in$ a three *ear pro ation sentence) /he ,ccupational Aealth an" 'a!et* %"ministration (,'A%) issue" the lar$est !ine in ,'A% histor*, ?(< million, to BP a!ter con"uctin$ their in1esti$ation) (7auer L /insle*, 2010) ,'A% "isco1ere" o1er 2<0 1iolations that ha" een pre1iousl* cite" ut not !i5e" an" 4.9 new 1iolations) 2thical pro lems can e seen with the 2<0 1iolations that were i$nore" an" not !i5e" * BP) -n 200>, BP plea"s $uilt* to a !e"eral mis"emeanor that cost BP ?20 million in criminal penalties "ue to an estimate" 201,000 $allons o! oil that leake" out into the %laskan /un"ra) /he %nchora$e 6ail* =ews state", IProsecutors sai" BP mana$er !aile" to hee" Iman* re" !la$s an" warnin$ si$nsJ that ke* pipelines within the nation#s lar$est oil !iel" were $oin$ a")J (Lo*, 200<) BP continues to show ethical pro lems * i$norin$ re" !la$s an" warnin$ si$ns that coul" ha1e stoppe" the leaks !rom occurrin$)
-n 200<, BP !ace" increase" pro lems concernin$ pollution at a re!iner* in 3hitin$, -n"iana) British Petroleum uses this re!iner* to re!ine hea1* cru"e oil !rom Cana"a an" is the nation#s !ourth lar$est re!iner*) (Kerschoor, 200<) /he re!iner* is also one o! the lar$est polluters in the 7i"west, an" now with BP lookin$ to e5pan" the re!iner*, woul" release 54N more ammonia an" .5N more Islu"$eJ into Lake 7ichi$an) (Kerschoor, 200<) %mmonia allows !or the $rowth o! al$ae looms that can kill !ish an" tri$$er each closin$s an" the slu"$e contains concentrate" hea1* metals like lea", nickel, an" 1ana"ium) Aow "oes BP $et awa* with mi5in$ to5ic waste into Lake 7ichi$an when this t*pe o! process BP uses is anne" in Lake 7ichi$anM @e$ulators $i!te" BP with the !irst e1er e5emption !or the process o! mi5in$ waste with clean lake water 200!t o!!shore Lake 7ichi$an) BP continues to create ethical pro lems in all !orms o! en1ironmental issues) Aow "i" BP o tain the e5emption an" wh* "i"n#t the* respect the laws alrea"* in place !or the LakeM
%!ter three *ears o! unethical "ecisions ein$ con"ucte" * BP, we are startin$ to see a clear ethical "rop in BP#s practices) %nother report * 7L2 release" in 200< title", I3orl"#s 7ost 'ustaina le an" 2thical ,il Companies 200<,J a$ain positione" the top oil companies in the worl" !rom hi$hest to lowest in 2thics usin$ a 120 point e1aluation process)(7ana$ement L 25cellence, 200<) /he 200< report shows that BP has !allen to num er !our on the list) 'hell, Petro ras, an" /otal hol" the top three spots now) /hese reports coinci"e with the unethical eha1ior ein$ con"ucte" * BP) Gurthermore, in 200(, BP ha" no ma8or unethical en1ironmental out ursts an" the 7L2 report !or 200( place" BP at num er three on the list) -n 'eptem er 1999, one o! BPFs &' su si"iaries, BP 25ploration %laska (BPO%), plea"e" $uilt* to criminal char$es stemmin$ !rom its ille$all* "umpin$ o! haBar"ous wastes on the %laska =orth 'lope, pa*in$ !ines an" penalties totallin$ ?22 million) BP pai" the ma5imum ?500,000 in criminal !ines, ?>)5 million in ci1il penalties, an" esta lishe" a ?15 million en1ironmental mana$ement s*stem at all o! BP !acilities in the &' an" Cul! o! 7e5ico that are en$a$e" in oil e5ploration, "rillin$ or pro"uction) /he char$es stemme" !rom the 199. to 1995 "umpin$ o! haBar"ous wastes on 2n"icott -slan", %laska * BPFs contractor 6o*on 6rillin$) /he !irm ille$all* "ischar$e" waste oil, paint thinner an" other to5ic an" haBar"ous su stances * in8ectin$ them "own the outer rim, or annuli, o! the oil wells) BPO% !aile" to report the ille$al in8ections when it learne" o! the con"uct, in 1iolation o! the Comprehensi1e 2n1ironmental @esponse, Compensation an" Lia ilit* %ct) !uperfund is the common name !or the Comprehensi"e En"ironmental Response# Compensation# and $ia%ility &ct o! 19(0 (CERC$&), a &nite" 'tates !e"eral law "esi$ne" to clean up sites contaminate" with haBar"ous su stances, as well as Ppollutants or contaminantsP which are "e!ine" more roa"l*) 'uper!un" also $i1es authorit* to !e"eral natural resource a$encies, states an" -n"ian tri es to reco1er natural resource "ama$es cause" * releases o! haBar"ous su stances, an" create" the %$enc* !or /o5ic 'u stances an" 6isease @e$istr* (%/'6@), C2@CL%Fs roa" cleanup authorit*, to clean up releases or threatene" releases o! haBar"ous su stances that ma* en"an$er pu lic health or wel!are or the (natural) en1ironment was $i1en primaril* to the 2n1ironmental Protection %$enc* (2P%) an" states, (thou$h most states
now ha1e an" most o!ten use their own 1ersions o! C2@CL%)) 2P% ma* i"enti!* parties responsi le !or haBar"ous su stances releases to the en1ironment an" compel those parties to clean up the sites, or it ma* cleanup itsel! usin$ the 'uper!un" (a trust !un") an" cost reco1er !rom responsi le parties * re!errin$ such matters to the &)') 6epartment o! ;ustice) /he ke* "i!!erence etween the authorit* to a""ress haBar"ous su stances an" pollutants or contaminants is that the cleanup o! pollutants or contaminants which are not haBar"ous su stances cannot e compelle" * unilateral a"ministrati1e or"er)
,n the 2.r", 7arch 2005, a h*"rocar on 1apour clou" e5plosion occurre" at the -',7 isomerisation process unit at BPFs /e5as Cit* re!iner* in /e5as Cit*, /e5as, killin$ 15 workers an" in8urin$ more than 1<0 others) /he /e5as Cit* @e!iner* was the secon"+lar$est oil re!iner* in the state, an" the thir"+lar$est in the &nite" 'tates with an input capacit* o! 4.<,000 arrels (>9,500 m.) per "a* as o! ;anuar* 1, 2000) BP ac0uire" the /e5as Cit* re!iner* as part o! its mer$er with %moco in 1999)
BPFs own acci"ent in1esti$ation report state" that the "irect cause o! the acci"ent was IQhea1ierthan+air h*"rocar on 1apours com ustin$ a!ter comin$ into contact with an i$nition source, pro a l* a runnin$ 1ehicle en$ine) /he h*"rocar ons ori$inate" !rom li0ui" o1er!low !rom the G+20 low "own stack !ollowin$ the operation o! * o1er!illin$ an" the ra!!inate splitter o1erpressure protection s*stem cause"
o1erheatin$ o! the tower contents)J Both the BP an" the Chemical 'a!et* an" AaBar" -n1esti$ation Boar" reports i"enti!ie" numerous technical an" or$anisational !ailin$s at the re!iner* an" within corporate BP) ,r$anisational !ailin$s inclu"e" corporate cost+ cuttin$, a !ailure to in1est in the plant in!rastructure, a lack o! corporate o1ersi$ht on oth sa!et* culture an" ma8or acci"ent pre1ention pro$rams, a !ocus on occupational sa!et* an" not process sa!et*, a "e!ecti1e mana$ement o! chan$e process (which allowe" the sittin$ o! contractor trailers too close to the -',7 process unit), the ina"e0uate trainin$ o! operators, a lack o! competent super1ision !or start+up operations, poor communications etween in"i1i"uals an" "epartments an" the use o! out"ate" an" ine!!ecti1e work proce"ures which were o!ten not !ollowe") /echnical !ailin$s inclu"e" a low "own "rum that was o! insu!!icient siBe, a lack o! pre1entati1e maintenance on
sa!et* critical s*stems, inoperati1e alarms an" le1el sensors in the -',7 process unit an" the continue" use o! out"ate" low "own "rum an" stack technolo$* when replacement with the sa!er !lare option ha" een a !easi le alternati1e !or man* *ears) BP was char$e" with criminal 1iolations o! !e"eral en1ironmental laws, an" has een name" in lawsuits !rom the 1ictimsF !amilies) /he ,ccupational 'a!et* an" Aealth %"ministration $a1e BP a recor" !ine !or hun"re"s o! sa!et* 1iolations, an" in 2009 impose" an e1en lar$er !ine a!ter claimin$ that BP ha" !aile" to implement sa!et* impro1ements !ollowin$ the "isaster) -n 2011 BP announce" that it was sellin$ the re!iner* as part o! its on$oin$ "i1estment plan to pa* !or on$oin$ compensation claims an" reme"ial acti1ities !ollowin$ the 6eepwater AoriBon "isaster in 2010) /he sale o! the re!iner* was complete" at the start o! 201. to 7arathon Petroleum Corporation !or ?2)5 Billion)
&ir pollution "iolations -n 2000 BP %moco ac0uire" %@C,, a Los %n$eles+ ase" oil $roup) -n 200. Cali!ornia#s 'outh Coast %ir Rualit* 7ana$ement 6istrict (%R76) !ile" a complaint a$ainst BPE%@C,, seekin$ ?.19 million in penalties !or thousan"s o! air pollution 1iolations o1er an (+*ear perio") -n ;anuar* 2005, the a$enc* !ile" a secon" suit a$ainst BP ase" on 1iolations etween %u$ust 2002 an" ,cto er 2004) /he suit alle$e" that BP ille$all* release" air pollutants * !ailin$ to a"e0uatel* inspect, maintain, repair an" properl* operate thousan"s o! pieces o! e0uipment across the re!iner* as re0uire" * %R76 re$ulations) -t was alle$e" that in some cases the 1iolations were "ue to ne$li$ence, while in others the 1iolations were knowin$l* an" will!ull* committe" * re!iner* o!!icials) -n 2005 a settlement was reache" un"er which BP a$ree" to pa* ?25 million in cash penalties an" ?> million in past emissions !ees, while spen"in$ ?20 million on en1ironmental impro1ements at the re!iner* an" ?.0 million on communit* pro$rams !ocuse" on asthma "ia$nosis an" treatment) -n 201., a total o! 4<4 Cal1eston Count* resi"ents li1in$ near the BP /e5as Cit* @e!iner* !ile" a ?1 illion lawsuit a$ainst BP, accusin$ the compan* o! Pintentionall* mislea"in$ the pu lic a out the seriousnessP o! a two+week release o! to5ic !umes which
e$an on 10 =o1em er 2011) PBP reporte"l* release" 'ul!ur 6io5i"e, 7eth*l Carpaptan, 6imeth*l 6isul!i"e an" other to5ic chemicals into the atmosphereJ rea"s the report) /he lawsuit !urther claims Cal1eston count* has the worst air 0ualit* in the &nite" 'tates "ue to BPFs 1iolations o! air pollution laws) BP ha" no comment an" sai" it woul" a""ress the suit in the court s*stem Colom%ian farmland dama'es claim -n 200>, a $roup o! Colom ian !armers reache" a multimillion "ollar out+o!+court settlement with BP !or alle$e" en1ironmental "ama$e cause" * the ,censa pipeline) %n a$ree" statement sai"H P/he Colom ian !armers $roup are please" to sa* that a!ter a me"iation process which took place in Bo$otS in ;une 200> at the 8oint initiati1e o! the parties, an amica le settlement o! the "ispute in relation to the ,censa pipeline has een reache", with no a"missions o! lia ilit*)P /he compan* was accuse" o! ene!itin$ !rom a re$ime o! terror carrie" out * Colom ian $o1ernment paramilitaries to protect the 450+mile (<20 km) ,censa pipelineT BP sai" throu$hout that it has acte" responsi l* an" that lan"owners were !airl* compensate") -n 2009, another $roup o! 95 Colom ian !armers !ile" a suit a$ainst BP, sa*in$ the compan*Fs ,censa pipeline cause" lan"sli"es an" "ama$e to soil an" $roun"water, a!!ectin$ crops, li1estock, an" contaminatin$ water supplies, makin$ !ish pon"s unsustaina le) 7ost o! the lan" tra1erse" * the pipeline was owne" * peasant !armers who were illiterate an" una le to rea" the en1ironmental impact assessment con"ucte" * BP prior to construction, which acknowle"$e" si$ni!icant an" wi"esprea" risks o! "ama$e to the lan"
Canadian tar sands -n Cana"a, BP is in1ol1e" in the e5traction o! oil san"s, also known as tar san"s or ituminous san"s) /he compan* uses in-situ "rillin$ technolo$ies such as 'team %ssiste" Cra1it* 6raina$e to e5tract the itumen) 7em ers o! &' an" Cana"ian oil companies sa* that usin$ rec*cle" $roun"water makes in situ "rillin$ an en1ironmentall* !rien"lier option when compare" with oil san"s minin$)
7em ers o! Cana"aFs Cree =ation ha1e criticiBe" BPFs in1ol1ement in the Cana"ian pro8ect !or the impacts oil san"s e5traction has on the en1ironment) =%'% scientist ;ames Aansen sai" that the e5ploitation o! Cana"ian oil san"s woul" mean P$ame o1er !or the climateP) -n 2010, acti1ist sharehol"ers aske" BP !or a !ull in1esti$ation o! the pro8ect, ut were "e!eate") -n 201. sharehol"ers criticiBe" the pro8ect !or ein$ car on+intensi1e) ealth and safety "iolations Citin$ con"itions similar to those that resulte" in the 2005 /e5as Cit* @e!iner* e5plosion, on 25 %pril 200>, the &)') 6epartment o! La our#s ,ccupational 'a!et* an" Aealth %"ministration (,'A%) !ine" BP more than ?2)4 million !or unsa!e operations at the compan*Fs ,re$on, ,hio re!iner*) %n ,'A% inspection resulte" in .2 per+instance will!ul citations inclu"in$ locatin$ people in 1ulnera le uil"in$s amon$ the processin$ units, !ailin$ to correct "e+pressuriBation "e!iciencies an" "e!iciencies with $as monitors, an" !ailin$ to pre1ent the use o! non+appro1e" electrical e0uipment in locations in which haBar"ous concentrations o! !lamma le $ases or 1apours ma* e5ist) BP was !urther !ine" !or ne$lectin$ to "e1elop shut"own proce"ures an" "esi$nate responsi ilities an" to esta lish a s*stem to promptl* a""ress an" resol1e recommen"ations ma"e a!ter an inci"ent when a lar$e !ee" pump !aile" three *ears prior to 200>) Penalties were also issue" !or !i1e serious 1iolations, inclu"in$ !ailure to "e1elop operatin$ proce"ures !or a unit that remo1es sul!ur compoun"T !ailure to ensure that operatin$ proce"ures re!lect current operatin$ practice in the -socracker &nitT !ailure to resol1e process haBar" anal*sis recommen"ationsT !ailure to resol1e process sa!et* mana$ement compliance au"it items in a timel* mannerT an" !ailure to perio"icall* inspect pressure pipin$ s*stems) -n 200( BP an" se1eral other ma8or oil re!iners a$ree" to pa* ?422 million to settle a class+action lawsuit stemmin$ !rom water contamination tie" to the $asoline a""iti1e 7/B2, a chemical that was once a ke* $asoline in$re"ient) Leake" !rom stora$e tanks, 7/B2 has een !oun" in se1eral water s*stems across the &nite" 'tates) /he plainti!!s maintain that the in"ustr* knew a out the en1ironmental "an$ers ut that the* use" it instea" o! other possi le alternati1es ecause it was less e5pensi1e) /he
companies will also e re0uire" to pa* <0 percent o! cleanup costs !or an* wells newl* a!!ecte" at an* time o1er the ne5t .0 *ears) BP has one o! the worst sa!et* recor"s o! an* ma8or oil compan* that operates in the &nite" 'tates) Between 200< an" 2010, BP re!ineries in ,hio an" /e5as accounte" !or 9< percent o! Pe$re$ious, will!ulP 1iolations han"e" out * the &)') ,ccupational 'a!et* an" Aealth %"ministration (,'A%)) BP ha" <>0 Pe$re$ious, will!ulP 1iolations "urin$ that perio", while 'unoco an" Conoco+Phillips each ha" ei$ht, Cit$o two an" 255on ha" one)/he "eput* assistant secretar* o! la our at ,'A%, sai" P/he onl* thin$ *ou can conclu"e is that BP has a serious, s*stemic sa!et* pro lem in their compan*) % report in ProPublica, pu lishe" in the Washington Post in 2010, !oun" that o1er a "eca"e o! internal in1esti$ations o! BPFs %laska operations "urin$ the 2000s warne" senior BP mana$ers that the compan* repeate"l* "isre$ar"e" sa!et* an" en1ironmental rules an" riske" a serious acci"ent i! it "i" not chan$e its wa*s) ProPu lica !oun" that P/aken to$ether, these "ocuments portra* a compan* that s*stemicall* i$nore" its own sa!et* policies across its =orth %merican operations ++ !rom %laska to the Cul! o! 7e5ico to Cali!ornia an" /e5as) 25ecuti1es were not hel" accounta le !or the !ailures, an" some were promote" "espite them)P /he Pro8ect ,n Co1ernment ,1ersi$ht, an in"epen"ent non+pro!it or$aniBation in the &nite" 'tates which in1esti$ates an" seeks to e5pose corruption an" other miscon"uct, lists BP as num er one on their listin$ o! the 100 worst corporations ase" on instances o! miscon"uct Prudhoe Bay
-n 7arch 200>, corrosion o! a BP 25ploration %laska (BPO%) oil transit pipeline in Pru"hoe Ba* transportin$ oil to the /rans+%laska Pipeline le" to a !i1e+"a* leak an"
the lar$est oil spill on %laskaFs =orth 'lope) %ccor"in$ to the %laska 6epartment o! 2n1ironmental Conser1ation (%62C), a total o! 212,252 &' $allons (5,05.)> lT (0.)4> m.) o! oil was spille", co1erin$ 2 acres (0)(1 ha) o! the =orth 'lope)BP a"mitte" that cost cuttin$ measures ha" resulte" in a lapse in monitorin$ an" maintenance o! the pipeline an" the conse0uent leak) %t the moment o! the leak, pipeline inspection $au$es (known as Ppi$sP) ha" not een run throu$h the pipeline since 199() BP complete" the clean+up o! the spill * 7a* 200>, inclu"in$ remo1al o! contaminate" $ra1el an" 1e$etation, which was replace" with new material !rom the %rctic tun"ra) Gollowin$ the spill, the compan* was or"ere" * re$ulators to inspect the .5 kilometres (22 mi) o! pipelines in Pru"hoe Ba* usin$ Psmart pi$sP)-n late ;ul* 200>, the Psmart pi$sP monitorin$ the pipelines !oun" 1> places where corrosion ha" thinne" pipeline walls) % BP crew sent to inspect the pipe in earl* %u$ust "isco1ere" a leak an" small spill, !ollowin$ which, BP announce" that the eastern portion o! the %laskan !iel" woul" e shut "own !or repairs on the pipeline, with appro1al !rom the 6epartment o! /ransportation) /he shut"own resulte" in a re"uction o! 200,000 arrels per "a* (.2,000 m.E") until work e$an to rin$ the eastern !iel" to !ull pro"uction on 2 ,cto er 200>)-n total, 2. arrels (.)< m.) o! oil were spille" an" 1<> arrels (2()0 m.) were Pcontaine" an" reco1ere"P, accor"in$ to %62C) /he spill was cleane" up an" there was no impact upon wil"li!e) %!ter the shut"own, BP ple"$e" to replace 2> kilometres (1> mi) o! its %laskan oil transit pipelines an" the compan* complete" work on the 1> miles (2> km) o! new pipeline * the en" o! 200() -n =o1em er 200<, BP 25ploration, %laska ple" $uilt* to ne$li$ent "ischar$e o! oil, a mis"emeanor un"er the !e"eral Clean 3ater %ct an" was !ine" &'?20 million) /here was no char$e rou$ht !or the smaller spill in %u$ust 200> "ue to BPFs 0uick response an" clean+up) ,n 1> ,cto er 200<, %62C o!!icials reporte" a Pto5ic spillP !rom a BP pipeline in Pru"hoe Ba* comprisin$ 2,000 &' $allons (<,>00 lT 1,<00 imp $al) o! primaril* methanol (meth*l alcohol) mi5e" with cru"e oil an" water, which spille" onto a $ra1el pa" an" !roBen tun"ra pon") -n the settlement o! a ci1il suit, in ;ul* 2011 in1esti$ators !rom the &)') 6epartment o! /ransportation#s Pipeline an" AaBar"ous 7aterials 'a!et* %"ministration "etermine" that the 200> spills were a result o! BPO%#s !ailure to properl* inspect an" maintain the
pipeline to pre1ent corrosion) /he $o1ernment issue" a Correcti1e %ction ,r"er to BP O% that a""resse" the pipeline#s risks an" or"ere" pipeline repair or replacement) /he &)') 2n1ironmental Protection %$enc* ha" in1esti$ate" the e5tent o! the oil spills an" o1ersaw BPO%#s cleanup) 3hen BP O% "i" not !ull* compl* with the terms o! the correcti1e action, a complaint was !ile" in 7arch 2009 alle$in$ 1iolations o! the Clean 3ater %ct, the Clean %ir %ct an" the Pipeline 'a!et* %ct) -n ;ul* 2011, the &)') 6istrict Court !or the 6istrict o! %laska entere" a consent "ecree etween the &nite" 'tates an" BPO% resol1in$ the $o1ernment#s claims) &n"er the consent "ecree, BPO% pai" a ?25 million ci1il penalt*, the lar$est per+ arrel penalt* at that time !or an oil spill, an" a$ree" to take measures to si$ni!icantl* impro1e inspection an" maintenance o! its pipeline in!rastructure on the =orth 'lope to re"uce the threat o! a""itional oil spills)
())* Caspian !ea 'as lea+ and %lowout ,n 1< 'eptem er 200(, a $as leak was "isco1ere" an" one $as+in8ection well lown out in the area o! the Central %Beri plat!orm at the %Beri oil!iel", a part o! the %Beri Chira$Cuneshli (%CC) pro8ect, in the %Ber ai8an sector o! Caspian 'ea) /he plat!orm was shut "own an" the sta!! was e1acuate")%s the 3estern %Beri Plat!orm was ein$ powere" * a ca le !rom the Central %Beri Plat!orm, it was also shut "own) Pro"uction at the 3estern %Beri Plat!orm resume" on 9 ,cto er 200( an" at the Central %Beri Plat!orm in 6ecem er 200()%ccor"in$ to leake" &' 2m ass* ca les, BP ha" een Pe5ceptionall* circumspect in "isseminatin$ in!ormationP an" showe" that BP thou$ht the cause !or the lowout was a a" cement 8o ) /he ca les !urther sai" that some o! BPFs %CC partners complaine" that the compan* was so secreti1e that it was withhol"in$ in!ormation e1en !rom them) (),) Texas City Chemical lea+ BP has a"mitte" that mal!unctionin$ e0uipment lea" to the release o! o1er 5.0,000 poun"s (240,000 k$) o! chemicals into the air o! /e5as Cit* an" surroun"in$ areas !rom > %pril to 1> 7a* 2010) /he leak inclu"e" 1<,000 poun"s (<,<00 k$) o! enBene, .<,000
poun"s (1<,000 k$) o! nitro$en o5i"es, an" 1(>,000 poun"s ((4,000 k$) o! car on mono5i"e) -n ;une 2012, o1er 50,000 /e5as Cit* resi"ents 8oine" a class+action suit a$ainst BP, alle$in$ the* ecame sick in 2010 as a result o! the 41+"a* emissions release !rom the re!iner*) /e5as has also sue" BP o1er the release o! emissions) BP sa*s the release harme" no one) -n ,cto er 201., a 8ur* !oun" that BP was ne$li$ent in the case, ut "ue to the lack o! su stantial e1i"ence linkin$ illness to the emissions, "eci"e" the compan* woul" e a sol1e" o! an* wron$"oin$)
%nchor han"lin$ tu$s com at the !ire on the Deepwater Horizon while the &nite" 'tates Coast Cuar" searches !or missin$ crew ,n 20 %pril 2010, the semi+su mersi le e5plorator* o!!shore "rillin$ ri$ Deepwater Horizon locate" in the 7acon"o Prospect in the Cul! o! 7e5ico e5plo"e" a!ter
a lowout, killin$ 11 people, in8urin$ 1> others) %!ter urnin$ !or two "a*s, the ri$ sank an" cause" the lar$est acci"ental marine oil spill in the histor* o! the petroleum in"ustr*, estimate" to e etween (N an" .1N lar$er in 1olume than the earlier -5toc oil spill)Be!ore the well was cappe" on 15 ;ul* 2010, an estimate" 4)9 million arrels (210 million &' $alT <(0,000 m.) o! oil was leake" with plus or minus 10N uncertaint*) (10,000 arrels (.4 million &' $alT 129,000 m.) o! oil was collecte" or urne" while 4)1 million arrels (1<0 million &' $alT >50,000 m.) entere" the Cul! waters) 1)( million &' $allons (>,(00 m.) o! Core5it "ispersant was applie") /he spill ha" a stron$ economic impact on oth BP an" the Cul! CoastFs econom* sectors such as !ishin$ an" tourism) -n late 2012 local !ishermen reporte" that cra , shrimp, an" o*ster !ishin$ operations ha" not *et reco1ere" !rom the oil spill an" man* !eare" that the Cul! sea!oo" in"ustr* will ne1er reco1er)
En"ironmental impact
Aea1* oilin$ o! Ba* ;imm*, Pla0uemines ParishT 'eptem er 15, 2010 ,il spills are known to cause oth imme"iate an" lon$+term harm to human health an" ecos*stems) @esearch into the impacts o! this spill is on$oin$) 'tu"ies in 201. su$$este" that as much as one+thir" o! the release" oil remains in the $ul!) Gurther research su$$este" that the oil on the ottom o! the sea!loor was not "e$ra"in$) ,il in a!!ecte" coastal areas increase" erosion "ue to the "eath o! man$ro1e trees an" marsh $rass) @esearchers sa* the oil an" "ispersant mi5ture, inclu"in$ P%As, permeate" the !oo" chain throu$h Booplankton) -n 201. it was reporte" that "olphins an" other marine li!e continue" to "ie in recor" num ers with in!ant "olphins "*in$ at si5 times the normal rate) -n ,cto er 201., %l ;aBeera reporte" that the $ul! ecos*stem was Pin crisisP, citin$ a "ecline in sea!oo" catches, as well as "e!ormities an" lesions !oun" in !ish)-n Louisiana, 4)> million poun"s o! oil* material was remo1e" !rom the eaches in 201., o1er "ou le the amount collecte" in 2012) ,il cleanup crews worke" !our "a*s a week on 55 miles o! Louisiana shoreline throu$hout 201.) ,il continue" to e !oun" as !ar !rom the 7acon"o site as the Glori"a panhan"le, where scientists sai" the oil an" "ispersant mi5ture is em e""e" in the san")@esearchers lookin$ at se"iment, seawater, iota, an" sea!oo" !oun" to5ic compoun"s in hi$h concentrations that the* sai" was "ue to the a""e" oil an" "ispersants)
ealth effects @esearch "iscusse" at a 201. con!erence inclu"e" preliminar* results o! an on$oin$ stu"* ein$ "one * the =ational -nstitute !or 2n1ironmental Aealth 'ciences in"icatin$ that oil spill cleanup workers carr* iomarkers o! chemicals containe" in the spille" oil an" the "ispersants use") % separate stu"* is !ollowin$ the health issues o! women an" chil"ren a!!ecte" * the spill) 'e1eral stu"ies !oun" that a Psi$ni!icant percenta$eP o! Cul! resi"ents reporte" mental health pro lems such as an5iet*, "epression an" P/'6) %ccor"in$ to the Colum ia &ni1ersit*, stu"* in1esti$atin$ the health e!!ects amon$ chil"ren li1in$ less than 10 miles !rom the coast, more than a thir" o! the parents report ph*sical or mental health s*mptoms amon$ their chil"ren) %ustraliaFs P>0 7inutesP reporte" that people li1in$ alon$ the $ul! coast were ecomin$ sick !rom the mi5ture o! Core5it an" oil) 'usan 'haw, o! the 6eepwater AoriBon oil spill 'trate$ic 'ciences 3orkin$ Croup, sa*s PBP tol" the pu lic that Core5it was Fas harmless as 6awn "ishwashin$ li0ui"F)))But BP an" the 2P% clearl* knew a out the to5icit* o! the Core5it lon$ e!ore this spill)P %ccor"in$ to 'haw, BPFs own sa!et* sheet on Core5it sa*s that there are Phi$h an" imme"iate human health haBar"sP) Cleanup workers were not pro1i"e" sa!et* e0uipment * the compan*, an" the sa!et* manuals were Prarel* i! e1erP !ollowe", or "istri ute" to workers, accor"in$ to a =ewsweek in1esti$ation) /he sa!et* manuals rea"H P%1oi" reathin$ 1aporP an" P3ear suita le protecti1e clothin$J) BP "ispute" the metho"olo$* o! a peer+re1iewe" stu"* pu lishe" in /he %merican ;ournal o! 7e"icine an" 0uote" in %l ;aBeera that reporte" si$ni!icantl* altere" loo" pro!iles o! in"i1i"uals e5pose" to the spille" oil an" "ispersants that put them at increase" risk o! "e1elopin$ li1er cancer, leukemia an" other "isor"ers, an" cite" !e"eral stu"ies that BP sai" contra"icte" the report an" supporte" the compan*Fs position that the "ispersants "i" not create a "an$er to health)
Criminal prosecutions ,n 11 7arch 2011, the &' 6epartment o! ;ustice !orme" the P6eepwater AoriBon /ask GorceP to consoli"ate se1eral !e"eral a$enciesF in1esti$ations into possi le criminal char$es stemmin$ the e5plosion an" spill) ,n 14 =o1em er 2012, the 6,; announce" that BP an" the 6,; ha" reache" a ?4 illion settlement o! all !e"eral criminal char$es relate" to the e5plosion an" spill, the lar$est o! its kin" in &' histor*) &n"er the settlement, BP a$ree" to plea" $uilt* to 11 !elon* counts o! manslau$hter, two mis"emeanors, an" a !elon* count o! l*in$ to Con$ress an" a$ree" to !our *ears o! $o1ernment monitorin$ o! its sa!et* practices an" ethics) BP also pai" ?525 million to settle ci1il char$es * the 'ecurities an" 25chan$e Commission that it misle" in1estors a out the !low rate o! oil !rom the well) %s part o! the announcement o! the settlement, BP sai" it was increasin$ its reser1e !or a trust !un" to pa* costs an" claims relate" to the spill to a out ?42 illion) ,n the same "a*, the &' $o1ernment !ile" criminal char$es a$ainst three BP emplo*eesT two site mana$ers were char$e" with manslau$hter an" ne$li$ence, an" one !ormer 1ice presi"ent with o struction) =ear the en" o! =o1em er 2012, the &)') Co1ernment temporaril* anne" BP !rom i""in$ an* new !e"eral contracts, citin$ the compan*#s Ilack o! usiness inte$rit*)J %s o! Ge ruar* 201., criminal an" ci1il settlements an" pa*ments to the trust !un" ha" cost the compan* ?42)2 illion)
Political influence BP lo Release of $oc+er%ie %om%er ie" the British $o1ernment to conclu"e a prisoner+trans!er a$reement which the om in$ o1er 'cotlan", which kille" 2<0
Li *an $o1ernment ha" wante" to secure the release o! % "el aset al+7e$rahi, the onl* person con1icte" !or the 19(( Locker ie people) BP state" that it presse" !or the conclusion o! prisoner trans!er a$reement ami" !ears that "ela*s woul" "ama$e its Pcommercial interestsP an" "isrupt its U900 million o!!shore "rillin$ operations in the re$ion, ut it sai" that it ha" not een in1ol1e" in ne$otiations concernin$ the release o! 7e$rahi Political contri%utions and lo%%yin'
%ccor"in$ to the Center !or @esponsi1e Politics, BP was the &nite" 'tatesF 1.>th+lar$est "onor to political campai$ns, ha1in$ contri ute" more than &'?>)> million since 19(9, <0N an" 29N o! which went to @epu lican an" 6emocratic recipients, respecti1el*) -n Ge ruar* 2002, BPFs then+chie! e5ecuti1e, Lor" Browne o! 7a"in$le*, renounce" the practice o! corporate campai$n contri utions, sa*in$H P/hatFs wh* weF1e "eci"e", as a $lo al polic*, that !rom now on we will make no political contri utions !rom corporate !un"s an*where in the worl")P 3hen the 3ashin$ton Post reporte" in ;une 2010 that BP =orth %merica P"onate" at least ?4)( million in corporate contri utions in the past se1en *ears to political $roups, partisan or$aniBations an" campai$ns en$a$e" in !e"eral an" state electionsP, mostl* to oppose allot measures in two states aimin$ to raise ta5es on the oil in"ustr*, the compan* sai" that the commitment ha" onl* applie" to contri utions to in"i1i"ual can"i"ates) 6urin$ the 200( &' election c*cle, BP emplo*ees contri ute" to 1arious can"i"ates, with Barack , ama recei1in$ the lar$est amount o! mone*, roa"l* in line with contri utions !rom 'hell an" Che1ron, ut si$ni!icantl* less than those o! 255on 7o il) -n 2009 BP spent nearl* ?1> million lo total o! ?(,4.0,000 on lo *in$ the &' Con$ress) -n 2011, BP spent a *ists
-ar+et manipulation in"esti'ations and sanctions /he &' ;ustice 6epartment an" the Commo"it* Gutures /ra"in$ Commission !ile" char$es a$ainst BP Pro"ucts =orth %merica -nc) (su si"iar* o! BP plc) an" se1eral BP tra"ers, alle$in$ the* conspire" to raise the price o! propane * seekin$ to corner the propane market in 2004) -n 200>, one !ormer tra"er plea"e" $uilt*) -n 200<, BP pai" ?.0. million in restitution an" !ines as part o! an a$reement to "e!er prosecution) BP was char$e" with cornerin$ an" manipulatin$ the price o! /2/ propane in 200. an" 2004) BP pai" a ?125 million ci1il monetar* penalt* to the CG/C, esta lishe" a compliance an" ethics pro$ram, an" installe" a monitor to o1ersee BP#s tra"in$ acti1ities in the commo"ities markets) BP also pai" ?5. million BP into a restitution !un" !or 1ictims, a ?100 million criminal penalt*, plus ?25 million into a consumer !rau" !un", as well as other pa*ments) %lso in 200<, !our other !ormer tra"ers were char$e") /hese char$es were "ismisse" * a &' 6istrict Court in 2009 on the $roun"s that the transactions were e5empt un"er the Commo"ities 25chan$e %ct ecause the* "i"nFt occur in a marketplace 2011) -n =o1em er 2010, &' re$ulators G2@C an" CG/C e$an an in1esti$ation o! BP !or alle$e"l* manipulatin$ the $as market) /he in1esti$ation relates to tra"in$ acti1it* that occurre" in ,cto er an" =o1em er 200() %t that time, CG/C 2n!orcement sta!! pro1i"e" BP with a notice o! intent to recommen" char$es o! attempte" market manipulation in 1iolation o! the Commo"it* 25chan$e %ct) BP "enie" that it en$a$e" in Pan* inappropriate or unlaw!ul acti1it*)P -n ;ul* 2011, the G2@C sta!! issue" a P=otice o! %lle$e" KiolationsP sa*in$ it ha" preliminaril* "etermine" that se1eral BP entities !rau"ulentl* tra"e" ph*sical natural $as in the Aouston 'hip Channel an" 4at* markets an" tra"in$ points to increase the 1alue o! their !inancial swin$ sprea" positions) BPFs Lon"on o!!ices, alon$ with those o! @o*al 6utch 'hell an" 'tatoil, were rai"e" in 7a* 201. * re$ulators !rom the 2uropean Commission, e$innin$ an in1esti$ation into alle$ations the companies reporte" "istorte" prices to the price reportin$ a$enc* Platts, ut were ne$otiate" contracts amon$ sophisticate" companies) /he "ismissal was uphel" * the Court o! %ppeals !or the 5th Circuit in
in or"er to Pmanipulate the pu lishe" pricesP !or se1eral oil an" io !uel pro"ucts) /he 2C is pro in$ alle$ations the companies collu"e" to ri$ prices !or more than a "eca"e)
Conclusion. British Petroleum * !ar !ocusin$ on 8ust earnin$ pro!its, an" has not concerne" a out an* eco !rien"l* mechanisms in retrie1in$ cru"e oil !rom un"erneath sea) /heir health an" sa!et* stan"ar"s ha1e also een 1er* poor an" as resulte" in the "eath o! numerous emplo*ees o1er 1arious inci"ents an" the loss o! plant an" animal li!e has monumental) B* this we can conclu"e that BP has !ollowe" unethical stan"ar"s o! "oin$ usiness across nationsH /he BP /e5as Cit* @e!iner* 25plosion /e5as cit* re!iner* e5plosion %ir Pollution 1iolations Colom ian Garmlan" "ama$es claim Cana"ian tar san" Aealth an" sa!et* 1iolations Pru"hoe Ba* Caspian 'ea $as leak an" lowout /e5as Cit* Chemical leak 6eepwater AoriBon e5plosion an" oil spill 2n1ironmental -mpact een
Criminal Prosecution Aealth e!!ects @elease o! Locker ie om er Political contri utions an" lo *in$
!U//E!TI01! BP shoul" maintain the 'a!et* measures at work place in or"er to pre1ent the acci"ents) -t shoul" e open to the pu lic re$ar"in$ all the in!ormation to a1oi" the !alse representations) /he to5ic wastes !rom the ,il ri$s shoul" e !iltere" out e!ore releasin$ in to the atmosphere to pre1ent the %ir, 3ater L Lan" pollution) /he oils spills must e taken care o!! L the "umpin$ shoul" not e "one in the water o"ies to sa1e the marine li!e) Compan* must turn their pro!it perspecti1e to societal L 2n1ironmental care L sa!et*) Compan* must pro1i"e the sa!et* e0uipment to all the emplo*ees where the a!!ect o! risks are more)