2013 RADAR ENGINEERING (EC 704A) GROUP-A (Multiple Choice Type Questions) 1.

Choose the correct alternatives for any ten of the following: i) With a CW radar and a fixed target we can measure a) range b) ralative velocity c) presence d) all of these ii) With a CW radar and a moving target we can measure a) range b) relative velocity c) presence d) all of these iii) With a pulsed radar and a fixed target we can measure a) range b) relative velocity c) presence d) all of these iv) prf fp is given by a) fp=2Run/c c) c= 2fp/run v) Radar cross-section of target is the a) Area of radar transmitter antenna c) full surface area of target 101=10

b) Run=2fp/c d) none of the above

b) effective area of target as seen by radar d) full surface area of radar

vi) To remove multiple time around echoes from the radar display, the technique used is a) fixed prf b) variable prf c) both of these d) none of these vii) RADAR's primitive role was to a) measure range to target and target detection c) detect the shape and colour of target

b) measure relative velocity of target d) all of the above

viii) If the received echo signal strength from the target does not cross the threshold, then this situation is called a) missed target b) false alarm c) both of these d) none of these ix) If the threshold level is kept too low the noise signal only crosses the threshold level, then this situation is called a) missed target b) false alarm c) both of these d) none of these

x) This is statistical in nature a) minimum detectable signal c)antenna beam shape loss

b) plunbing loss d) connector losses

xi) B-slope display gives the information of _____________ and _______________ (a) Range and azimuth (b) Range and elevation (c) Azimuth and elevation (d) Range and azimuth xii) If the radar receiver BW is Bn and the duration of the pulse is , then the approximate condition of the matched filter is (b) Bn =1/2 (a) Bn = (c) Bn==1 (d) Bn =1 xiii) This is a deflection modulated radar display (a) PPI (c) C-Scope (b) B-scope (d) A-Scope

xiv) The radar cross-section of target has dimensions of (a) volume (b) density (c) time (d) area xv) If the peak transmitted power in a radar system is increased by a factor of 16, the maximum range will be increased by (a) 16 times (b) 8 times (c) 4 times (d) 2 times xvi) If TR is the time taken by the pulse to travel to target and return, then the range can be computed as (b) R=TR/2c (a) R=c/TR (c) R=2cTR (d) (cTR)/2. GROUP-B (Short Answer Type Questions) Answer any three of the following 35=15

2. Discuss the operation of Magnetrons transmitters used in radars with its advantages and limitations. 3. Derive the simple form of the radar range equation and discuss the shortcomings in this simple equation. 2 A 10GHz radar has the following characteristics: peak transmitted power=250KW; power gain of antenna=2500; minimum detectable peak signal power by receiver=10-14 Watts; cross-sectional area of the radar antenna=10m2. If this radar were to be used to detect a target of 2m2 equivalent cross-section, find the maximum range possible. 3

4. Explain the different types of losses encountered in a practical radar system such as plumbing loss, beam-shape loss, limiting loss, collapsing loss, the loss due to non-ideal equipments, the operator loss, the loss due to field degradation and the loss due to various propagation effects. 5. a) What is blip-scan ratio? 51=5 b) What is the radar cross-section of a target? c) What is a lobe structure (formed at the target) and what is its adverse effect? d)What is the maximum unambiguous range? Write down its expression in terms of the pulse repetition frequency. e)What is the purpose of a matched filter in a radar receiver and what is the criterion with respect to the IF amplifier in such receiver for it to act as a matched filter?

GROUP-C (Long Answer Type Questions) Answer any three of the following 6. 315=45

(a) Explain how the Doppler frequency shift is measured with the help of CW radar showing a basic block diagram. What are the drawbacks of this method of measurement? 6 (b) Explain with a block diagram how the above drawbacks are overcome in Super-heterodyne radar receiver with non-zero IF frequency.

(c) Derive a relation between the Doppler frequency shift and the relative velocity of a target with respect to radar. 3 7. a) Derive an expression for the minimum detectable signal (Smin) of the radar receiver (in terms of the receiver noise). How can you include it in the radar range equation? 7 b) Differentiate between integrated BW and 3dB BW of a radar receiver 1

c) A radar system operates at 10GHz with a common antenna with a gain of 30dB. The receiver has a bandwidth of 1KHz and the noise factor is 5dB. The transmitted power is 1KW and the target echoing area is 10m2. Calculate the range for S/N=10. Given (4)3=7.943310-18 7

8.

a) Describe the integration of radar pulses technique and its necessity. What is integration efficiency and how it is taken into account in the radar range equation? 5+2 b) Explain in brief the technique used to separate multiple-time-around echoes from unambiguous echoes on the radar display. 3 c) A typical pulse waveform of radar has the parameters: peak pulse power = 1 MW, time period = 1 millisecond, duration of pulse = 1 micro second. Calculate (i) average power, (ii) duty cycle, and (iii) maximum unambiguous range of radar. 5 9. Explain in detail how the range and Doppler measurements are carried out using FM-CW radar with the help of a system block-diagram, giving relevant analytical theory.