Arduino is a popular open-source single-board microcontroller, descendant of the open-source Wiring platform,[2][3] designed to make the process of using

electronics in multidisciplinary projects more accessible. The hard are consists of a simple open hard are design for the !rduino board ith an !tmel !"# processor and on-board input$output support. The soft are consists of a standard programming language compiler and the boot loader that runs on the board.[%] !rduino hard are is programmed using a Wiring-based language &synta' and libraries(, similar to )** ith some slight simplifications and modifications, and a +rocessing-based integrated de,elopment en,ironment.[%] )urrent ,ersions can be purchased pre-assembled- hard are design information is a,ailable for those ho ould like to assemble an !rduino by hand. !dditionally, ,ariations of the .talian-made !rduino/ ith ,arying le,els of compatibility/ha,e been released by third parties- some of them are programmed using the !rduino soft are. The !rduino project recei,ed an honorary mention in the 0igital )ommunities category at the 2112 +ri' !rs 3lectronica.

Hardware

!n official !rduino 0uemilano,e &re, 2114b(. !n !rduino board consists of an 5-bit !tmel !"# microcontroller ith complementary components to facilitate programming and incorporation into other circuits. !n important aspect of the !rduino is the standard ay that connectors are e'posed, allo ing the )+6 board to be connected to a ,ariety of interchangeable add-on modules kno n as shields. 7ome shields communicate ith the !rduino board directly o,er ,arious pins, but many shields are indi,idually addressable ,ia an .8) serial bus, allo ing many shields to be stacked and used in parallel. 9fficial !rduinos ha,e used the mega!"# series of chips, specifically the !Tmega5, !Tmega:25, !Tmega325, !Tmega:251, and !Tmega2;21. ! handful of other processors ha,e been used by !rduino compatibles. <ost boards include a ; ,olt linear regulator and a :2 <=> crystal oscillator &or ceramic resonator in some ,ariants(, although some designs such as the ?ily+ad run at 5 <=> and dispense ith the onboard ,oltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. !n !rduino@s microcontroller is also preprogrammed ith a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory, compared ith other de,ices that typically need an e'ternal programmer. !t a conceptual le,el, hen using the !rduino soft are stack, all boards are programmed o,er an #7232 serial connection, but the ay this is implemented ,aries by hard are ,ersion. 7erial !rduino boards

contain a simple in,erter circuit to con,ert bet een #7-232-le,el and TT?-le,el signals. )urrent !rduino boards are programmed ,ia 67A, implemented using 67A-to-serial adapter chips such as theBT0. BT232. 7ome ,ariants, such as the !rduino <ini and the unofficial Aoarduino, use a detachable 67A-to-serial adapter board or cable, Aluetooth or other methods. &When used ith traditional microcontroller tools instead of the !rduino .03, standard !"# .7+programming is used.( The !rduino board e'poses most of the microcontroller@s .$9 pins for use by other circuits. The 0iecimila, 0uemilano,e, and current 6no pro,ide :% digital .$9 pins, si' of hich can produce pulse- idth modulated signals, and si' analog inputs. These pins are on the top of the board, ,ia female 1.: inch headers. 7e,eral plug-in application shields are also commercially a,ailable. The !rduino Cano, and !rduino-compatible Aare Aones Aoard and Aoarduino boards may pro,ide male header pins on the underside of the board to be plugged into solderless breadboards.

Software The !rduino .03 is a cross-platform application ritten in Da,a, and is deri,ed from the .03 for the +rocessing programming language and the Wiring project. .t is designed to introduce programming to artists and other ne comers unfamiliar ith soft are de,elopment. .t includes a code editor ith features such as synta' highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board ith a single click. There is typically no need to edit makefiles or run programs on a command-line interface. !lthough building on command-line is possible if reEuired ith some third-party tools such as .no. The !rduino .03 comes ith a )$)** library called FWiringF &from the project of the same name(, hich makes many common input$output operations much easier. !rduino programs are ritten in )$)**, although users only need define t o functions to make a runnable programG

setup&( H a function run once at the start of a program that can initiali>e settings loop&( H a function called repeatedly until the board po ers off

! typical first program for a microcontroller simply blinks an ?30 on and off. .n the !rduino en,ironment, the user might rite a program like thisG[:%] Idefine ?30J+.C :3 void setup () { pinMode (LED_PIN, OUTPUT); % void loop () { di$ital&#ite (LED_PIN, 'I('); dela* ( +++); di$ital&#ite (LED_PIN, LO&); dela* ( +++); %

// enable pin

! "o# di$ital output

// // // //

tu#n ,ait tu#n ,ait

on t)e LED one se-ond ( +++ .illise-onds) o"" t)e LED one se-ond

Bor the abo,e code to ork correctly, the positi,e side of the ?30 must be connected to pin :3 and the negati,e side of the ?30 must be connected to ground. The abo,e code ould not be seen by a standard )** compiler as a ,alid program, so hen the user clicks the F6pload to .$9 boardF button in the .03, a copy of the code is ritten to a temporary file ith an e'tra include header at the top and a ,ery simple main&( function at the bottom, to make it a ,alid )** program. 7ee )yclic e'ecuti,e The !rduino .03 uses the KC6 toolchain and !"# ?ibc to compile programs, and usesa,rdude to upload programs to the board. !s the !rduino platform uses !tmel microcontrollers !tmelLs de,elopment en,ironment, !"# 7tudio or the ne er !tmel 7tudio, may also be used to de,elop soft are for the !rduino. [:;] [:2] Bor educational purposes there is third party graphical de,elopment en,ironment called <inibloE a,ailable under a different open source license. Official hardware

The original !rduino hard are is manufactured by the .talian company 7mart +rojects.[:M]7ome !rduinobranded boards ha,e been designed by the !merican company 7parkBun 3lectronics. Bourteen ,ersions of the !rduino hard are ha,e been commercially produced to dateG[%]

1. The 7erial !rduino, programmed ith a 03-4 serial connection and using an !Tmega5
2. The !rduino 3'treme, ith a 67A interface for programming and using an !Tmega5

3. The !rduino <ini, a miniature ,ersion of the !rduino using a surface-mounted!Tmega:25

%. The !rduino Cano, an e,en smaller, 67A po ered ,ersion of the !rduino using a surface-mounted !Tmega:25 &!Tmega325 for ne er ,ersion(

5. The ?ily+ad !rduino, a minimalist design for earable application using a surface-mounted
!Tmega:25 2. The !rduino CK, ith a 67A interface for programming and using an !Tmega5 M. The !rduino CK plus, ith a 67A interface for programming and using an !Tmega:25 5. The !rduino Aluetooth, ith a Aluetooth interface for programming using an !Tmega:25 4. The !rduino 0iecimila, ith a 67A interface and utili>es an !Tmega:25 in a 0.?25 package &pictured( :1.The !rduino 0uemilano,e &F2114F(, using the !Tmega:25 &!Tmega325 for ne er ,ersion( and po ered ,ia 67A$0) po er, s itching automatically

11. The !rduino <ega, using a surface-mounted !Tmega:251 for additional .$9 and memory.[:5]
:2.The !rduino 6no, uses the same !Tmega325 as late-model 0uemilano,e, but hereas the 0uemilano,e used an BT0. chipset for 67A, the 6no uses an !Tmega562 programmed as a serial con,erter. :3.The !rduino <ega2;21, uses a surface-mounted !Tmega2;21, bringing the total memory to 2;2 kA. .t also incorporates the ne !Tmega562 &!Tmega:262 in re,ision 3( 67A chipset. :%.The !rduino ?eonardo, ith a !Tmega326% chip that eliminates the need for 67A connection and can be used as a ,irtual keyboard or mouse. .t as released at the <aker Baire Aay !rea 21:2.

BlashG +rogram <emory 7#!<G 0ata <emory

!C!?9K .C+6T7G - con,erts ,oltage to :1 bit digital ,alue. - can pro,ide reference ,oltage