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(IR spectroscopy)
Chapter 12 - IR spectroscopy
Information obtained Empirical formula Molecular mass Conjugation Functional groups Number and arrangement of atoms
Electromagnetic spectrum
Chapter 12 - IR spectroscopy
E = h = hc/
Chapter 12 - IR spectroscopy
Shown below is a cartoon representation of light waves of different wavelength showing which region causes what transition
Electronic Transitions
Vibrational Transitions
Absorption spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy IR spectroscopy is an useful tool to identify functional groups in organic molecules IR spectroscopy is a result of molecular vibrational transitions that occur when light interacts with matter Molecules are always vibrating For a molecule to be IR active, the vibrations should give rise to a net change in dipole moment
Chapter 12 - IR spectroscopy
Molecular vibrations
The covalent bonds in molecules are not rigid sticks or rods, but are more like stiff springs that can be stretched and bent. bond length changes bond angle changes
stretching (symmetric and asymmetric) bending (scissoring, rocking, wagging and twisting)
Chapter 12 - IR spectroscopy
By considering the atoms as point masses, linked by a 'spring' having a force constant f (sometimes denoted as k) and following Hooke's Law, equation shown below can be utilized to approximate the characteristic stretching frequency (in cm-1) of a diatomic molecule with the masses of two atoms being m1 and m2,
c = velocity of light. IR energy in a spectrum is usually measured as wavenumber (cm-1), the inverse of wavelength and proportional to frequency
1/ =
Chapter 12 - IR spectroscopy
The above figure shows the range of frequency used by organic chemists for structural analysis
Chapter 12 - IR spectroscopy
IR of an alkene
Chapter 12 - IR spectroscopy
IR of an alkyne
Chapter 12 - IR spectroscopy
3100 cm-1
3300 cm-1
C C
2150 cm-1
Chapter 12 - IR spectroscopy
The previous slide highlights the differences between the IR spectra of alkane, alkene and an alkyne. Note that C-C single bond has lower stretching frequency than a C=C double bond which in turn vibrates at lower energy than CC triple bond
Chapter 12 - IR spectroscopy
Hydrocarbons
Note that IR vibration of O-H is greater than N-H which in turn is greater than C-H
NH2
Carbonyls