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Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies

Section OneTypes of Monarchy
As you most likely recall from Chapter Three, towards the end of the Middle Ages in Europe, monarchs were gaining power, and nobles and the Catholic Church were losing power. By the 1500s and 1600s, the power of monarchs in some European countries was so strong that they began to be referred to as absolute monarchs. In other countries, a more limited type of monarchy developed.

Characteristics of Absolutism The absolute monarchs of the

16th and 17th centuries exhibited many or all of the following nine characteristics: Divine Right Becoming a monarch isnt easy. One cant just Google monarch certification and take a quick online course and then suddenly start ruling a country. In order to be a monarch, one must be born into a royal family. Thats hard enough to do already, but to top it all off, the person must be born the oldest male child of a royal family, and then wait until the current king dies. So its all hereditary.
To exhibit is to show.

Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section OneTypes of Monarchy

This picture makes it look like God sent divine right to kings as a sort of weirdly angled ray of sunshine.

If you think about how strong Christian beliefs were in Early Modern Europe, you can imagine how people of that time period would explain hereditary monarchy. The king was born into the royal family because God wanted him to be king. Since God made this person the king, then God must want the people in his country to obey the monarch. Therefore, if a citizen of the country disobeyed
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the king (whom God had chosen), it was like disobeying God. This ideathat the monarch was Gods representative on Earth, and was specially chosen by God to ruleis called divine right. It was not an entirely new idea. In fact, the concept of divine right was very similar to the Chinese idea of the Mandate of Heaven. Reduced Power of Nobles This makes sense if you think about who had the most power in the Early Middle Ages: land-owning nobles. So in order for the monarch to get more power for himself, naturally he would need to reduce the power of the nobles.

Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section OneTypes of Monarchy

The Mandate of Heaven was the idea that a Chinese ruling family was in power because the gods wanted them to be. Its hard to believe that such froufy-looking people would have power to take away, isnt it?

Politics Considered More Important than Religion Dont you love it when the name of a characteristic makes it totally figure-outable? Though absolute monarchs did not completely abandon religion, they tended to consider it less important than achieving their political goals. This also had the helpful effect of reducing the power of the Churchthat other pesky group that monarchs needed to keep under control. Large Standing Armies Remember how Medieval European kings got military assistance? Noble lords who owed them military service would come to help the monarch when they were called. But the army was not always there. And since the army was made up of nobles, the king couldnt use the army to take power away from the nobles. So, as monarchs gained power, they began to employ professional armies that were always readycalled standing armies. Because these armies were paid, and werent made up of nobles, the monarchs could use them to increase their own royal power.

Standing armies didnt always just stand there. Sometimes they played dice!
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Expansionist Policies Mercantilism, which we learned about in Chapter Five, was the prevalent economic theory in Early Modern Europe. Since mercantilism emphasized the need to accumulate gold and silver, and to take wealth away from other people, this led monarchs to attempt to use their armies to expand their borders. Additionally, 16th- and 17th-century kings wanted to gain control of colonies, which could also help to expand the wealth of their mother countries.

According to the economic theory of mercantilism, wealth is limited, so it must be taken away from others. The best measure of wealth is gold and silver, and governments should strictly control the economy to promote wealth. Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section OneTypes of Monarchy

Louis XIV of France pursuing expansionism during the War of Devolution

Centralized Government with Middle-class Bureaucracy Naturally, in order to help him manage the country, even the most absolute of monarchs would need government officials. In Medieval Europe, most government officials were also nobles or members of the clergy. But absolute monarchs were trying to take away the power of those groups, so they hired middle-class people to work for them instead. Middle-class bureaucrats Bureaucrats are tended to be much more loyal government officials. than did noble bureaucrats. Many nobles had inherited large sums of money, so they didnt really need to work for a living. Therefore, if they got fired from their government job for being disloyal to the king, well, no big whoop. But middle-class government workers needed their salaries to live on. As a result, they 17th-century Russian bureaucrats in hats generally did a better job
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because being fired would be more problematic for them.

Opulence is extreme luxury, usually done in kind of a show-offy way.

Used Opulence to Display Power One way that monarchs gained power over people was purely psychological: they impressed everyone with their fancy stuff. One way in which monarchs dazzled their subjects was by building gigantic palaces. They would then require the nobles to spend a certain amount of time each year at court visiting the king in his palace. While the nobles were visiting the king, he could keep a close eye on them, which made it harder for them to plan rebellions against him. Also, why would anyone want to rebel This picture of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Is when they were wedding is the epitome of opulence. sleeping in a luxurious bed, eating wonderful food, hanging out with other nobles, and peeing in a gold chamber pot? Patronage of the Arts If monarchs were having nobles at court all the time, they had to entertain them somehow. So they patronized the artsmeaning they hired artists, writers, and musicians to create paintings, plays, and music for entertainment. Very High Taxes Hey, you gotta pay the bills for your army, fancy crib, and bureaucrats salaries somehow, right?

Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section OneTypes of Monarchy

When something is described as the epitome (pronounced ehPIT-uh-mee), it is the perfect example of a certain quality or characteristic. Cmon, kid. CONTEXT CLUES!! If someone pees in a chamber pot, then it must be some kind of historical toilet. No convenient flushery in olden times. P-U.

Characteristics of Limited Monarchy Hows your hand

feeling? Hurty, because youve taken lots of notes? Well, fortunately for you, there arent nine features of the other kind of monarchy that developed in Europe in the 1600slimited monarchy. In a limited monarchy, somethingeither a constitution or a representative body or bothlimited the power of the monarch. Sometimes this kind of monarchy is also called parliamentary monarchy or constitutional monarchy, making it even more self-explanatory. Hooray!
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Section TwoMonarchs of Spain and France

In the 16th and 17th centuries, strong absolute monarchies developed in Western Europe under Hapsburg dynasty of Spain and the Bourbon dynasty of France.

Philip II of Spain Philip II, the

Hapsburg king of Spain, once wrote the following in a letter to the Pope, Rather than suffer damage to religion and God, I would lose all my states; for I do not desire to be the ruler of heretics. This is a pretty good summary of Philip IIs rule. Almost every decision he made for Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, and the North American colonies he ruled had to do with upholding Catholicism. Wait a minute! Didnt we just read that one of the characteristics of an absolute monarch was that politics were considered more important than religion? Why yes, we did. But we also read that absolute monarchs displayed many or all of the nine characteristics. Philip II possessed most of the other characteristics, so he still counts as an absolute monarch.

Philip II should be read as Philip the Second. Whenever a monarch has a Roman numeral after his or her name, it is read as the Third, or the Fourteenth, or whatever. That means they are the third, or fourteenth, or whatever, person with that name to rule that country. Heretics were people who went against the official teachings of the Catholic Church.

Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section TwoMonarchs of France and Spain

Philip II in his fancy-pants

Spanish Hegemony Philip ruled from 1556 to 1598. Since he was determined to preserve his absolute power, he personally supervised all the workings of the government. He was also very particular about documentation, and made his ministers and bureaucrats record everything they did on paper. Early in Philips reign, Spain became the hegemon of Europe. This was due in part to the power of the Spanish navy, called the Armada. Additionally, Spain also had gold and silver wealth from its American colonies. This wealth helped to finance Spains participation in various wars with the Turks, rebelling colonists in the Spanish Netherlands, England, and France.
When a country has hegemony (hehJIM-uh-nee), it is the dominant country in an area.

Near the end of Philips reign, however, Spain was nearly bankrupt. Inflation is a rise in This was because of inflation, a lack of industry in Spain, taxation prices that messes issues, and foreign debt. These problems, combined with Spains up the economy. defeat in wars with the English and French, caused Spain to become a less powerful country in the 1600s.
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Religion and Wars Religion and Wars seems like an oxymoron, doesnt it? In the case of Philip II, though, war and religion went hand-in-hand. Philip was a SuperCatholic, and was pretty much determined to use his absolute power to force everyone else to be a Catholic too, which tended to get him involved in wars with areas in which Protestants ruled. Most of Philips religious wars did not end well for Spain. For example, when Philip tried to impose Catholicism on his subjects in the Netherlands, they rebelled, eventually gaining their independence from Spain. Later, Philip fought with England The English navy defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588. in 1588 and France in the 1590s because he disapproved of the Protestant policies their rulers were pursuing. Both of these wars resulted in defeat for Spain and contributed to its economic decline. The Golden Century The Hapsburgs were great patrons of the arts. As a result, Spain experienced a period of achievements in art, architecture, and literature called el Siglo de Oro the Golden Century. The artist El Greco and the author Miguel de Cervantes were part of this cultural flowering. Additionally, Philip commissioned an architect to build a combination palace and monastery called El Escorial. This palace was designed to celebrate Spains role as the center of Catholic Europe.

Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section TwoMonarchs of Spain and France

Siglo de Oro is pronounced SEEGlow day OR-oh.

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Louis XIV of France Louis XIV was the Bourbon king of France
from 1643 to 1715. He is frequently considered to be the quintessential absolute monarch, since he possessed all nine of the necessary characteristics. During his reign, France was one of the most powerful countries in Europe. (England was the other one, but thats in Section Three. I know, I knowyoure hungry for knowledge, but youll just have to be patient.) The Sun King Louis became the king of France at age five. Can you imagine the laws that would be made in a country under the rule of a five-year-old? Cookies for every meal! All toys belong to ME! Bedtime is NEVER! Yeah, that probably wouldnt work out so well. So historically, whenever kings would inherit the throne at a very young age, or sometimes if the king was mentally ill or unable to rule for some other reason, a regent would rule the country in the kings name.

Louis XIV is read LOO-ee the Fourteenth. Bourbon was the last name of this dynasty of French kings. The drink and the street in New Orleans were both named after their family. (Btw, underage drinking is bad, mkay?)

Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section TwoMonarchs of France and Spain

Lil Louis

Louiss regent, Jules Mazarin, worked to increase the power of the monarchy. One way in which he tried to do this was to reduce the power of the nobles through taxation, which caused a series of rebellions, called the Fronde. This rebellion taught Louis an important lessonthat if he was going to increase his own power, he would need to find a way to do so while keeping the nobles happy.

Jules Mazarin is pronounced JOOL Mazz-uh-RAN.

Louis as the Sun King (Wealthy seventeenth-century men dressed in ribbons, lace, and other girly-seeming stuff. Regardless of his effeminate appearance, Louis was extremely popular with the ladies.)
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When Mazarin died, Louis decided not to replace him with another official advisor. Instead, he would ruled France all on his own. He started a sort of PR campaign to promote himself as the ultimate absolute monarch. He called himself the Sun King, because the sun is the center of the universe, and everything else revolves around it. He is also famous for having said, Letat cest moi, which means, I am Letat cest moi is pronounced laythe government. Essentially, Louis TAH say mwah. was letting everyone know that his word was law and that all government actions could only occur with his approval.
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Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section TwoMonarchs of Spain and France

The Palace of Versailles Another way in which Louis promoted himself as the supreme ruler of France was by using luxury to display his importance. He had a fantastic palace built just outside Paris, called Versailles, which served as his own home, a home for Versailles is pronounced VERthousands of nobles, and the center of Frances government. sigh. Versailles was decorated in the Baroque style. This artistic style glorified Memory Trick: if extreme you decorated your amounts of house in Baroque decoration. style, youd Nearly probably go ba-roke since everything in everything would Versailles was be all gold- and covered in diamond-covered. gold, silk, satin, or embroidery, had scenes painted on it, or was dripping with diamonds and the queens Baroque bedroom at Versailles gemstones. Louis used Versailles to reduce the power of the nobles. All nobles of high rank were required to spend a certain amount of time at Versailles each year. At Versailles, fancy clothes, shoes, and jewelry were the norm, so in order to keep up with the fashions at court, these nobles would have to spend huge amounts of money. Additionally, Louis threw awesome parties and generously provided the nobles with food, wine, and entertainment. Louis sponsored artists, playwrights, and musicians who were responsible for providing the nobles at court with fun stuff to look and listen to. As a result, the nobles were broke, drunk, distracted, and right under Louis nosemaking it almost impossible for them to rebel against him. Louis Wars Louis got involved in numerous wars, such as the Nine Years War and the War of Spanish Succession, all of which were fought in an effort to expand Frances borders. None of these wars worked out very well, however, because the other countries in Europe got together to preserve the balance of power. This happens frequently in history when one country gets too powerful. Other countries get freaked out and worry that the powerful country is going to try to take over more territory, so they make alliances to fight back. Youll see this happen again when we study Napoleon, World War I, and World War II.
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6.3Tudor Monarchs of England

Development of Limited Monarchy In contrast to the
absolute monarchy that developed in other parts of Europe, limited monarchy evolved in England. This was due in part to the provisions of the Magna Carta, which was signed by King John in 1215.

Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section ThreeTudor Monarchs of England

In England, Parliament limited the monarchs power by controlling taxation.

The Magna Carta limited the kings power, recognized the rights of nobles, and provided for regular meetings of Parliament. It also gave Parliament power of the purse, or power over taxation. This gave Parliament a way to check the monarchs power if necessaryby cutting off the monarchs funds.

the Tudors The Tudor dynasty began in 1457 with the reign of
Henry VII, and also included Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. The Tudor monarchs who made the most significant contributions to monarchy in England were Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. Though they were not true absolute monarchs, each strengthened the power of the monarch, either through a change in relations with the Catholic Church or skillful handling of Parliament. Henry VIII Henry VIII ruled from 1509-1547. When Henry ascended the throne, the Protestant Reformation had not yet begun. Several years later, Henry denounced Martin Luther and the other critics of the Catholic Church. Eventually though, he changed his mind, due to some trouble with the ladies.
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Henry VII is read Henry the Seventh; Henry VIII is Henry the Eighth; Edward VI is Edward the Sixth.

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An heir (pronounced air) is a person who inherits something upon someone elses death. Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section ThreeTudor Monarchs of England Boleyn is pronounced boLIN.

Henry did have a child with Anne BoleynElizabeth but did not get the male heir he wanted, so he had her beheaded. Eventually, Henry had six different wives, several of whom he had executed for adultery after they failed to produce male heirs. Despite the numerous spouses, he only had three legitimate childrenMary, Elizabeth, and Edward.

Henry VIII, Renaissance Baby Daddy

Henry was married to a Spanish chick, Catherine of Aragon. Catherine had had a daughter, Mary, but had not managed to produce a son to be the heir to the throne. Now, Henry was popular with the ladies of the court, and he had found an alternativeAnne Boleyn. He and his ministers asked the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine so he could marry Anne and make some new (hopefully male) babies. Unfortunately (for Henry, anyway), the Pope said no.

Henry then decided to embrace the Reformation (well, sort of). In a very Machiavellian move, he denounced the Church and declared himself to be the head of the Church of England (basically saying that he would no longer obey the Pope). Since Henry didnt have any actual issues with the teachings of the Church, the new Church of England was really not all that different under Henry than it had been under Catholicism. In addition to putting the church under state control, Henry VIII and his ministers did several other things that increased the power of the English monarchy. He expanded the navy, built numerous palaces, decreased the influence of nobles in royal courts, and was adept at getting Parliament to bend to his will. These actions set up a strong foundation for Henrys daughter, Elizabeth, to make England prosperous. Edward VI After Henrys death in 1547, his son Edward ruled for six years. Since he was a teenager, he had regents who helped him rule, and Edwards regents were strongly Protestant. These regents made many Protestant reforms to the Church of England.
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teenage dream Edward VI

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Mary I After Edward died in 1553, his older sister, Mary I, became queen. Just like her husband, Philip II of Spain, Mary was a SuperCatholic who wanted to force everyone else to be Catholic, too. She persecuted Protestants (including her own sister, Elizabeth, whom she locked in the Tower of London), earning her the nickname Bloody Mary. Elizabeth I By the time Elizabeth I became queen in 1558, England had been kind of swinging back and forth between Protestantism and Catholicism. Elizabeth brought an end Bloody Mary looks like she could to all that turmoil with what is called the Elizabethan Compromise. As part use a little more fiber in her diet. of this compromise, Elizabeth required all of her subjects to attend the Protestant Church of England. Then, she set up the Church of England as a sort of compromise between Protestantism and Catholicism. This allowed for more religious toleration in England. (Though not everyone was happy: a group called the Puritans believed that the Church of England was too much like the Catholic Church. They were called Puritans because they believed the English church needed to be purified.) Elizabeth was a very skillful politician. Because she used creative methods for funding the government, rather than lots of taxation, and because she cultivated a positive relationship with Parliament, she had very few problems with its members. She never married, but the possibility of a marriage alliance to England was a tool that could be used to negotiate political deals with other countries. (Remember, historically, marriage was used to make political and economic deals, especially among royals and nobles.) By the time of her death in 1603, Elizabeth had made Now you know why they call those collars England stable and that dogs have to wear after they come prosperous.
from the vet Elizabethan collars.
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6.4Stuart Monarchs of England

Since Queen Elizabeth I never married, she did not have a direct heir. So when she died, the throne passed to her cousins, the Stuarts, who already served as monarchs of Scotland. In Scotland, monarchs were allowed to rule absolutely, so when the Stuarts assumed the throne of England, problems arose because they tried to rule just as they had in Scotland, and did not respect the rights of Parliament.

Causes of the English Civil War

Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section FourStuart Monarchs of England

James I, the first Stuart monarch of England, ruled from 1603 to 1625. Since he was king of two countries, England and Scotland, he wanted to legally combine them into one country. Parliament was against this, and then a long series of disagreements began. Finally, James got fed up and dismissed Parliament in 1610. He ruled without Parliament until 1621, when they again argued over a potential marriage alliance for his son, and a war against the Holy Roman Empire. In general, relations between James I and Parliament were strained, creating a bad situation which his son, Charles I, made worse.

DANG. That is some tassel, James I.

Parliament is bicameral, which means it has two houses. The upper house is the House of Lords, and only hereditary nobles could be in that. The lower house is the House of Commons, which theoretically represented regular people (but historically was often controlled by wealthy corrupt dudes).

Charles I reigned from 1625 to 1649. He had strong Catholic sympathies, which caused general distrust among the Puritan majority in Parliaments House of Commons. Then, in 1626, Charles

Baby Charles II had a super stinky dirty diaper, so Charles I had to stand way over on the other side of the room for this portrait. Everybody poops. Even princes.

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declared war on Spain, in order to help his brother-in-law regain some territory he had lost. Parliament disapproved, and placed limits on the amount of money it was willing to allow Charles to raise to pay for the war. Charles found creative ways to tax the people without Parliaments consent, and ruled without Parliament until 1640, when a revolt broke out in Scotland. Charles had no choice but to call Parliament back, and subsequent arguments between monarch and Parliament regarding the Scots revolt and another revolt in Ireland led to the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642.

If Thing B is subsequent to Thing A, then Thing B came after Thing A. Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section FourStuart Monarchs of England

the English Civil War From 1642 to 1649, Cavaliers fought

Roundheads in the English Civil War. The Cavaliers were the supporters of Charles I, and got the nickname due to the fact that many of his supporters were noblemen. (Cavalier refers to a chivalrous gentleman.) The Roundheads, led by Oliver Cromwell, supported the Puritan forces of Parliament. Puritans were notoriously simple in their way of dressing, and usually wore plain black clothes and had very short haircuts. Since their hair was short, the roundness of their heads was visible hence the name Roundheads. So, English Civil War = Cavaliers vs. Roundheads. Roundheads won! In 1649, they had Charles I executed and declared that England was now a Commonwealth.
Cavalier and Charles both start with a C, so you can remember that Cavaliers were supporters of King Charles. Or maybe just think about Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Guess who those were named after?

Oliver starts with an O, which is a round letter, so that will remind you that Oliver Cromwell led the Roundheads. Puritans were English supporters of John Calvin who thought the Church of England was too much like the Catholic Church. They wanted to purify ithence the name Puritans. Some of the Puritans got fed up and moved away to America, where they were called Pilgrims. 6.4

SPOILER ALERT!! Ollie C. peeking at Charles I in his coffin.

the Commonwealth If you look at the root words of

Commonwealth, it might make you think its some kind of communist set-up. Dont be led astray, Young Scholar! Communism hadnt been invented yet. In theory, the Commonwealth was supposed to be a republic led by the House of Commons. In fact, some historians refer to the period from 1649 to1660 (when the Commonwealth ruled) as the Kingless Decade.
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A theocracy is a religiously ruled country or city.

But what really happened was that Oliver Cromwell ran England as a sort of funless theocratic Puritan dictatorship until he died in 1558. After Ollies death, his son, Richard, tried to take over. Richard wasnt a great leader, which led to all kinds of chaos. So in 1660, Charles II, the son of Charles I, was restored to the throne.

the Restoration Charles II was

Merrie is an oldfashioned spelling of merry. Spelling wasnt standardized until the early 1800s, so people just spelled words however they felt like it.

Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section FourStuart Monarchs of England

known as the Merrie Monarch, which indicates that many English people felt great relief at the end of all of the Puritan restrictions on fun that had been put in place during the Commonwealth. Charles II did clash with Parliament on some matters of religionhe wanted religious toleration, and Parliament wanted to pursue anti-Catholic policies. Generally, though, Charles II backed down and got along okay with Parliament. For example, during his reign, Parliament passed the Test Act, which made it practically impossible for Catholics to work as government officials.

Pirate + Giraffe = Charles II

Charlie also got along very nicely with the ladies! Though he had no legitimate heir, he had at least fourteen recognized natural children. When Charles II died in 1685, his brother, James II, took the throne. James II was openly Catholic, which worried some Englishmen, but at first he got along okay with Parliament. Shortly after James II became king, two rebellions occurred, and he began building a standing army to protect himself from future rebellions. No English monarch had ever kept a standing army before, so this really freaked people out. James II then succeeded to do a variety of things to promote Catholics (without the approval of Parliament). Then, in 1688, he ordered all English ministers to read a law that removed all restrictions on Catholics, and arrested any ministers who refused to do so. Shortly thereafter, his Catholic wife gave birth to a son, who would presumably also be a Catholic, and the English had had enough with what they called popery. They just couldnt stomach the idea of a long dynasty of Catholic monarchs.
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the Glorious Revolution So, in order to get rid of their Catholic

king, some noblemen got in touch with William III of Orange, James Protestant son-in-law. They arranged for him and his wife (James daughter, Mary) to bring troops to England to overthrow James II. When James found out the troops were coming, he ran away to France. Since he left the country, he was considered to have abdicated, and William and Mary were all set to take the throne. Since there was no battle (which is totally glorious, right?), this event is called the Glorious Revolution.
Orange is a province in the Netherlands. Though the Netherlands was a republic, the House of Orange had tons of political power there in the 1600s & 1700s. Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section FourStuart Monarchs of England To abdicate is to give up the throne. Its kind of like resignation for monarchs.

William of Oranges troops setting out to overthrow James II. So glorious.

the English Bill of Rights But Parliament wanted to be sure that

William and Mary (and all future monarchs) would respect the traditional rights of Parliament. Before they could take the throne, in 1689, they were required to sign the English Bill of Rights. Like the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights asserted that Parliament had power of the purse, and promoted habeas corpus. Other provisions were that the monarch could not have a standing army in peacetime without Parliaments permission, that there would be freedom of speech in Parliament, and that all English citizens could bear arms to defend themselves. Hmmm that sounds kind of like the American Bill of Rights! But that was written in 1789, a hundred years later. Golly. Its almost as if the English Bill of Rights influenced the American Bill of Rights. That sounds important. Store that away in your memory, please.
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6.5Monarchs of Russia and Prussia

Just as they had in Western Europe, absolute monarchies developed in Eastern Europe in the 1600s & 1700s. However, since this area tended to be more agrarian and less modern than Western Europe, Eastern European rulers used slightly different methods to gain absolute power.

Russia Here is what we know about Russia so far: it was settled by

Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section FiveMonarchs of Russia and Prussia

Slavs and Rus in Roman times, and centered around the city of Kiev. Russians liked to copy Byzantine culture in the early Medieval period, especially in areas of religion. Then, in the 1200s, Mongols invaded, cutting Russia off from Western Europe. Ivans, Good and Bad And now, a little info to connect what we know with what were about to learn: in the late 1400s, rulers from the Rurik dynasty reestablished Russian rule. A prince of Moscow, Ivan the Great, succeeded in ousting the Mongols and establishing a new Russian government centered around Moscow.

To oust people is to kick them out.

Ivan the Greats grandson, Ivan the Terrible, was the first ruler of Russia to claim the title of czar. Czar is the Russian form of caesar, so the use of Nomenclature refers that nomenclature implied that to the naming of the czar was a successor to the things. Roman and Byzantine emperors. Ivan the Terrible established a sort of terrororiented dictatorship in which the czar had absolute power. Once, Ivan the Terrible was visiting his (Czars dont get called the daughter-in-law while she was Terrible for nothing!) After Ivan sick, and he thought her nightgown was the Terribles death, in the early inappropriate, so he got into a fight with his son about it , and KILLED HIM. That 1600s, Russia entered what is was only one of about a bazillion terrible called the Time of Troubles. things Ivan the Terrible did. He totally This was a period of extreme deserved that name (though no one famine and economic A famine is a time called him that to his face, Im sure). period during which problems.
there is not enough food.

Peter the Great The Romanov dynasty began ruling Russia in 1613, bringing an end to the Time of Troubles. Peter the Great, one of the most powerful Romanov czars, ruled Russia from 1682 to 1745.
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Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section FiveMonarchs of Russia and Prussia

Russian expansion during Peter the Greats reign

Peter Pursued a Passel of Ports As czar, Peter the Great was sort of obsessed with gaining naval power for Russia. When he gained the throne, Russia only had one major port. Peter thought itd be nice to have ports along the Black Sea, which was controlled by Ottoman Turks, and the Baltic Sea, which was controlled by Sweden. In pursuit of his port-goals, Peter captured the Ottoman fort of Azov in 1696. Peter wanted to modernize his navy further before he got to work stealing ports from Sweden, so he went on an incognito trip to Western Europe to learn about ships n stuff. (He felt that if everyone knew who he was, he wouldnt learn very much, so he was disguised as a peasant. Peter made everyone call him Your Royal Serfness though, and he was freakishly tall to boot, so the disguise probably didnt work too well.) In 1698, there was a rebellion among the streltsy, so he His Royal Serfness workin on a ship in Holland
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Incognito literally means unknown, and refers to someone who is in disguise.

Streltsy were elite Russian military officers. 6.5

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had to cut his trip short to deal with that. After Peter put down the streltsy rebellion, he got busy with his port-gettin project once again. In 1700, he attacked Sweden, starting the Great Northern War. This war lasted until 1721, and eventually involved many major European countries. As a result of the Great Northern War, Russia gained lots of territory along the Baltic Sea and became a major European power. West is Best Due to his travels in Western Europe, Peter realized that Russia was culturally backward, and made many attempts at Westernization. During the Great Northern War, Peter captured some land along the Neva River, which he decided to turn into a Westernstyle city. He called the city St. Petersburg and moved his capital there in 1712. He also instituted a beard tax in hopes of getting boyars to look more Western. Other Westernizing reforms included the adoption of mercantilist economic policies and the establishment of scientific academies.

Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section FiveMonarchs of Russia and Prussia

Boyars were Russian nobles. To levitate is to float above the ground.

At first glance, this may look like a picture of a levitating child barbering a man in front of a flying carpet and a floating tablebut really its Peter the Great cutting off a boyars beard.

Increasing and Displaying Power Like other absolute monarchs, Peter needed to take power away from the nobles and the Church in order to increase his own power. He created the Table of Ranks, which assigned levels of power to nobles based on what was best for the state (rather than based on heredity). In order to bring the Russian Orthodox Church more firmly under his control, he left the office of patriarch vacant. In order to pay for improvements to St. Petersburg and Peterhof (his palace), he introduced new forms of taxation, which forced serfs and peasants to bear a larger tax burden. Peterhof Palace
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Prussia: a Northern European State, not a Misspelling of Russia Prussia was originally a part of the Holy Roman Empire,
and was made up of land ruled by dukes who belonged to the Hohenzollern family. In 1701, one of these dukes earned the right to the title King in Prussia after helping the Holy Roman Emperor in a war. The lands originally controlled by the Prussian kings were not contiguous, which was kind of a pain. So the Hohenzollerns built up the Prussian military in order to conquer more land to round out their territory. As a result, they created a strong militaristic state, which Frederick the Great used to make Prussia a dominant European power. Frederick the Great Frederick the Great ruled Prussia from 1740 to 1786. Like his ancestors (who were all confusingly named Frederick or Frederick William), Frederick the Great wanted to acquire territory that he could use to unite all of the scattered parts of his kingdom. As a result, he got Prussia involved in lots and lots of wars. Fredericks Wars The first war Frederick got involved in was the War of Austrian Succession, which began in 1740. This war began because Maria Theresa inherited the throne of Austria (which was kind of unusual for a female in that area). Opportunistically, Frederick refused to acknowledge her inheritance, and invaded and captured the Austrian province of Silesia for himself.

Today, Prussia is in northwestern Germany. Hohenzollern is pronounced HO-inzoll-urn.

Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section FiveMonarchs of Russia and Prussia

Frederick the Great

An opportunist takes advantage of a situation to get something for himself.

Then, in an effort to preserve the balance of power in Europe, Frederick invaded part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1756. This started the Seven Years War, in which Prussia was allied with Great Britain against other European countries. By its end in 1763, the Seven Years War resulted in a huge empire for Britain. Though Prussia didnt get any new territory out of the war, it did result in a beneficial alliance between Prussia and Russia. Modernization of Prussia In order to transform Prussia into a modern European state, Frederick made many reforms to the economy. In gaining control of Silesia, Prussia got access to natural resources, which could then be turned into manufactured goods. He also made changes to the currency system which benefitted the economy.
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Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section FiveMonarchs of Russia and Prussia

To depict something is to draw, paint, or otherwise make a picture out of it. For example, here is a depiction of a geometry class cube, drawn using linear perspective:

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0080xph http://popartmachine.com/item/pop_art/FASF-FASF.53533/JACOB -BINK-SOLDIERS-PLAYING-DICE-16TH-CENTURY http://www.siue.edu/COSTUMES/PLATE63BX.HTML http://www.henrydarthenay.com/2-categorie-10256648.html http://www.seiyaku.com/customs/crosses/boyar.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hochzeit_friedrich_I._tiepolo.jpg

http://www.allartclassic.com/pictures_zoom.php?p_number=129&p=&number=TIT009 http://listverse.com/2010/03/12/10-battles-that-turned-the-tide-of-war/ http://www.reproarte.com/picture/Michel -Ange_Houasse/ View+of+the+Monastery++El+Escorial/13361.html http://www.louis-xiv.de/index.php?id=66 http://babylonbaroque.wordpress.com/2010/09/11/the -sun-king-by-way-of-cathaythe-chinoiserie -tapestries-of-beauvais/ http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/tudorpictures.htm http://www.marileecody.com/temporary/ images.html

Chapter SixEuropean Monarchies; Section FiveMonarchs of Russia and Prussia

http://wps.ablongman.com/long_kishlansky_cw_5/0,6472,268318,00.html http://artmight.com/Artists/Il-ya-Repin-1844-1930/Ivan-the-Terribleand-His-Son-dt1-23606p.html http://www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/900-128246 http://staff.kings.edu/cristoferscarboro/

If something is described as quintessential, it is the best example or representative of a group of things of that type.
all text 2011 by Carrie Floyd Cagle

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