QUESTIONNAIRE 6 THE APPEAL TO AUTHORITY 1.

- The First Half Of The 18th Century In Commonly Known As The:

The augustan age in england

2.-What Is The Main Characteristic Of This Period?

Strong sense of order and the value of regulation, adventurous individualism and and the spirit of independence , desire for a system and regularity.

3.- What Were The Intellectual Tendencies Quite Clearly Noted Regarding The English Language?
Efforts to standardize, refine and fix the English language.

4.- What Was Realized Regarding Grammar?

English had no grammar, at any rate is grammar was uncodified, unsystematized. In English everything was uncertain.

To settle dispute points logically , that is, by simply reasoning about them.

5.- In Their Effort To Set Up A Standard Of Correctness In Language The Rationalistic Spirit Showed Itself In What Attempt? To settle dispute points logically ,
that is, by simply reasoning about them.

6.-What Are The Three Main Heads Under Which Attempts To Deal With The English Language Fall?
1) To reduce the language to rule and set up a standard of correct usage 2) to refine it, that is to removed supposed defects and introduce certain improvements 3) to fix it permanently in the desired form.

7.-What Is The Meaning The Word Ascertainment Had?

The need for standardization and regulation was summed up in this word. Dr. Johnson defined it a settled rule, an established standard.

8.- What Was The Prevalent Idea Regarding The English Used In The Past (Like The One In Chaucer)?
Chaucer: The purity of English tongue began, Elizabethan: where the English tongue received more improvement

9.- What Were Strictures Of Dean Swift Regarding The English Of His Day?
Tendency to clip and shorten words, tendency to contract verbs, modern terms.

10.- What Can Be Said About The Desire To Fix The Language

11.-Why Were Italy And France An Example To Follow?

The destiny of language had been confined to their academies.

12.-What Attempts Were Made Towards The Establishment Of An English Academy?

Proposed the compilation of a grammar and some reform of the spelling, leaving out the superfluous letters, this might be followed by the lexicon or collection of all the pure English words. Collection of technical words, exotic words, dialect expressions and archaic words which might be revived. Finally translations might be made of some of the best of Greek and Latin literature and even of modern languages as modals of elegance in style.

13.- What Was The Effect Of Swifts Proposal?

Marks the culmination of the movement of an English academy

14.-What Were The Objections To Establishment Of An Academy? 15.-Since The Establishment Of An Academy Failed, How Did Individuals Sought To Bring About The Reforms They Believed Necessary?
Work directly upon the public, what could not be imposed by authoritative edict might still win adoption through reason and persuasion. Individual sought to bring about the reforms which they believed necessary and to set up a standard which might gain general acceptance.

16.-After These, What Were The Two Greatest Needs That Were Still Felt And Most Frequently Lamented?
For a dictionary and a grammar.

17.- What Were The Defects And Virtues Of Johnsons Dictionary? Judge by modern standard it was inadequate. Etymologies are often ludicrous. It is marred in places by prejudice and caprice. Its definition generally sound and often discriminating. Positive virtues Exhibit English vocabulary much more fully. Offered spelling fixed. Supplied thousands of quotations illustrating the use of words.

18. - For What Purpose Were the First Treatises on English Grammar Written? The first purpose of a dictionary to record usage. But even today, when the scientific study of language makes us much less disposed to pass judgment upon, and particularly to condemn, its phenomena, many people look upon the editor of a dictionary a superior kind with the right to legislate in such matters as the pronunciation and use of words. 19.-Why Is the Decade Beginning In 1760 Important For the English Grammar? Because this decade witnessed a striking outburst of interest in English Grammar. 20.- The Prescriptive Tradition Of The Centurys Grammarians Aimed To Do What Three Things? To codify the principles of the language and reduce it to rule. To settle disputed points and decide cases of divided usage. To point out common errors or what were supposed to be errors, and thus correct and improve the language.

21.- Mention Some Of The Prescriptions And Proscriptions Of This Century? To prescribe and to proscribe seem to have been co-ordinate aims of the grammarians. Many of the conventions now accepted and held up as preferable in our handbooks were first stated in this period. The distintion between lie and lay was apparently first specifically made in the second half of the 18th century. 22.- What Were The Methods Of Approach? Reason Etymology

Examples of Latin and Greek 23.- In The Latter Half Of The 18th Century We Find The Beginnings Of (The Most Important Criterion Of Language): the beginning of the modern doctrine that the most important criterion of language is usage. Sporadic recognition of this principle is to be encountered in the previous century, doubtless inspired by the dictum of Horace

24.- Why Are Josephs Preistley Views On Language Use Remarkable? His voluminous writings on chemistry Natural philosophy Theology and politics 25.-What Was The Result Of The 18th Grammarians? The results were not inconsiderable. It must be remembered that consciously or unconsciously these men were attempting to ascertain the language and to give definiteness and order to a body of hitherto uncodified practice. As a consequence it could no longer be said that English was a language without rules 26.-What Was The Greatest Weakness Of The Early Grammarians? Their failure, except in one or two conspicuous cases, to recognize the importance of usage as the sole arbiter in linguistic matters. 27.-Why Were The Attempts To Reform The Vocabulary Prejudiced Or Subjective? Everyman felt competent to purify the language by proscribing words and expressions because they were too old or too new or were too slang o4r cant or harse sounding 28.- Was There Objection Towards Foreign Borrowings? English was being ruined by the intrusion of foreign words

29.- Why Is French In A Strong Position To Influence The English Language At This Time? Because French was then at the height of its prestige

30.- How Many French Words Entered This Language During This Period? From 1650 to 1800 31.- Mention The Main Areas Where The British Empire Was Extended. Jamestown Plymouth

32.-What Was The Effect Of This Expansion On The Language? New territories, new experiences, new activities, new products, all of which are in time reflected in the language. 33.- What Was A Significant Development That Concerned The Verb? It is a common place that English is distinctly more varied and flexible in some of its verbal expressions than the other better-known modern languages

Carla Paredes Garca 9th semester Lengua Inglesa