MOBILE COMPUTING UNIT III WIRLESS LAN Wireless LAN IEEE 802.

.11 Standards Architecture services HIPERLAN AdHoc Net or! "lue #ooth. WIRELESS LAN Characteristics of wireless LANs Advantages o o o o "isadvantages o o o #ypically very low bandwidth compared to wired networks ($-$% bit&s) any proprietary solutions, especially for higher bit-rates, standards take their time (e.g. '((( )%*.$$) +roducts have to follow many national restrictions if working wireless, it takes a vary long time to establish global solutions like, e.g., ' #-*%%% Very flexible within the reception area Ad-hoc networks without previous planning possible (almost) no wiring difficulties (e.g. historic buildings, firewalls) ore robust against disasters like, e.g., earth!uakes, fire - or users pulling a plug...

Desig goals for wireless LANs o o o o o o o o o global, seamless operation low power for battery use no special permissions or licenses needed to use the ,Arobust transmission technology simplified spontaneous cooperation at meetings easy to use for everyone, simple management protection of investment in wired networks security (no one should be able to read my data), privacy (no one should be able to collect user profiles), safety (low radiation) transparency concerning applications and higher layer protocols, but also location awareness if necessary

Co!"ariso # i frare$ %s& ra$io tra s!issio

In%rared
uses IR diodes& di%%use li'ht& (ulti)le re%lections * alls& %urniture etc.+

$ $

Radio
t-)icall- usin' the license %ree IS0 ,and at 2.1 2H3

Advanta'es
si()le& chea)& availa,le in (an- (o,ile devices no licenses needed si()le shieldin' )ossi,le

Advanta'es
e/)erience %ro( ireless WAN and (o,ile )hones can ,e used covera'e o% lar'er areas )ossi,le *radio can )enetrate alls& %urniture etc.+

.isadvanta'es
inter%erence ,- sunli'ht& heat sources etc. (an- thin's shield or a,sor, IR li'ht lo ,and idth

.isadvanta'es
ver- li(ited license %ree %re4uenc- ,ands shieldin' (ore di%%icult& inter%erence ith other electrical devices

E/a()le
Ir.A *In%rared .ata Association+ inter%ace availa,le ever- here

E/a()le
WaveLAN & HIPERLAN& "luetooth

Co!"ariso # i frastr'ct're %s& a$(hoc etwor)s

in%rastructure net or!

AP AP ired net or! AP5 Access Point

AP

ad6hoc net or!

IEEE 802.11 - ARCHITECTURE SERVICES - ARCHITECTURE SERVICES MAC PHYSICAL LAYER IEEE 802.11A - 802.11B STANDARDS

*+,&-- ( Architect're of a i frastr'ct're etwor) .tation (.#A) o terminal with access mechanisms to the wireless medium and radio contact to the access point /asic .ervice .et (/..) o group of stations using the same radio fre!uency Access +oint o +ortal o bridge to other (wired) networks "istribution .ystem o interconnection network to form one logical network (((.0 (xtended .ervice .et) based on several /.. station integrated into the wireless ,A- and the distribution system

802.11 LAN

802. x LAN

S#A 1

"SS 1 Access Point

Portal

.istri,ution S-ste( ESS "SS 2 Access Point

S#A 2

802.11 LAN

S#A 7

*+,&-- ( Architect're of a a$(hoc etwor) "irect communication within a limited range o o .tation (.#A)0 terminal with access mechanisms to the wireless medium /asic .ervice .et (/..)0 group of stations using the same radio fre!uency

802.11

LAN

S#A

"SS

S#A

S#A

"SS

S#A S#A
1

802.11

LAN
9.:.1

IEEE sta $ar$ *+,&--

Applicati ! T"a!#p "t N$t% "& Data Li!& P'(#ical Ra)i N$t% "& Data Li!& P'(#ical N$t% "& Data Li!& P'(#ical M$)i*+

Applicati ! T"a!#p "t N$t% "& Data Li!& P'(#ical

*+,&-- ( La.ers a $ f' ctio s A1 Access mechanisms, fragmentation, encryption

A1

anagement .ynchroni2ation, roaming, '/, power management

+,1+ +hysical ,ayer 1onvergence +rotocol 1lear channel assessment signal (carrier sense) + " +hysical edium "ependent odulation, coding +34 anagement 1hannel selection, .tation anagement 1oordination of all management functions *+,&-- ( La.ers '/

LL; 0A; .L ; PL;P P0. PH <

*+,&-- ( Ph.sical la.er 5 versions0 * radio (typ. *.6 732), $ '8 o data rates $ or * bit&s

0A; 0ana'e(ent PH< 0ana'e(ent

93.. (9re!uency 3opping .pread .pectrum) o o spreading, despreading, signal strength, typ. $ bit&s min. *.: fre!uency hops&s (;.A), two-level 79.< modulation

S t a t i o n 0 a n bit&s ("ifferential /inary +hase .hift <eying), "=a+.< for *

bit&s, rest of transmission $ or *

"... ("irect .e!uence .pread .pectrum) o "/+.< modulation for $

bit&s ("ifferential =uadrature +.<) o preamble and header of a frame is always transmitted with $ bit&s

' e

o o 'nfrared o o

chipping se!uence0 >$, -$, >$, >$, -$, >$, >$, >$, -$, -$, -$ (/arker code) max. radiated power $ ? (;.A), $%% m? ((;), min. $m?

):%-@:% nm, diffuse light, typ. $% m range carrier detection, energy detection, synchroni2ation

( e n

*+,&-- ( MAC la.er I ( D/WMAC Traffic ser%ices Asynchronous "ata .ervice (mandatory) exchange of data packets based on Abest-effortB support of broadcast and multicast #ime-/ounded .ervice (optional) implemented using +19 (+oint 1oordination 9unction)

Access !etho$s "9? A1-"19 1. A&1A (mandatory) collision avoidance via randomi2ed Cback-offA mechanism minimum distance between consecutive packets A1< packet for acknowledgements (not for broadcasts)

"9? A1-"19 w& 8#.&1#. (optional) "istributed 9oundation ?ireless avoids hidden terminal problem

A1

Priorities

"9? A1- +19 (optional) access point polls terminals according to a list

defined through different inter frame spaces no guaranteed, hard priorities .'9. (.hort 'nter 9rame .pacing) highest priority, for A1<, 1#., polling response +'9. (+19 '9.) medium priority, for time-bounded service using +19 "'9. ("19, "istributed 1oordination 9unction '9.) lowest priority, for asynchronous data service *+,&-- ( MAC la.er

.I=S

.I=S PI=S SI=S

(ediu(

,us-

contention

ne/t

%ra(e t

direct access i% (ediu( is %ree

.I=S

MAC a$$ress for!at

#c$!a"i

t DS ," + a))"$## 1a))"$## 2a))"$## DS -a))"$## ad6hoc net or! 0 0 .A SA "SSI. in%rastructure 0 1 .A "SSI. SA net or!& %ro( AP in%rastructure 1 0 "SSI. SA .A net or!& to AP in%rastructure 1 1 RA #A .A net or!& ithin . S
".0 "istribution .ystem A+0 Access +oint "A0 "estination Address .A0 .ource Address /..'"0 /asic .ervice .et 'dentifier 8A0 8eceiver Address #A0 #ransmitter Address MAC !a age!e t .ynchroni2ation try to find a ,A-, try to stay within a ,A timer etc. +ower management sleep-mode without missing a message periodic sleep, frame buffering, traffic measurements Association&8eassociation integration into a ,A roaming, i.e. change networks by changing access points scanning, i.e. active search for a network '/ anagement 'nformation /ase managing, read, write

6 6 6 SA

0IPERLAN

$ E#SI standard
Euro)ean standard& c%. 2S0& .E;#& ... Enhance(ent o% local Net or!s and inter or!in' ith %i/ed net or!s inte'ration o% ti(e 6 sensitive services %ro( the earl- ,e'innin'

$ HIPERLAN %a(il one standard cannot satis%- all re4uire(ents

$ ran'e& ,and idth& >oS su))ort $ co((ercial constraints

HIPERLAN 1 standardi3ed since 1??:

hi'her la-ers (ediu( access control la-er channel access control la-er )h-sical la-er HIPERLAN la($"# net or! la-er data lin! la-er )h-sical la-er @SI la-ers lo'ical lin! control la-er (ediu( access control la-er )h-sical la-er IEEE 802./ la-ers
9.71.1

Origi al 0IPERLAN "rotocol fa!il.

HIPERLAN 1 HIPERLAN 2 HIPERLAN - HIPERLAN . A))lication ireless LAN access to A#0 ireless local)oin6tto6)oint %i/ed net or!s loo) ireless A#0 connections =re4uenc8.168.72H3 19.2619.72H3 #o)olo'- decentrali3ed cellular& )oin6tto6 )oin6tto6)oint re centar 6ad (ulti)oint hocAin%rastructu li3ed Antenna o(n6idirectional directional Ran'e 80 ( 806100 ( 8000 ( 180 ( >oS statistical A#0 tra%%ic classes *B"R& ;"R& A"R& C 0o,ilitD10(As stationarInter%ace conventional L AN A#0 net or!s .ata rate Po er conservation 27.80,itAs -es E20 0,itAs 188 0,itAs not necessar-

0IPERLAN - ( Characteristics "ata transmission point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, connectionless *5.: bit&s, $ ? power, *5)5 byte max. packet si2e .ervices asynchronous and time-bounded services with hierarchical priorities compatible with '.D A1 #opology infrastructure or ad-hoc networks transmission range can be larger then coverage of a single node (CforwardingA integrated in mobile terminals) 9urther mechanisms power saving, encryption, checksums Ser%ices a $ "rotocols 1A1 service A1 protocol 1A1 protocol definition of communication services over a shared medium specification of access priorities abstraction of media characteristics A1 service, compatible with '.D uses 3'+(8,A- 1A1 A1 and '.D A1 bridges

provides a 1A1 service, uses the +34 layer, specifies hierarchical access mechanisms for one or several channels +hysical protocol send and receive mechanisms, synchroni2ation, 9(1, modulation, signal strength 0IPERLAN - ( Ph.sical la.er .cope 1hannels 5 mandatory and * optional channels (with their carrier fre!uencies) mandatory channel %0 :.$EF6F)% 732 channel $0 :.$@@@@E6 732 channel *0 :.**5:*F) 732 optional (not allowed in all countries) channel 50 :.*6E%:F* 732 channel 60 :.*E%:):F 732 modulation, demodulation, bit and frame synchroni2ation forward error correction mechanisms measurements of signal strength channel sensing

BLUETOOT0 1onsortium0 (ricsson, 'ntel, '/ , -okia, #oshiba - many members .cenarios connection of peripheral devices loudspeaker, Goystick, headset support of ad-hoc networking small devices, low-cost bridging of networks e.g., 7. via mobile phone - /luetooth - laptop

.imple, cheap, replacement of 'r"A, low range, lower data rates *.6 732, 93.., #"", 1" A Bl'etooth MAC la.er

$ S-nchronous ;onnection
)ac!et s itched& )oint

6@riented lin! *S;@+

6 to 6 )oint 6 to 6 (ulti)oint& (aster )olls

s-((etrical& circuit s itched& )oint

$ As-nchronous ;onnectionless Lin! *A;L+ $ Access code

s-nchroni3ation& derived %ro( (aster& uni4ue )er channel

$ Pac!et header
1A7 6 =E;& 0A; address *1 (aster& 9 slaves+& lin! t-)e& alternatin' ,it AR>ASE>& chec!su(
92 access code 81 )ac!et header 0 62918 )a-load ,its

7 0A; address

1 t-)e

1 %lo

1 AR>N

1 SE>N

8 HE;

,its