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National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth Illingworth, Leslie Gilbert, 1902-1979 first published 21 Apr 1961
Regarding the Bay of Pigs
Kennedy was not enormously popular in Cuba, as you may expect. Along with the
Cuban Missile thing, JFK also launched the botched "Bay of Pigs" invasion of the
country in an effort to depose Communist President Fidel Castro.
This cartoon, published in one of Cuba's state-run papers shows the president in a
collar that symbolizes the fact that he is a slave to capitalism and fascism. The text
at the bottom reads "a different dog, but the same collar," indicating the supposedly
liberal Kennedy is really no different than any of the presidents who came before
him.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
National Security Action Memorandum No. 213
264.
Washington, January 8, 1963.
TO : The Secretary of State
SUBJECT : Interdepartmental Organization for Cuban Affairs
The President has approved the following organizational arrangements to facilitate the coordinated
management of all aspects of our current policy toward Cuba; final policy responsibility of course remains with
the President, working with the Executive Committee of the National Security Council when necessary.
1. Day-to-day coordinating responsibility will be vested in a Coordinator of Cuban Affairs in the Department
of State, acting as Chairman of an Interdepartmental Committee on Cuba. The coordinator will be responsible to
the Secretary of State for State Department business, and under his guidance to the President and the
Executive Committee for interdepartmental coordination.
2. The Interdepartmental Coordinating Committee shall consist of the Coordinator and representatives of the
Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency. Representatives of other departments will be
associated with the work of this committee as necessary in particular cases. Officers shall also be detailed to the
Office of the Coordinator from the Departments of State, Defense, Justice, HEW, CIA, and USIA. Other
departments and agencies may be requested to participate in the work of the Interdepartmental Committee and
in the work of the Coordinator's Office as appropriate. A White House officer will maintain liaison with the
Coordinator and with his Interdepartmental Committee.
3. The President and the Executive Committee will look to the Coordinator for effective coordination of the
execution of policy decisions, and for timely recommendations on new courses of action. The Coordinator will
work through his assigned officers and with the Interdepartmental Committee in meeting these responsibilities.
4. The Coordinator's authority will not supplant the responsibility of other operating departments or agencies
for the management of their assigned tasks or their right to be consulted before their resources are committed.
Differences which arise will be promptly referred to higher levels of resolution.
5. The Coordinator will name a full-time representative who will open an office in Miami to represent the U.S.
Government in relations with Cuban refugee organizations and coordinate the implementation of all Federal
programs being carried on in the area, relating such programs to State, local and private programs.
6. The Coordinator will assume the same responsibility for covert operations as he does for overt actions.
However, he will report on covert matters to the Special Group which will be guided by broader policy
established by the President through the Executive Committee.
McGeorge Bundy
Source: Department of State, S/S Files: Lot 72 D 316, NSAM 213. Secret. Copies were sent to the
Secretary of Defense; the Attorney General; the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare; the Director of
Central Intelligence; and the Director of the U.S. Information Agency.
Extract from Paper Prepared in the Department of State/1/
/1/Source: Yale University, Bowles Papers, Box 300, Folder 535. Secret. The source text bears no drafting
or clearance information, but according to another copy it was drafted by Armitage and cleared by Bohlen
and Kohler. (Department of State, Central Files, 611.61/6-1261) The Department of State prepared this
paper in response to a request by Bundy for a talking point paper to debrief the National Security Council
on the Vienna talks. (Memorandum, June 10; ibid., 611.61/6-1061)
1. Khrushchev denied responsibility for popular uprisings against "tyrannical regimes" and charged U.S.
supported military dictators and opposed social change. Cited Cuba, Iran, Pakistan, South Korea, Turkey,
Spain, Angola. He said USSR supports the aspirations of the people.
2. Khrushchev referred to Cuba, said Castro is not a Communist but U.S. policy could make him one.
Termed President's statement that U.S. security threatened dangerous. If U.S. free to act in Cuba, what of
Turkey and Iran; miscalculation possible in such situation.
3. President explained U.S. attitude toward Cuba, stressing Castro's destruction of right of free choice and
his stated intent to use Cuba as base for expansion in neighboring area.
4. President asked Soviet attitude should West-oriented government be installed in Poland, said social and
political changes in the world should take place in ways not involving national security, treaty commitments
or prestige of two countries.
5. Khrushchev said Castro would be removed as Batista was if he failed to give the Cubans freedom. Our
countries should not intervene. Added that under influence of Soviet aid Castro might turn Communist but
Khrushchev could not now see which way Castro would go.
6. President sketched three U.S. interests: free choice through elections for all people; defense of our
strategic interests (Spain, Yugoslavia); events in next decade not greatly disturbing the balance of power
(referred to effect of Chinese Communist development of military potential).
-DATE-
19610420
-YEAR-
1961
-DOCUMENT_TYPE-
MESSAGE
-AUTHOR-
F. CASTRO
-HEADLINE-
CASTRO COMMUNIQUE ANNOUNCES VICTORY
-PLACE-
CUBA
-SOURCE-
HAVANA UNION RADIO
-REPORT_NBR-
FBIS
-REPORT_DATE-
19610420
-TEXT-
CASTRO COMMUNIQUE ANNOUNCES VICTORY
(Text) Bulletin: The army of mercenaries has been totally crushed. The
Revolutionary Government of Cuba made public at 0230 this morning its
communique No. 4, which says:
"The revolution has been victorious, although it paid with a high number of
courageous lives of revolutionary fighters, and faced the invaders and
attacked them incessantly without a single minute of truce, thereby
destroying in less than 72 hours the army the U.S. imperialist government
had organized for many months.
"The enemy has suffered a crushing defeat. Part of the mercenaries tried to
leave for abroad in several ships that were sunk by the revolutionary air
force. The rest of the mercenary forces, after having suffered many killed
and wounded, dispersed completely in a swampy area from which none can
possibly escape.
Respectfully yours,
(s) NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV
Heyser, who lived in Apalachicola, died Monday at a nursing home in nearby Port St. Joe.
The retired Air Force lieutenant colonel said in a 2005 interview with The Associated Press that no
one was more relieved than he that the crisis ended peacefully. He said he did not want to go down in
history as the man who started World War III.
"I kind of felt like I was going to be looked at as the one who started the whole thing," Heyser said. "I
wasn't anxious to have that reputation."
President John F. Kennedy announced to the world that the photos proved the Soviet Union was
building secret sites for nuclear-tipped missiles 90 miles south of Key West. Kennedy then
summoned Heyser to the White House after he made five flights over Cuba in nine days.
He was among 11 Air Force U-2 pilots who took photos over Cuba. Two were killed: one was shot
down and the other died when his plane crashed off Key West. A third pilot was killed in a crash while
training for the Cuban mission.
CIA pilots earlier had taken photos of anti-aircraft missile launchers in Cuba. The Air Force pilots then
were assigned to search for suspected sites of offensive missiles that could strike the United States.
Heyser later served two combat tours during the Vietnam War. He retired in 1974 after 30 years of
service and returned to Apalachicola, where he was born and raised.
Heyser is survived by his wife, Jacquelyn, and three sons. He will be buried with full military honors at
Magnolia Cemetery. [FortMillTimes/9October2008]
Extract from CUBA, CASTRO, AND THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
By Maureen M. Lynch
Lieutenant Colonel, USMC
13 April 1995
In addition to his public support for his Soviet benefactors and for international socialism, Castro's
acceptance of the missiles also enabled him to achieve a far more significant objective. First and foremost,
the missiles provided Castro with the ability to deter an American invasion. Still convinced that the United
states would invade Cuba a second time, the missiles provided Castro with the fire power he needed to
deter such an invasion and thus guarantee the security of Cuba and of the Cuban revolution. In addition,
Castro also believed that the missiles would enable him to strengthen his ability to eliminate Cuba's
dependence on the United States. In essence, the missiles would enable Cuba, as a member of the Soviet
bloc, to "thumb its nose" at the United States in retaliation for two hundred years of oppression. By
possessing nuclear missiles, Castro could finally end any vestiges of Cuba's long history of vulnerability to