Biology, 8e (Campbell) Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Multiple Choice !

uestions ") #rganic chemistry is a science based on the study of $) functional groups% B) vital forces interacting &ith matter% C) carbon compounds% D) &ater and its interaction &ith other 'inds of molecules% () inorganic compounds% $ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%" +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension .) (arly "/th century scientists believed that living organisms differed from nonliving things as a result of possessing a 0life force0 that could create organic molecules from inorganic matter% *he term given to this belief is $) organic synthesis% B) vitalism% C) mechanism% D) organic evolution% () inorganic synthesis% $ns&er) B *opic) Concept 4%" +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 1) *he e2perimental approach ta'en in current biological investigations presumes that $) simple organic compounds can be synthesi3ed in the laboratory from inorganic precursors, but comple2 organic compounds li'e carbohydrates and proteins can only be synthesi3ed by living organisms% B) a life force ultimately controls the activities of living organisms and this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods% C) although a life force, or vitalism, e2ists in living organisms, this life force cannot be studied by physical or chemical methods% D) living organisms are composed of the same elements present in nonliving things, plus a fe& special trace elements found only in living organisms or their products% () living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical la&s that can be used to e2plain all natural phenomena% $ns&er) ( *opic) Concept 4%" +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension

"

4) #ne of the follo&ing people set up a closed system to mimic (arth4s early atmosphere and discharged electrical spar's through it% $ variety of organic compounds common in organisms &ere formed% 5ho did this6 $) +tanley Miller B) 7a'ob Ber3elius C) 8riedrich 5ohler D) 9ermann ,olbe () $ugust ,e'ul: $ns&er) $ *opic) Concept 4%" +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension ;) 5hich of the follo&ing people used this apparatus to study formation of organic compounds6

$) +tanley Miller B) 7a'ob Ber3elius C) 8riedrich 5ohler D) 9ermann ,olbe () $ugust ,e'ul: $ns&er) $ *opic) Concept 4%" +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension <) 5hich of the follo&ing people &as the first to synthesi3e an organic compound, urea, from inorganic starting materials6 $) +tanley Miller B) 7a'ob Ber3elius C) 8riedrich 5ohler D) 9ermann ,olbe
.

() $ugust ,e'ul: $ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%" +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension =) 5hich of the follo&ing people4s synthesis of this compound from inorganic starting materials provided evidence against vitalism6

$) +tanley Miller B) 7a'ob Ber3elius C) 8riedrich 5ohler D) 9ermann ,olbe () $ugust ,e'ul: $ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%" +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 8) 5hich of the follo&ing people synthesi3ed an organic compound, acetic acid, from inorganic substances that had been prepared directly from pure elements6 $) +tanley Miller B) 7a'ob Ber3elius C) 8riedrich 5ohler D) 9ermann ,olbe ()$ugust ,e'ul: $ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%" +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension /) 5hich of the follo&ing people4s synthesis of this compound from inorganic starting materials provided evidence against vitalism6

$) +tanley Miller B) 7a'ob Ber3elius C) 8riedrich 5ohler D) 9ermann ,olbe () $ugust ,e'ul:
1

$ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%" +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension ">) #ne of the follo&ing people &as the first to suggest that organic compounds, those found in living organisms, &ere distinctly different from inorganic compounds found in the nonliving &orld% *hough this suggestion is no& 'no&n to be incorrect, it stimulated important research into organic compounds% 5ho suggested this6 $) +tanley Miller B) 7a'ob Ber3elius C) 8riedrich 5ohler D) 9ermann ,olbe () $ugust ,e'ul: $ns&er) B *opic) Concept 4%" +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension "") 9o& many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell6 $) " B) . C) 1 D) 4 () 8 $ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%. +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension ".) $ carbon atom is most li'ely to form &hat 'ind of bond(s) &ith other atoms6 $) ionic B) hydrogen C) covalent D) $ and B only () $, B, and C $ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%. +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension "1) 5hich of the follo&ing statements best describes the carbon atoms present in all organic molecules6 $) *hey &ere incorporated into organic molecules by plants% B) *hey &ere processed into sugars through photosynthesis% C) *hey are ultimately derived from carbon dio2ide% D) #nly $ and C are correct% () $, B, and C are correct%
4

$ns&er) ( *opic) Concept 4%. +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension "4) 5hy are hydrocarbons insoluble in &ater6 $) *he ma?ority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon to hydrogen lin'ages% B) *he ma?ority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon to hydrogen lin'ages% C) *hey are hydrophilic% D) *hey e2hibit considerable molecular comple2ity and diversity% () *hey are lighter than &ater% $ns&er) B *opic) Concept 4%. +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension ";) 9o& many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C49">6 $) " B) . C) 4 D) 1 () "" $ns&er) B *opic) Concept 4%. +'ill) $pplication-$nalysis

8igure 4%" "<) *he t&o molecules sho&n in 8igure 4%" are best described as $) optical isomers% B) radioactive isotopes% C) structural isomers% D) nonradioactive isotopes% () geometric isomers% $ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%.
;

+'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension

8igure 4%. "=) +ho&n here in 8igure 4%. are the structures of glucose and fructose% *hese t&o molecules differ in the $) number of carbon, hydrogen, and o2ygen atoms% B) types of carbon, hydrogen, and o2ygen atoms% C) arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and o2ygen atoms% D) number of o2ygen atoms ?oined to carbon atoms by double covalent bonds% () ans&ers $, B, and C $ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%. +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension "8) +ho&n here in 8igure 4%. are the structures of glucose and fructose% *hese t&o molecules are $) geometric isotopes% B) enantiomers% C) geometric isomers% D) structural isomers% () nonisotopic isomers% $ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%. +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension "/) 5hich of the follo&ing statements correctly describes geometric isomers6 $) *hey have variations in arrangement around a double bond% B) *hey have an asymmetric carbon that ma'es them mirror images% C) *hey have the same chemical properties% D) *hey have different molecular formulas% () *heir atoms and bonds are arranged in different se@uences% $ns&er) $ *opic) Concept 4%.
<

+'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension

8igure 4%1 .>) *he t&o molecules sho&n in 8igure 4%1 are best described as $) enantiomers% B) radioactive isotopes% C) structural isomers% D) nonisotopic isomers% () geometric isomers% $ns&er) ( *opic) Concept 4%. +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension .") Aesearch indicates that Bbuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mi2ture of t&o enantiomersC that is, molecules that $) have identical three dimensional shapes% B) are mirror images of one another% C) lac' an asymmetric carbon% D) differ in the location of their double bonds% () differ in their electrical charge% $ns&er) B *opic) Concept 4%. +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension ..) Aesearch indicates that $lbuterol, a drug used to rela2 bronchial muscles, improving airflo& and thus offering relief from asthma, consists only of one enantiomer, the A form% 5hy is it important for this drug to consist of only one enantiomeric form, rather than a mi2ture of enantiomers6 $) Different enantiomers may have different or opposite physiological effects% B) Bt is impossible to synthesi3e mi2tures of enantiomers% C) Bt is much less e2pensive to synthesi3e one enantiomer at a time% D) $lbuterol is an e2ample of a compound for &hich only one enantiomer e2ists% () #nly the A form of $lbuterol has been studiedC until more information is available, physicians prefer to use the pure A form% $ns&er) $ *opic) Concept 4%.
=

+'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension .1) *hree or four of the follo&ing illustrations depict different structural isomers of the organic compound &ith molecular formula C<9"4% 8or clarity, only the carbon s'eletons are sho&nC hydrogen atoms that &ould be attached to the carbons have been omitted% 5hich one, if any, is D#* a structural isomer of this compound6 $)

B)

C)

D)

() (ach of the illustrations in the other ans&er choices depicts a structural isomer of the compound &ith molecular formula C<9"4% $ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%. +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension

.4) 5hich of the pairs of molecular structures sho&n belo& depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule6 $)

B)

C)

D)

()

$ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%. +'ill) +ynthesis-(valuation

.;) 5hich of the pairs of molecular structures sho&n belo& do D#* depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule6 $)

B)

C)

D)

()

$ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%. +'ill) +ynthesis-(valuation

">

.<) *hree or four of the pairs of structures sho&n belo& depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule% 5hich pair, if any, are D#* enantiomers of a single molecule6 Bf each of the pairs depicts enantiomers, choose ans&er 8% $)

B)

C)

D)

()

8) Both illustrations in each of the other ans&er choices depict enantiomers of the same molecule% $ns&er) B *opic) Concept 4%. +'ill) +ynthesis-(valuation

""

.=) *halidomide and L dopa, sho&n belo&, are e2amples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that

$) have identical three dimensional shapes% B) are mirror images of one another% C) lac' an asymmetric carbon% D) differ in the location of their double bonds% () differ in their electrical charge% $ns&er) B *opic) Concept 4%. +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension .8) $ compound contains hydro2yl groups as its predominant functional group% 5hich of the follo&ing statements is true concerning this compound6 $) Bt lac's an asymmetric carbon, and it is probably a fat or lipid% B) Bt should dissolve in &ater% C) Bt should dissolve in a nonpolar solvent% D) Bt &on4t form hydrogen bonds &ith &ater% () Bt is hydrophobic% $ns&er) B *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension ./) 5hich is the best description of a carbonyl group6 $) an o2ygen ?oined to a carbon by a single covalent bond B) a nitrogen and t&o hydrogens ?oined to a carbon by covalent bonds C) a carbon ?oined to t&o hydrogens by single covalent bonds D) a sulfur and a hydrogen ?oined to a carbon by covalent bonds () a carbon atom ?oined to an o2ygen by a double covalent bond $ns&er) ( *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension

8igure 4%4 1>) 5hat is the name of the functional group sho&n in 8igure 4%46 $) carbonyl
".

B) 'etone C) aldehyde D) carbo2yl () hydro2yl $ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 1") 5hich of the follo&ing contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, o2ygen, and hydrogen6 $) an alcohol such as ethanol B) a monosaccharide such as glucose C) a steroid such as testosterone D) an amino acid such as glycine () a hydrocarbon such as ben3ene $ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 1.) 5hich of the follo&ing is a false statement concerning amino groups6 $) *hey are basic in p9% B) *hey are found in amino acids% C) *hey contain nitrogen% D) *hey are nonpolar% () *hey are components of urea% $ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 11) 5hich t&o functional groups are al&ays found in amino acids6 $) 'etone and aldehyde B) carbonyl and carbo2yl C) carbo2yl and amino D) phosphate and sulfhydryl () hydro2yl and aldehyde $ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 14) $mino acids are acids because they al&ays possess &hich functional group6 $) amino B) carbonyl C) carbo2yl D) sulfhydryl () aldehyde
"1

$ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 1;) $ carbon s'eleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carbo2yl group% 5hen placed in &ater it $) &ould function only as an acid because of the carbo2yl group% B) &ould function only as a base because of the amino group% C) &ould function as neither an acid nor a base% D) &ould function as both an acid and a base% () is impossible to determine ho& it &ould function% $ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) $pplication-$nalysis 1<) $ chemist &ishes to ma'e an organic molecule less acidic% 5hich of the follo&ing functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so6 $) carbo2yl B) sulfhydryl C) hydro2yl D) amino () phosphate $ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) $pplication-$nalysis 1=) 5hich functional groups can act as acids6 $) amine and sulfhydryl B) carbonyl and carbo2yl C) carbo2yl and phosphate D) hydro2yl and aldehyde () 'etone and amino $ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension *he follo&ing @uestions refer to the structures sho&n in 8igure 4%;%

"4

8igure 4%; 18) 5hich of the structures is an impossible covalently bonded molecule6 $) $ B) B C) C D) D () ( $ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 1/) 5hich of the structures contain(s) a carbo2yl functional group6 $) $ B) B C) C D) C and ( () none of the structures $ns&er) ( *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 4>) Bn &hich of the structures are the atoms bonded by ionic bonds6 $) $ B) B C) C D) C, D, and ( only () none of the structures $ns&er) ( *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension *he follo&ing @uestions refer to the functional groups sho&n in 8igure 4%<%

";

8igure 4%< 4") 5hich is a hydro2yl functional group6 $ns&er) $ *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 4.) 5hich is an amino functional group6 $ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 41) 5hich is a carbonyl functional group6 $ns&er) B *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 44) 5hich is a functional group that helps stabili3e proteins by forming covalent cross lin's &ithin or bet&een protein molecules6 $ns&er) ( *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 4;) 5hich is a carbo2yl functional group6 $ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 4<) 5hich is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release 9E into a solution6 $ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 4=) 5hich is a basic functional group that can accept 9E and become positively charged6
"<

$ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension *he follo&ing @uestions refer to the molecules sho&n in 8igure 4%=%

8igure 4%= 48) 5hich molecule is &ater soluble because it has a hydro2yl functional group6 $ns&er) $ *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension 4/) 5hich molecule is an alcohol6 $ns&er) $ *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension ;>) 5hich molecules contain a carbonyl group6 $) $ and B B) B and C C) C and D D) D and ( () ( and $ $ns&er) B *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension ;") 5hich molecule has a carbonyl functional group in the form of a 'etone6 $ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension
"=

;.) 5hich molecule has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde6 $ns&er) B *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension ;1) 5hich molecule contains a carbo2yl group6 $ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension ;4) 5hich molecule can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and is therefore an organic acid6 $ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension *he follo&ing @uestions refer to the molecules sho&n in 8igure 4%8%

8igure 4%8 ;;) 5hich molecule contains a sulfhydryl functional group6 $ns&er) B *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension ;<) 5hich molecule functions to transfer energy bet&een organic molecules6 $ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension ;=) 5hich molecule contains an amino functional group, but is not an amino acid6 $ns&er) $
"8

*opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension ;8) 5hich molecule is a thiol6 $ns&er) B *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension ;/) 5hich molecule is an organic phosphate6 $ns&er) D *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension <>) 5hich molecule can function as a base6 $ns&er) $ *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension <") *estosterone and estradiol are $) nucleic acids% B) carbohydrates% C) proteins% D) phospholipids% () steroids% $ns&er) ( *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension <.) *estosterone and estradiol are male and female se2 hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates% Bn &hat &ay(s) do these molecules differ from each other6 $) *estosterone and estradiol are structural isomers but have the same molecular formula% B) *estosterone and estradiol are geometric isomers but have the same molecular formula% C) *estosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon s'eleton% D) *estosterone and estradiol have distinctly different chemical structures, &ith one including four fused rings of carbon atoms, &hile the other has three rings% () *estosterone and estradiol are enantiomers of the same organic molecule% $ns&er) C *opic) Concept 4%1 +'ill) ,no&ledge-Comprehension
"/

+elf !ui3 !uestions ") #rganic chemistry is currently defined as $) the study of compounds made only by living cells% B) the study of carbon compounds% C) the study of vital forces% D) the study of natural (as opposed to synthetic) compounds% () the study of hydrocarbons% $ns&er) B .) 5hich of the follo&ing hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon s'eleton6 $) C198 B) C.9< C) C94 D) C.94 () C.9. $ns&er) D 1) Choose the term that correctly describes the relationship bet&een these t&o sugar molecules)

$) structural isomers B) geometric isomers C) enantiomers D) isotopes $ns&er) $ 4) Bdentify the asymmetric carbon in this molecule)

$ns&er) B ;) 5hich functional group is not present in this molecule6

.>

$) carbo2yl B) sulfhydryl C) hydro2yl D) amino $ns&er) B <) 5hich action could produce a carbonyl group6 $) the replacement of the #9 of a carbo2yl group &ith hydrogen B) the addition of a thiol to a hydro2yl C) the addition of a hydro2yl to a phosphate D) the replacement of the nitrogen of an amine &ith o2ygen () the addition of a sulfhydryl to a carbo2yl $ns&er) $ =) 5hich chemical group is most li'ely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base6 $) hydro2yl B) carbonyl C) carbo2yl D) amino () phosphate $ns&er) D

."