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polysulphone polypropelene
polycarbonate
AB S
ME4254/ME4254E
Deflection at the center of the mirror, , is given as, 3 mga2 considering Poissons ratio = 0.33 = 4 Et3 Where, m = mass of the mirror a = radius of the mirror t = thickness of the mirror g = 9.81 m/s2 Now, we need to minimize the mass for a fixed value of deflection, , and the geometry of the mirror. Mass of the mirror is given as, m = a2.t. = density of the material
Which parameter is fixed and which can be varied in the mass equation? We can solve the deflection equation for the thickness, t, and substitute t in the mass equation,
m = (3g/4)1/2 a4 [/ (E1/3)]3/2
We can design the lightest mirror with highest stiffness with a material which has lowest value of the material index, M = / E1/3
Therefore, for a material to provide maximum stiffness at less weight the parameter M must be smallest. In other words, /E1/3 must be smallest or E1/3/ must be greatest. Let us say, E1/3/ = C (a constant) Taking log on both sides we may write:
Material A B E C
Log E
log E = 3 log + 3 log C Now, if we know the value of materials index and the slope of the equation, then we can select a material with high stiffness/weight ratio
D F
Log
ME4254/ME4254E
Material
Steel Concrete Al-alloys Glass GFRP Mg-alloys Wood Beryllium Foamed polystyrene CFRP
E1/3/ (GPa)
0.7 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.1 3.6 3.65 3.9 4.3
1/3
m3/mg
Glass is used for making telescopic mirror not for its optical property but for its high stiffness/weight property. A 70 ton glass mirror needs only 36 g of silver coating to function as a mirror
Which are the best materials for making light but stiff mirror Earlier telescopic mirrors were made of speculum metals (density 8 mg/m3), recently they have been made of glass and CFRP.
1000
Engineering composites
100
E1/2
=C=6
10
Wood
Porous ceramics
1
Polymeric foams
Engineering polymers
Elastomers
E1/3
1 =C=2
10
Density, (mg/m3)
Ashbys map; ref. Page 419, Materials Selection in Mechanical Design
ME4254/ME4254E
Stiffness critical design for transducers and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) cantilever/tip
Silicon Nitride is used as a material to make the tip cantilever of AFM In this case, why silicon nitride and not steel (or any other material) is used for making tip? Why the cantilever design is like shape of the letter, A, and not a normal cantilever?
30m
ME4254/ME4254E
Stiffness-based designs
Eiffel Tower
Stress
Strain
Most of the engineering structures and designs are based on strength (and stiffness) requirements. e.g. bridges, automotive, buildings, furniture etc. For some engineering designs high strength but low on stiffness is preferred. e.g. earthquake proof building designs, high strength tension wires and ropes.
ME4254/ME4254E
For a good engineering design, material with a combination of strength and stiffness is desired
Data from Callister
Tensile Strength (MPa) Density (g/cm3) 3600 4100 3800 4500 3450 1.44 1.78-1.81 2.58
High performance high strength materials provide maximum strength at minimum weight.
CFRP, GFRP, Carbon-Carbon composites Aluminum alloys Magnesium alloys Titanium alloys Ceramic and metal matrix composites
ME4254/ME4254E
ME4254/ME4254E