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Economy
ULI
THE GUIDE in Mongolia
Mongolia is resource-rich. This vast territory contains 15 per cent of the world's supply of • Industrial output: Tg 270.6 billion (Jan-Oct 97)
fluorspar and significant deposits of copper, molybdenum, iron, phosphates, tin, nickel,
zinc, tungsten and gold, as well as at least 100 billion tonnes of coal. • Exports: $334.2 million (Jan-Oct 97)
Superior organization helped the MPRP win both the 1990 and
1992 elections (taking 71 of 76 parliamentary seats in the lat-
ter), but reform picked up speed. In 1992, the country adopted a
new Constitution that enshrined human rights, private owner-
ship and a state structure based on separation of power between
legislative and judicial branches.
But economic hardship has caused resentments. In the 1997 • 1911: collapse of Manchu Qing Dynasty; Mongolia
declares its independence
Presidential election, voters elected N. Bagabandi, the candi-
• 1919: China invades Mongolia
date of the MPRP. In the fall of 1997, the government had to face
• 1921: with Soviet help, Mongolia gains final indepen
demonstrations from students and pensioners and an opposition dence from China
campaign that led to a confidence vote in parliament a vote the • 1924: Mongolian People's Republic declared
government easily survived. • 1990: pro-democracy protests; Constitution amended;
first multiparty elections
Political structure • 1992: second multiparty elections; new Constitution
adopted
Mongolia has a parliamentary system of government, with a 76- • 1996: Democratic Coalition elected as Mongolia's first
seat legislature called the State Ikh Hural. The President, directly non-communist government, headed by Prime Minister
elected for a four-year term, is second in authority to the legisla- Enkhsaikhan
ture, but he appoints judges and has the power of veto (which • 1997: N. Bagabandi from the MPRP elected President
can be overturned by a 2/3 vote in parliament).
Society and Culture OH
THE GUIDE in Mongolia
]\/T ONGOLIA has a unique and durable all time - Chinggis Khan, who in the 13th
1Y1 traditional culture, centred around
century initiated the Mongol Empire, the
the herding lifestyle. Herders remain semi- greatest land empire the world has ever
nomadic, moving their animals with the sea- known. He gives his name to everything
sons as they have for centuries. from a brand of vodka to a luxury hotel, and
centres for academic Chinggis research
Many urban Mongolians retain strong links have been set up.
to the land, both literal and sentimental, and
the country's performing and visual arts of- In sports, Mongolians favour the "three
ten celebrate the landscape and the animals manly sports" — wrestling, archery and
— especially horses — that are central to horse racing — that form the core of the
Mongolian life. Mongolia has several dis- annual festival known as Naadam. Mongo-
tinctive musical instruments and styles, in- lian wrestlers have won a number of medals
cluding the morin khuur (horsehead fiddle), at international competitions and are even
the long song (urtyn duu) and the throat- entering the field of Japanese Sumo.
singing style known as khoomi.
The 1990s have seen a flowering of free-
After seven decades of communism, Mon- dom of expression. Mongolia has an extraor-
golians are once again celebrating their tra- dinary 525 newspapers and a wide range of
ditional culture, and embracing the image magazines, while the first private radio and
and legacy of the most famous Mongolian of television stations have been established.
Social Data
Television sets: 6.2 per 100 (1995)
Newspapers: 2 per 100 (1995)
Number of telephones: 82,800
Marriage: 10.9 per 1,000 over 18
Divorce: 1.4 per 2,000 over 18
Number of pensioners: 287,200
Crimes reported: 20,454 (Jan-Oct 97)
Increase from 1996: 14.4 per cent