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Page 1 of 15
A function F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I if F ' ( x ) = f ( x ) for all x in I. Definition: Indefinite Integral, Integrand
The set of all antiderivatives of f is the indefinite integral of f with respect to x, denoted by f ( x )dx . The symbol is an integral sign. The function f is the integrand of the integral, and x is the variable of integration. Example: Attend lecture.
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Trigonometric Identities are very useful in solving integration involving trigonometric function. Especially Half Angle Formulas. Try it!
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PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 6 Finding Indefinite Integrals Find the most general antiderivative or indefinite integrals. . !. #. $. %. &. '. (. ). ". . !. #. $. %. &. '. (. ).
( x +1 )dx ( 5 6 x )dx
t dt 2 t2 3 2 + 4t dt 3t
2
!". ! . !!. !#. !$. !%. !&. !'. !(. !). #". # . #!. ##. #$. #%. #&. #'.
5 sin t )dt (
7 sin 3 d
3 cos 5d ( 3 csc
2
x )dx
3 ( 2 x 5 x +7 )dx
( 1 x
3 x 5 )dx
1 x 2 dx 3 1 2 3 + 2 x dx 5 x
x
x
x (
x )dx
1/ 3
dx
dx
2 (csc
5/4
x + 3 x )dx
x 2 dx + 2 x 2 8 y y 1 / 4 dy
1 + cos 4t dt 2 1 cos 6 t dt 2
2
' y
3
%* $
dy
( 1 + tan
2
)d
2 x( 1 x )dx x ( x +1 )dx
3
t t+ t dt t2 4+ t t 3 dt
( 1 cot
x )dx
2 cos t )dt (
csc sin d
csc
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!". ! . !!. !#. !$. !%. !&. !'. !(. !). #". # . #!. ##. #$. #%. #&. #'. #(.
5 cos t + C
21 cos
5x 3x 2 + C
t3 + t2 +C 4
+C
3 sin 5 + c 5
t3 + t4 + C 6 1 4 5 2 x x +7 x + C 2 2 1 3 1 6 x x x +C 3 2 3 1 x x +C x 3 3
3 cot x + c
tan x +c 3 1 csc + C 2 2 sec + C 5
x+
+ x! + C
4 sec x 2 tan x + C
1 1 cot x + csc x + C 2 2 1 cos 2 x + cot x + C 2
sin 2 x + cos 3 x + C
t sin 4t + +C 2 8 t sin 6 t +C 2 12
tan + C
+ tan + C
cot x x + C 2 x + cot x + C cos + + C
1 1 2 +C x 2x
2 +C t
2 t
2 2 3/ 2 + C 2 t 3t 2 sin t + C
tan + C
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,otation and Existence of the +efinite Integral The symbol for the number I in the definition of the definite integral is
f ( x )dx
a
which read as -the integral from a to b of f of x dee x. or sometimes as -the integral from a to b of f of x with respect to x..
Example: Attend lecture. The First Fundamental Theorem of /alculus Theorem: The First Fundamental Theorem of /alculus
f ( x )dx = F ( b ) F ( a )
Theorem:
f ( t )dt = f ( x )
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PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 6 Evaluate the following integrals. . !. #. $. %. &. '. (. ). ". . !. #.
( 2 x + 5 )dx
/3
x 5 dx 2 4 x3 dx 3 x $ 4
$ /2
1 + cos 2t dt 2
/3
/3
1 cos 2t dt 2
2 1
( x 3 2 x + 3 )dx
/2
/2
( 8 y 2 + sin y )dy
( x 2 + x )dx x 3 / 2 dx x 6 / 5 dx
/ 4
/3
1
2 4 sec t + 2 dt t
$ 32 1
( & + 1 ) 2 d&
( t + 1 )( t 2 + 4 )dt
2 dx x2
%7 1 5 d% 2 2 %
sin dx
/3
1 % %
d%
5 / 6 /6
!%. !&.
x dx
3 / 4 /4
4
3 4
2 3 3
4 3 3
Page
of 15
1$ 5
5/2 1 2
2 3 2 3
)8/3
1$ 3
)3/4 )5/6
2 4 8 +1
3 16 1
Indefinite Integrals and the 0ubstitution 1ule If % is any differentiable function, then
n % d% =
% n +1 +C n +1
2 n 1 n rational3.
Theorem
If % " *(x) is a differentiable function whose range is an interval I and f is continuous on I, then
f ( *( x ))*
Example: Attend lecture.
'
( x )dx = f ( % )d%
!%.
)dx
sec tan
!
2
2# x + !3 dx
x sec 2 xdx
sin
Page ! of 15
5 28( 7 x 2 ) dx
( x 1 ) dx
4 2
1/ 2
sin( x 3 / 2 + 1 )dx
4 2 2 3 12( y + 4 y + 1 ) ( y + 2 y )dy
1/ 3
sin( x 4 / 3 8 )dx
x sin 2 ( x 3 / 2 1 )dx
1
2
1 cos 2 dx x
2
csc
2 cot 2d
dx 5x +8
3 2 s ds
3
csc
#(.
( 2 x +1 )
dx
1 ds 5s + 4 3dx ( 2 x )2
#). $".
sec + tan +
d+
1 2 d
3
$ . $!.
8
3 y
2 1d
7 3 y 2 dy
cos
1
2
sin
1 1 cos d
sin 2
4 ydy
2 y 2 +1 1
x ( 1 + x )2
dx
( 1 + t 4 ) 3 dt
(1+
x )3 x
dx
x 1 dx x5
x 2 +1dx
5
x 3 x
x 3 +1dx
#.
dr
Page " of 15
!.
$.
sin cos #
ANSWERS FOR PROBLEM SET: CHAPTER 6 Evaluating Integrals . !. #. $. %. &. '. (. ). ". . !. #. $. %. &. '.
cos #x + / # ! $ cos ! x ! + /
tan2#x + !3 + /
tan # x + /
sec ! t + /
#
! t cos + / # !
!(. !). #". # . #!. ##. #$. #%. #&. #'. #(. #). $". $ .
2' x !3
+C
2x $ 3 # + /
*!
&2 r # 3
+/
2 y $ + $y ! + 3 # + /
! %x + ( + / % 2# !s3 # * ! + / # 2!x + 3 $ + / ( ! %s + $ + / % # +/ !x ! 2 ! 3 % * $ + / %
#2 ! + sin t 3 ! + /
! 2cot # y3 #
*!
+/
! sec 4 + /
sin + / t
! sin2 t + #3 + /
sin ! + / !
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#2! 3 $ * # + /
! +/ sin
2' #y ! 3 # * ! + / #
! ! y ! + +/
! +/ + x
2s # + !s ! %s + %3 ! +/ ! 2 $ ! ! + ( !3 ! +/ (
& 2 + t $ 3$ + /
#* !
! #
2 + x 3$ + / sin2#4 + $3 + /
! # x
+/
cos2(4 %3 + / (
2x ! + 3 % * ! 2x ! + 3 # * ! + / % # ! # ! 2x + 3 % * ! 2x # + 3 # * ! + / % #
& +/ ! + tan # x
2 + sin ! 2 x 33 # * ! + /
#. $.
&
Integration by 5arts
x sin 2 dx
d cos 2 t cos tdt
. !. #.
( x
5 x )e x dx
&
( & + & + 1 )e 5 x x e dx
2
d&
Page 11 of 15
x
2
sin xdx
e 4 t dt
2
x ,n xdx 1 e 3 x ,n xdx 1
2
/2
2 x cos(
. !. #.
( x 5 5 x 4 + 2$ x 3 6$ x 2 +12$ x 12$ )e x + c
$. %. &. '. (. ).
,n 4
3 4 4 3e + 1 16
( x 3 3 x 2 + 6 x 6 )e x + c ( - 4 4 - 3 12 - 2 24 - 24 )e - + c
t2 t 1 4t + )e + c 4 8 32 2 4 8 3( 4 2 ) 16 1 ( e sin e cos ) + c 2 1 y ( e sin y e y cos y ) + c 2 e2x ( 3 sin 3 x + 2 cos 3 x ) + c 13 e 2 x !". (sin 2 x + cos 2 x ) + c 4 (
Integration of 1ational Functions by 5artial Fractions 6eneral +escription of the 7ethod 0uccess in writing a rational function things:
f(x) as a sum of partial fractions depends on two *( x )
Page 12 of 15
8 8
./e de*&ee of f(x) 0%st be ,ess t/an t/e de*&ee of *(x). That is, the fraction must be proper. If it isn9t, divide f(x) by *(x) and wor: with the remainder term. 1e 0%st 2no3 t/e facto&s of *(x). In theory, any polynomial with real coefficients can be written as a product of real linear factors and real ;uadratic factors. In practice, the factors may be hard to find.
f(x) when the factors of *( x )
<ere is how we find the partial fractions of a proper fraction * are :nown. 7ethod of 5artial Fractions 2 .
f(x) 5roper3 *( x )
=et x 4 & be a linear factor of *(x). 0uppose that ( x & ) 0 is the highest power of x 4 & that divides *(x). Then, to this factor, assign the sum of the 0 partial fractions:
50 51 52 + + ... + 2 x& (x&) ( x & )0 +o this for each distinct linear factor of *(x).
!.
=et x 2 + -x + 6 be a ;uadratic factor of *(x). 0uppose that ( x 2 + -x + 6 )n is the highest power of this factor that divides *(x). Then, to this factor, assign the sum of the n partial fractions:
71 x + C1
2
x + -x + 6 ( x + -x + 6 )
72 x + C 2
2 2
+ ... +
7n x + C n ( x + -x + 6 )n
2
+o this for each distinct ;uadratic factor of g2x3 that cannot be factored into linear factors with real coefficients. #. /lear the resulting e;uation of fractions and arrange the terms in decreasing powers of x. $. E;uate the coefficients of corresponding powers of x and solve the resulting e;uations for the undetermined coefficients. 0et the original fraction
f(x) e;ual to the sum of all these partial fractions. *( x )
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,onrepeated =inear Factors Express the integrands as a sum of partial fractions and evaluate the integrals. . !. #. $.
1 x2 x2 + 2x
dx
dx
%. &. '. (.
4 y 2 2 y 3 1 / 2 y 2 + y dy
1
ydy
y +4
x 2 + 5 x 6 dx x 2 7 x + 12 dx
2x + 1
x +4
t 3 + t 2 2t 2 x 3 8 x dx
x +3
dt
1epeated =inear Factors Express the integrands as a sum of partial fractions and evaluate the integrals. . !.
x 3 dx $ x 2 + 2 x + 1 $ x 3 dx 1 x 2 2 x + 1
1
#. $.
( x 2 1 )2
x 2 dx ( x 1 )( x 2 + 2 x + 1 )
dx
Irreducible >uadratic Factors Express the integrands as a sum of partial fractions and evaluate the integrals. . #.
$ ( x + 1 )( x 2 + 1 )
y2 + 2 y +1 ( y 2 + 1 )2
dx
!. $.
3t 2 + t + 4 1 t 3 + t dt 8x2 +8x + 2 ( 4 x 2 + 1 )2 dx
3
Improper Fractions In the following ;uestions, perform long division on the integrand, write the proper fraction as a sum of partial fractions, and then evaluate the integral. . !.
2x3 2x2 + 1 x 2 x dx x4 x 2 1 dx
$. %.
16 x 3 4 x 2 4 x + 1 dx
y 4 + y 2 1 dy y3 + y
Page 14 of 15
#.
( x 3 3x + 1 x 3 x 2 dx
&.
y 3 y 2 + y 1 dy
2y4
%.
,n 15 2
&. '.
1 2
,n
27 4
1 ,n ( x + 6 ) 2 ( x 1 )5 + c 7
,n ( x 4 )( +c ( x 3 )7
,n t +
1 1 ,n t + 2 + ,n t 1 + c 6 3
$.
(.
1 ( x 2 )5 ( x + 2 ) ,n +c 16 x6
#. $.
1 x +1 x ,n +c 4 x 1 2( x 2 1 )
,n ( x 1 )( x + 1 )3 4 + 1 +c 2( x + 1 )
!.
,n(
( )+ 12 2
. #.
tan 1 y 1 +c y +1
2
$.
tan 1 2 x
1 4x + 1
2
+c
Improper Fractions
Page 15 of 15
. !. #.
x 2 + ,n
$.
2 x 2 + 4 x + 3 ,n 2 x 1 ( 2 x 1 ) 1 + c
x3 1 x 1 + x + ,n +c 3 2 x +1
( x + 2 ,n x +
1 + 7 ,n x 1 + c x
%.