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The Causes
Principle- Greenhouse effect Concentrations of CO2 and CH4 have increased by 36% and 148% since Industrial revolution Fossil fuel burning has produced about 3/4 of the increase in CO2 from human activity Land-use change, in particular deforestation, reduces CO2 intake by photosynthesis. Archaic methods of waste disposal Incineration.
The Consequences
Climate change - Runaway climate change is a situation in which the climate system passes a tipping point i.e Climate forcing (greenhouse gas amount) reaches a point such that no additional forcing is required for large climate change and impacts. By 2100- sea level rise of 9 to 88 cm Changes in crop yields changes in rainfall and climate pattern will change the type of crop grown or the duration for which it is grown during a particular crop season. Unpredictability due to the above can have disastrous effects on countries dependent on agriculture like India, Cuba etc. Climate change may also affect the resistance of crops and lead to faster spread of crop diseases.
.and hotter
Low lying lands are running high risk of submergence e.g The Netherlands Tuvalu's ( a pacific island) highest elevation is 4.6 meters but most of it is no more than a meter above the sea. Tuvaluans face the possibility of being among the first climate refugees. US-only country to not ratify Kyoto. A global warming convention slated for Dec 2009 at Copenhagen.
Situation in India
India ratified Kyoto on 26th Aug 2002 About 76% of the electricity consumed in India is generated by thermal power plants In India emissions unaccounted due to reasonable-scale power theft N-deal/ IAEA exemptions expected to lower dependence on thermal plants by 30% by 2025 India's roadways are irregular with frequent jams in metros, IC engines keep running and polluting
Bio-Fuels
It is a renewable energy source based on the carbon cycle petroleum and coal. The equivalent of 19 million tons of oil is available from biomass by 2020
Food vs. fuel - dilemma regarding the risk of diverting farmland or crops for biofuels production in detriment of the food supply
Bio-Fuels (contd.)
Large-scale deforestation of mature trees (which help remove CO2 through photosynthesis much better than does sugar cane or most other biofuel feedstock crops do) contributes to un-sustainable global warming atmospheric greenhouse gas levels, loss of habitat, and a reduction of valuable biodiversity. Increased use of biofuels puts increasing pressure on water resources in at least two ways: water use for the irrigation of crops used as feedstocks for biodiesel production; and water use in the production of biofuels in refineries
Remedies
Mass afforestation - more or less equal to the forest cover cleared for development Phasing out vehicles with faulty or environmentally hostile exhaust systems and enforcing strict laws in that respect. Proper planning and Design for free-flow of traffic in crowded highways. Measures for producing bio-gas and bio-fuels from daily wastes, without bringing in Food v Fuel debate.
Remedies (contd.)
Tapping and harnessing the wide potential for cleaner sources of energy such as Hydel and Wind power. Following more modern ways of waste disposal instead of burning e.g composting, recycling etc.. Strict imposition of regulations on licenses of Industries to adhere to permissible levels of pollutant discharge, and installing devices such as ES precipitators to adhere to it Most importantly, energy conservation to reduce demand on power and subsequently Fossil fuel burning.....
Current Environmental Issues in India There are many environmental issues in India.
Air pollution, poor management of waste, growing water scarcity, falling groundwater tables, water pollution, preservation and quality of forests, biodiversity loss, and land/soil degradation
discharge of untreated sewage is single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India
Indian cities alone generate more than 100 million tons of solid waste a year.
Municipal Waste Garbage and rubbish from offices, hotels, markets, etc. and also the street refuse such as street sweepings, dirt, leaves, etc. The term garbage is generally used to putrescible or biodegradable food wastes. The term rubbish is used to denote nonputrescible or nonbiodegradable solid wastes which include combustible materials such as paper, cloth, etc. as well as noncombustible materials such as glass, metals, used metal cans, etc. Apart from these the following types of wastes are also encountered: ashes, cinders, dead animals, abandoned vehicles, septic tank sledges, etc.
Agricultural Waste These wastes result from farms, feed lots and livestock yards. The agricultural wastes include paddy husk, bagasse from sugarcane, tobacco and corn residues, etc.
Special Waste These include hazardous wastes from different sources Radioactive wastes: nuclear power plants, hospitals, etc. Toxic wastes: heavy metal sludges, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, etc. Biological products: enzymes, antibiotics, pathological wastes, etc. Miscellaneous products: inflammable substances, explosives, etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
AIR POLLUTION Green house effect Ozone depletion Acid Rain WATER POLLUTION Eutrophication Due to Heavy Metals SOIL POLLUTION Due to Heavy Metals
SHORT TERM
Aesthetic Odour Birds Fires
LONG TERM
Leachate Landfill Gas
Inadequate infrastructure Inadequate finance Lack of clear roles and Responsibilities Uncontrolled disposal of solid waste (dumped in suburb and city boundaries)
Primarily by the city municipality -No gradation of waste product eg bio-degradable, glass polybags,paper shreds etc -Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts -Unskilled labours used to sweep streets and collect gar Local raddiwala / kabadiwala (Rag pickers) -Collecting small iron pieces by magnets -Collecting glass bottles -Collecting paper for recycling
10.55%
15%
37.50% 35%
Improving India
The Solid Waste Association of North America, (SWANA) has been the leading professional association in the solid waste management field. SWANA's mission is "to advance the practice of environmentally and economically sound management of municipal solid waste." There are 7 technical divisions which moniter the activities of SWANA: Collection & TransferCommunication, Education & MarketingLandfill GasLandfill ManagementSpecial waste managementPlanning & ManagementWaste Reduction, Recycling & Composting-
SWM IN THAILAND
Most of the solid waste in Thailand was openly dumped in the past. This caused several environmental problems which led to the revision of the Environmental laws there. Now the scenario has changed and a better way of disposal and recycling are being done. Recent trend of changes
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Application of inappropriate technologies like open dumping Many environmental problems The Environmental act was revised and enacted in 1992 A national MSW Management plan was developed in 1997 Solid waste management has improved considerably
REMEDIES
The solid waste management hierarchy concept can be viewed as a straightforward set of management plans for solid waste. It has been adopted by many Western Governments, including Australia, as a means of achieving sustainability. The Solid Waste Management Hierarchy
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. Most preferred Avoid Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover Least preferred Treat Dispose
REMEDIES
(cont)
Recycling not a solution to all problems! For many items recycling technologies are unavailable or unsafe In some cases, cost of recycling is too high. Solution: More Profit With Zero Waste
1. 2. 3. Exchanging output that are considered waste Waste of one could be input or raw material for others Evolving a closed system- matter & energy circulate within
REMEDIES
(Cont..)
An approach to design a sustainable waste management system and operating guide lines are outlined below:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Quantity and characteristics Collection and Transportation of waste Disposal of waste Recycling of waste Financial structure and Community participation.
CONCLUSION
SWM is a vital, ongoing and large public service system which needs to be efficiently provided to maintain aesthetic and public health standards. Municipal agencies will have to plan and execute the system keeping in view the increasing urban population. Systematic effort in the improvement of various factors like financial provisions, appropriate technologies, operation management, human resource development etc is required for an integrated SWM system. Public co-operation is essential for successful operation of such a system.
ECO TIPS
SIMPLIFY YOUR LIFE STYLE. SWITCH FROM DISPOSABLE TO REUSABLE PRODUCTS. WASH AND REUSE PLASTIC BAGS REDUCE THE USAGE OF PLASTIC TO THE MAXIMUM POSSIBLE EXTENT USE PAPER ECONOMICALLY.USE RECLYCED PAPER AS OFTEN AS POSSIBLE. PURCHASE RECHARGABLE BATTERIES INCULCATE A HABIT OF SWITCHING OFF THE LIGHTS WHEN LEAVING THE ROOM.WHENEVER POSSIBLE,KEEP LIGHTS OFF DURING DAY TIME ECONOMIZE THE USAGE OF WATER ENCOURAGE TREE PLANTING
REDUCE THE WASTAGE OF ELECTRICITY,FUEL AND FOOD. SUPPORT FAMILY PLANNING TO LIMIT HUMAN POPULATION ELECT LEADERS WHO WORK FOR THE ENVIRONMENT ENCOURAGE THE USAGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY AND RENEWABLE SORCES OF ENERGY HIGHLIGHT THE BENEFITS OF CYCLING AND WALKING TO HELP IN CREATING A GREENER ENVIRONMENT.
CE6180:EIA- Lecture 2
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable development means meeting the needs of today (food, shelter, employment, etc.) without compromising the ability of future generations from also meeting those same needs.
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
What do you mean by a environmental system? Environmental system is a collection of component arranged and inter connected in such a way that when a changes occurs with respect to on component the effect of the change is felt by the other component as well. The components may be subsystems; physical, chemical and biological or combination of all three.
Air Surface water Soil and groundwater Noise Biological Cultural Visual impacts Socioeconomic
Environmental systems
QUESTIONS?
SAVE ENVIRONMENT
STOP POLLUTION