Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

BT 633- Human Biology & Diseases

Cells, Tissues and Organs
Dr Piruthivi Sukumar MBBS MMST PhD Assistant Professor Room No:303 (Old Wing) Dept of Biotechnology p.sukumar@iitg.ernet.in 2232 (O) 881 103 9291(M)

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Cells
Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life & carryout functions Cells are the building blocks of all living things Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function Parts of human cell Boundary: Plasma Membrane Control: Nucleus Synthesis/Transport: ER, Golgi Storage: Lysosome Power House: Mitochondria

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Types of cells- Function Based

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Types of cells- Function Based

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Types of cells- Function Based

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Types of cells- Function Based

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Tissues
Four primary types Epithelial Connective tissue Nervous tissue Muscle

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Epithelial Tissue
Epithelia are continuous sheets of cells (one or more layers thick) that cover the exterior surfaces of the body, line internal closed cavities and body tubes that communicate with the outside environment (the alimentary, respiratory and genitourinary tracts), make up the secretory portions of glands and their ducts, and are found in the sensory receptive regions of certain sensory organs (e.g. ear & nose) Found in different areas Body coverings; Body linings; Glandular tissue (organized collection of secretory epithelial cells) Functions Protection; Absorption; Filtration; Secretion; Sensation Characteristics Cells fit closely together Tissue layer always has one free surface The lower surface is bound by a basement membrane Avascular nutrients by diffusion Regenerate easily if well nourished Criteria for classification No of layers of cells Cell shape Specializations on the free (apical) surface

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Types of Epithelial Cells

No of layers

Types of Epithelial Cells

Shape wise (When sectioned at right angles to their basement membrane)

Types of Epithelial Cells

Specializations
Intestine-absorption Skin-keratin protein (protection)

Intestine-secretion lungs-movement (protection)

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Epithelia (covering)- summary

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Epithelia (glandular)- summary

Glands - organised collection of secretory epithelial cells Glands connected with the surface via a duct - EXOCRINE GLANDS Glands that lose this direct continuity with the surface ENDOCRINE glands Exocrine Glands Unicellular (Goblet cells) or Multicellular Secretions delivered into ducts and end up on the epithelial surface. e.g.: Sweat glands

Endocrine Glands Ductless Secretions are released directly into blood

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Connective Tissue
fills the spaces between organs and tissues, and provides them with structural and metabolic support made up of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) ECM- made up of fibres in a protein & polysaccharide matrix ECM- secreted and organised by cells in ECM Types CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER (found in most organs) loose irregular connective tissue (organs) dense irregular connective tissue (skin) SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUES tendons and ligaments cartilage adipose tissue haemopoietic tissue (bone marrow, lymphoid tissue) blood bone

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Connective Tissue
Cells
Fibroblasts - responsible for secreting ECM including fibres: collagen, elastin or fibronectin. Adipocytes - fat storing cells Macrophages, Mast cells and Plasma cells - Immune cells ECM transparent, colourless, and fills the spaces between fibres and cells ~90% water rest - glycosoaminoglycans (GAGs) Protein + GAGs = proteoglycans GAGs are : highly negatively charged -attract lots of cations which leads to lots of water to be sucked in inflexible, as the long sugar chains cannot fold up like proteins, so they remain extended and strongly hydrophilic Groups ofGAGs: hyaluronic acid and hyaluronate chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate and heparin keratan sulphate

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Neural Tissue
Neuron
Neurons (Nerve cells) are specialized cells that conduct electrical impulses

Dendrites - extend from the cell body (dendron - greek for tree); short with lots of branches; nerve impulses are received Cell body in brain and spinal cord or in ganglia Axon - single, transmits impulses to distal end; can be very long - around 1 metre, vary in diameter from 0.2 to 20 m

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Neural Tissue
Neuron - types
Cerebrum histology

smell/taste

touch

motor

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Neural Tissue
Synapse
Synapses are formed between two neurons, or between a neuron (electrical synapse) and a target cell, such as a muscle cell (chemical synapse) Between two neurons, synapses can form between: an axon and a dendrite (axodendritic) an axon and an axon (axoaxonic) an axon and a cell body (axosomatic) Parts of synapse: presynaptic terminal - part which delivers the nerve impulse postsynaptic terminal - part which receives the impulse synaptic cleft - gap between the pre- and post synaptic membranes. Functional Details when studying Nervous System

Department of Biotechnology

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Guwahati

Next Class..

Cells, Tissues and Organs Contd

Muscle Tissues and Blood