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O.W. Andersen Steinhaugen 43, NO-7049 Trondheim, Norway phone !a"# $47 73937%%9 owand&'(i.net http# home.'(i.net owand Abstract )Magnetic attractive forces between rotor and
stator in synchronous and induction machines are very large, in the order of 15 !" tons#m !, and can cause serious problems if they are not sufficiently balanced$ %mall variations in the air gap are unavoidable, causing unbalanced magnetic pull, which in turn tends to increase the air gap variations$ &ir gap variations can be caused by the rotor being off center with respect to the stator, and also by the stator or rotor not being perfectly round$ Unbalanced magnetic pull can be reduced significantly by having a multi circuit stator winding, with the parallel circuits arranged in a suitable way$
and 8ero at the hori8onta4 'enter4ine. 7or sma44 disp4a'ements and a !4u" density whi'h 'an +e assumed to +e in*erse4y proportiona4 to air gap 4ength, un+a4an'ed *erti'a4 !or'e density *aries as a 'osine s-uared !un'tion around the periphery. As an e"amp4e, say the diameter is 20 m, 4ength 2 m and un+a4an'ed !or'e density ( tons s-.m !or a hydroe4e'tri' generator, 'orresponding to a+out %: *ariations in air gap or ;2 mm !or a (0 mm gap. Then the tota4 un+a4an'ed !or'e wi44 +e# ( " 0.% " 20 " < . 32.4 tons
1$ Magnetic Forces
The attra'ti*e !or'e in the air gap +etween rotor and stator is in S, units# Newton s-.m . /( 01.0 20-73 With / . 2 tes4a, whi'h is a reasona+4e ma"imum air gap !4u" density, this wor5s out to# Newton s-.m . 397117 whi'h is e-ua4 to 40.%6 metri' tons. The appro"imate sinusoida4 distri+ution o! !4u" density around the 'ir'um!eren'e gi*es an a*erage o! a+out ha4! o! this. 74u" densities are o!ten s4ight4y 4ess than one tes4a, and a*erage attra'ti*e !or'e is rough4y !or any si8e syn'hronous or indu'tion ma'hine# 7or'e s-.m . 2%-(0 tons
Whether or not su'h a 4arge !or'e wi44 resu4t in 'omp4ete 'o44apse o! the air gap or una''epta+4e o!!-'enter de!4e'tion depends on the strength and rigidity o! the stru'ture. 7or'e
9agneti' !or'e
7i'ti'ious app4ied !or'e 0system sti!!ness response !or'e3 =edu'ed magneti' !or'e
>e!4e'tion
7ig. ( A !i'titious app4ied !or'e with the same distri+ution as the magneti' !or'e wi44 gi*e an o!!-'enter de!4e'tion a4ong a 4inear 'ur*e. Another way to des'ri+e this !i'titious !or'e is as the system sti!!ness response !or'e. The un+a4an'ed magneti' !or'e wi44 4e*e4 o!! a!ter the de!4e'tion gets to a 'ertain point, main4y +e'ause o! saturation in the teeth. ,! the two 'ur*es 'ross +e!ore the air gap 'o44apses, it wi44 +e at the operating point !or a permanent de!4e'tion. ,! the initia4 s4ope o! the 'ur*e !or magneti' !or'e is 4ess than that o! the response !or'e, there wi44 +e no tenden'y !or the de!4e'tion to de*e4op !rom an initia4 'entered position o! the rotor. ,n a more rea4isti' s'enario, dashed 4ines show the response !or'e starting at a sma44 initia4 o!!set and a hope!u44y a''epta+4e o!!-'enter de!4e'tion.
7ig. 2 9agneti' attra'ti*e !or'e wi44 +e in'reased in the ha4! o! the 'ir'um!eren'e where the air gap is de'reased and *i'e *ersa in the other ha4!. That gi*es an un+a4an'ed !or'e in the dire'tion o! the de!4e'tion. The *erti'a4 un+a4an'ed !or'e density in 7ig. 2 is ma"imum at the top and +ottom
7ig. 3 When there is a departure !rom the idea4 'ir'u4ar shape o! the stator 'ore, the sti!!ness o!!ers the 4east resistan'e to a 'hange to an e44ipti'a4 shape. As soon as there is a s4ight tenden'y !or it, 'hanges in attra'ti*e !or'es in the air gap wi44 magni!y this tenden'y. 7ig. ( is a4so app4i'a+4e to e44ipti'a4 de!ormation. ?44ipti'a4 de!ormation 'an +e a pro+4em in 4ow speed ma'hines with a 4arge num+er o! po4es, whi'h re-uire on4y a sha44ow yo5e to 'arry the !4u".
7ig. 4 7ig. 4 depi'ts !our para44e4 'ir'uits in a stator winding, distri+uted in !our -uadrants in a way that !o44ows natura44y !or a 4ap winding. A wa*e winding re-uires spe'ia4 'onne'tions. The 'ir'uits are permanent4y in para44e4, a4so in open 'ir'uit 'onditions. Sin'e the *o4tage a'ross ea'h o! them is the same, the tota4 !4u" in ea'h -uadrant o! the ma'hine is !or'ed to +e the same. ,! the rotor starts to mo*e in one dire'tion or the stator starts to !4e", 'ir'u4ating 'urrents +egin to !4ow +etween the !our para44e4 'ir'uits to maintain e-ua4 !4u"es and there+y a more or 4ess uni!orm !or'e density around the 'ir'um!eren'e. The 'ir'u4ating 'urrents are pure 8ero power!a'tor magneti8ing 'urrents, out o! phase with the 4oad 'urrents. The tota4 a+so4ute *a4ues o! the 'urrents in the di!!erent 'ir'uits wi44 there!ore stay a+out the same. >e'reasing un+a4an'ed magneti' !or'es this way to !or e"amp4e 2 3 is as e!!e'ti*e as in'reasing strength and rigidity o! stru'tura4 'omponents +y a !a'tor o! three, and the 'ost is neg4igi+4e. @ow mu'h un+a4an'ed magneti' !or'es 'an +e de'reased wi44 now +e dis'ussed.
,$ -mproved Compensation
Sin'e the o+Ce'ti*e is to 5eep the air gap uni!orm, there is no reason why the !our 'ir'uits in a44 three phases shou4d 'o*er the same -uadrants. /rea5 points +etween 'ir'uits 'an +e at# Dhase 2# 0 - 90-210-(70 me'hani'a4 degrees Dhase (# 30-2(0-(20-300 Dhase 3# 60-2%0-(40-330 ,n ear4ier 'a4'u4ations, the 'ompensation o! un+a4an'ed magneti' !or'es with a norma4 !our -uadrant 4ap or 4aptype winding was !ound to +e 61.9:, redu'ing the !or'es to a+out 2 3. The 'a4'u4ation was +ased on o!!-'enter disp4a'ement in a dire'tion at 4% degree ang4es with the 'enters o! the 'ir'uits.
A simi4ar 'a4'u4ation with a disp4a'ement at the other e"treme position, with 8ero and 90 degree ang4es with respe't to the 'enters, gi*es e"a't4y the same 'ompensation. ,t 'an +e shown +y numeri'a4 'a4'u4ation that the impro*ed 'ompensation with 'ir'uit positions shi!ted +etween phases gi*es a redu'tion o! un+a4an'ed !or'es to a+out 2 6 rather than 2 3 !or o!!-'enter disp4a'ement. Two 'omputer programs that are des'ri+ed on the authorEs we+ site http# home.'(i.net owand ha*e +een used !or the 'a4'u4ations, the magneti' !ie4d program 7F>22 and the a' 'ir'uit ana4ysis program ABBAN. Without 'ompensation !rom a distri+uted para44e4 'ir'uit winding, o!!-'enter disp4a'ement sets up a two po4e sinusoida44y distri+uted un+a4an'ed !4u" density and 'orresponding radia4 !or'e density around the periphery. The mode4 used in the 'a4'u4ations has an arti!i'ia4 'ir'uit 'onsisting o! two sinusoida44y distri+uted 'ir'uit 4ayers 'arrying 'urrents in opposite dire'tions 0see 7ig. % +e4ow3. That arti!i'ia4 'ir'uit is mutua44y 4in5ed with the distri+uted !our or twe4*e para44e4 'ir'uits, ea'h 'o*ering a -uadrant, where opposing 'urrents are indu'ed. 9utua4 'oup4ings 'an +e 'a4'u4ated either ana4yti'a44y or +y 7F>22, and ABBAN 'a4'u4ates indu'ed 'urrents. Two diametri'a44y opposite para44e4 'ir'uits 'arry e-ua4 'urrents o! opposite signs. The resu4ting 997 wa*e is !ourier ana4y8ed into a two po4e sine wa*e. A44 the sine wa*es are 'om+ined *e'toria44y, and the degree o! 'ompensation is !ound. With !our para44e4 'ir'uits in the same -uadrants in a44 three phases, the 'ompensation is !ound to +e 12:, 'on!irming the resu4t that was !ound ear4ier, using a di!!erent method. The resu4t is pra'ti'a44y the same !or di!!erent positions o! the o!!set. Bom+ined with the 1%: 'ompensation due to 4ea5age !4u", the tota4 'ompensation is 61.9:. With twe4*e distri+uted 'ir'uits, the 'ompensation is 91:, whi'h 'om+ined with the 1%: due to 4ea5age !4u" gi*es a tota4 o! 13.3:. That 4ea*es 26.7: un'ompensated, redu'ing un+a4an'ed !or'e to on4y a+out 2 6. 74u" p4ot !rom 7F>22 with sinusoida44y distri+uted sur!a'e 4ayers#
?-ua4i8ers are 'onne'tions +etween the midpoints o! the two 'ir'uits, as shown in !igures 6 and 7. 7or a *erti'a4 o!!-'enter disp4a'ement o! the rotor, the 'ompensation wi44 +e e!!e'ti*e in +oth 'ases. Gpper and 4ower 'ir'uits wi44 'arry di!!erent 'urrents. @owe*er, !or a hori8onta4 disp4a'ement, the 'ompensation on4y wor5s !or an e*en num+er o! po4e pairs. On4y then 'an se'tions 2 and 4 'arry e-ua4 'urrents, di!!erent !rom se'tions ( and 3. ?-ua4i8ers ma5e a two 'ir'uit winding +eha*e essentia44y as a !our 'ir'uit winding in the degree o! 'ompensation !or an e*en num+er o! po4e pairs.
7ig. % /y 'omparing !igures 3 and 4 it is e*ident that on4y the impro*ed 'ompensation with the !our 'ir'uits shi!ted +etween phases wi44 +e e!!e'ti*e in 'ompensating !or e44ipti'a4 de!ormation. The 'a4'u4ations show that the 'ompensation e-ua4i8es tota4 !4u"es within 30 degree segments, instead o! the 90 degree segments without shi!t o! 'ir'uit positions +etween phases. >isregarding 4ea5age !4u", the impro*ed 'ompensation with !our 'ir'uits was !ound to +e 91: e!!e'ti*e. The !ewer the num+er o! 'ir'uits, the 4ess e!!e'ti*e the 'ompensation wi44 +e, +ut it wi44 +e su+stantia4 a4so with three and two 'ir'uits. With three 'ir'uits it wi44 +e 96: e!!e'ti*e, with two 'ir'uits 92:. @owe*er, two 'ir'uits 'an
Bir'u4ating 'urrents are 'onstant within ea'h segment. To 'ompensate !or a two po4e !4u" wa*e, diametri'a44y opposite segments ha*e the same 'ir'u4ating 'urrents with opposite signs. Ba4'u4ations 'an +e made with the e-ui*a4ent 'ir'uit in 7ig. 1.
7ig. 1 Si" 'urrent sour'es with pu4sed 'urrents as shown in 7ig. 9 represent 'ir'u4ating 'urrents and 'orresponding !4u"es in the twe4*e segments.
7ig. 9 The pu4ses are disp4a'ed 30 degrees +etween the si" 'urrent sour'es. Burrents in ea'h o! them are 'a4'u4ated so that the areas 'o*ered +y them e-ua4 areas under 'orresponding portions o! the two po4e sine wa*e. The sum o! the pu4sed 'urrents in the resisti*e +ran'h to the right is !ourier ana4y8ed, and the !undamenta4 two po4e sine wa*e is !ound. Bompensation o! a sine wa*e with one per unit amp4itude and segments starting at 0,30,60--- degrees gi*es as a resu4t 0.977 per unit. The same 'ompensation is !ound !or segments starting at 2%,4%,7%--- degrees. This is in 'omp4ete agreement with the 0.91 per unit 'a4'u4ated 4ess a''urate4y ear4ier. The e-ui*a4ent 'ir'uit in 7ig. 1 is set up and so4*ed *ery easi4y with 'omputer program D?BAN 0Dower ?4e'troni' Bir'uit Ana4ysis3, a4so des'ri+ed on the authorEs we+ site. Symmetri'a44y pu4sed 'urrent sour'es are +ui4t-in and !ourier ana4ysis is per!ormed automati'a44y. This method 'an a4so +e emp4oyed !or !inding the degree o! 'ompensation !or !our node 0e44ipti'a43 de!ormation, whi'h is o! 'onsidera+4e interest. The same !our 'ir'uit winding gi*es a 'ompensation 0.92( per unit, again independent o! where the 'ir'uits are 4o'ated with respe't to the sine wa*e, whi'h now has !our po4es. With 0.1% per unit due to 4ea5age !4u", the tota4 'ompensation is 0.77% per unit, 4ea*ing ((.%: un'ompensated. The !our 'ir'uit winding with !4u"es e-ua4i8ed within 30 degree segments is a4so e!!e'ti*e in 'ompensating !or shorter wa*e4ength de!ormations. >isregarding 4ea5age !4u", the 'ompensation is 0.122 per unit !or si" nodes, 0.614 !or 1 nodes.