Per-Unit System 1.0 Introduction The per-unit system is a widely system of normalization.

Being familiar with it is essential to functioning in the world of electric power engineering. 2.0 What is per-unit? (Section 5.5, 5.6 The per-unit system is a way to transform the numerical quantities (voltages, currents, powers, and impedances) to gain certain advantages while maintaining the basic relations between them ( hm!s laws). The main advantage is that voltages tend to be very close to ".# and consequently numerical algorithms are more reliable. $n addition, the range of values for voltage, currents, powers, and impedances tends to be narrower, offering opportunities to detect bad data.
"

The basic idea in the per-unit system is that all voltage, currents, powers, and impedances are normalized according to Value Value = (") BaseValue $n order to remain consistent with hm!s laws, we are allowed to choose the base values for any two quantities we want (voltage, current, power, or impedance). Then the other two values must be computed.
units pu

%or e&ample, it is common to choose the voltage and power bases. 'oltage base is chosen as nominal voltage (ower base is chosen as multiple of "#) ", "#, or "## *'+ or ,'+ Then, we compute) S I = (-) V (V ) V Z = = (.) S I The above wor*s for single phase systems or .-phase systems. $n addition, for .-phase systems, we also have)
1base base LNbase

LNbase

LNbase base

base

1base

V LLbase =

!V LNbase

S !base = ! S1base

(/) (0) (1) (2) (3) (4)

I base = I base ,Y =

S ! base !VLLbase

Z base = Z base ,Y =

(V LLbase ) 2
S !base

$n addition)
Z base , = ! Z base ,Y

I base , =

1 !

I base ,Y

!.0 "han#in# $ase + calculation that is done very often is to convert a per-unit impedance on one base to a per-unit impedance on another base. + common situation when this calculation is required is when the purchasing a new piece of equipment (e.g., transformer, generator) from a manufacturer (e.g., +BB, 56, Toshiba, etc.), that has to be modeled in a system (e.g. power flow) study.

The manufacturer will typically supply data in per unit, but on bases that are chosen consistent with the component ratings. These bases are unli*ely to be the same as the bases used in the system study. These formula are easy to derive, by equating the impedance in ohms e&pressed as a function of the per-unit impedance, e.g., Z =Z Z =Z Z ("#) where (V ) (V ) Z = Z = , ("") S S 7ubstituting eqs. ("") into ("#) and solving for 8pu" yields
pu 1 base 1 pu 2 base 2

LLbase 1

LLbase 2

base 1

base 2

!base 1

!base 2

Z pu1 = Z pu 2

(V ) Z base 2 = Z pu 2 LLbase 2 Z base 1 S !base 2

S !base 1 S !base 2

(V )2 = Z pu 2 LLbase 2 2 (VLLbase1 )

(VLLbase1 ) 2

S !base 1

("-)

$t may be easier for you to remember it when written in terms of the 9new: base (base you are converting to) and the 9old: base (base you are converting from)) (V ) S Z =Z (".) (V ) S
2 LLbase ,old !base , new !base ,old pu , new pu ,old 2 LLbase , new

$t may be the case that only voltage base is changed, or that only power base is changed. The part of eq. (".) that does not get changed will simply be ".#, and so can be ignored in the e&pression.

%.0 Peruniti&ation o' transmission systems ;e will assume our system is 9normal: as defined in 7ection 0./. This means that the voltage gain for any paralleled transformers is the same.<r ;e will need to per-unitize the data for an entire transmission system. The difficulty here is that, because of transformers, there are different nominal voltages.

The solution to this is to choose the voltage base for one 9section: of the system. + section is a set of interconnected components not separated by a transformer. Then compute the voltage bases for all other sections of the system so that voltage bases of different sections are in the same ratio as the line-to-line voltages. =et!s wor* a problem. (roblem 0."4) >raw an impedance diagram for the system whose one-line diagram is shown in %ig. ".
T" 5" Section ( =ine =ine " Section * =ine . T. T5Section )

Section "

%ig. " >ata for the system is)

1

5") 0# ,'+, "..3 *', ?@#."0 pu 5-) -# ,'+, "/./ *', ?@#."0 pu , ) -# ,'+, "/./ *', ?@#."0 pu T" ) 1# ,'+, "..-*'A"1"*', ?@#."# pu T- ) -0 ,'+, ".."*'A"1"*', ?@#."# pu T. ) -0 ,'+, "..-*'A"1#*', ?@#."# pu ($ changed voltage rating on =' side of T- and B' side of T.). =ine ") -#C3# ohms =ine -) "#CD/# ohms =ine .) "#CD/# ohms =oad) -#CD"0 ,'+ at "-.1. *' ;e begin by choosing the system power base as 7.E,base@"## ,'+.

;e must also choose the voltage base in one section of the system. ;e will select "1"*' in 7ection >. Fow we compute the voltage bases in the other three sections of the system. 1!.2 V 7ection +) 161 = 161 , V = 1!.2kV 1!.1 V 7ection B) 161 = 161 , V = 1!.1kV
LLbaseA LLbaseA LLbaseB LLbaseB

7ection G)

1!.2 VLLbaseC = , VLLbaseC = 1!.2+25kV 160 161

Fow we can use eq. (".) to convert the given per-unit impedances for 5", 5-, ,, T", T-, and T. into per-unit impedances on our new bases.

5")
Z pu , new = 0.15

( 1!.+ ) 2 100 = 0.!2,( 1!.2 ) 2 50 (1%.%) 2 100 = 0.-062 (1!.1) 2 20 (1%.%) 2 100 = 0.++15 (1!.2+5 ) 2 20
100 = 0.166, 60

5-)
Z pu , new = 0.15

,)
Z pu ,new = 0.15

T")
Z pu , new = 0.10

T-)
Z pu , new = 0.10 100 = 0.% 25

T.)
Z pu , new = 0.10

( 1!.2+25 )

(1!.2) 2

100 = 0.!-50 25

Fote that the last calculation (for T .) could have been done as follows)
Z pu , new = 0.10

( 160) 2 100 = 0.!-50 ( 161) 2 25

Fow let!s per-unitize the lines. The line impedances are all in ohms. 7o we need to find the impedance base for 7ection >. %rom eq. (2), we get)
Z baseD
2 ( V LLbaseD ) =

S !base

(161 E ! 2 = 25-.21 100 E 6

Then we compute
Z Line 1, pu = Z Line 2 , pu = Z Line ! , pu = Z Line1, Z baseD Z Line 2 , Z baseD Z Line ! , Z baseD = = = 20 + j +0 = 0.0,,16 / .0.!0+6 25-.21 10 + j %0 = 0.0!+5+ / . 0.15%! 25-.21 10 + j %0 = 0.0!+5+ / . 0.15%! 25-.21

=oad) The load requires a bit of thin*ing. ;e are told that it is -#CD"0 ,'+ at "-.1. *'. Fow we could convert it to per-unit power by dividing by "##. Bowever, the problem requires that we develop the impedance
4

diagram. 7o we need to convert this powerspecification to an impedance specification. ;e can do this because we *now the voltage at which the given power is consumed. But one question remains. 7ince the power is comple&, there needs to be an H and an ?. But is the H and ? in series or in parallelI ;e are not given this information and so it is up to us to assume one or the other. ;e will assume a series combination. $n this case,
Z Load = V (12.6! 10! 2 = = 5.10%5 / .!.+2+% S0 ( 20 j15 106
2

Fow we need to per-unitize it. To do this, we need the impedance base of 7ection G. This is computed as)
Z baseC =

(VLLbaseC ) 2
S !base

(1!.2+25 E ! 100 E 6

= 1.,6%2

Fow we may impedance as

Z Load , pu =

compute

the

per-unit

Z Load 5.10%5 / .!.+2+% = = 2.+-!% / .2.1,00 Z baseC 1.,6%2

"#