PROTOZOA

PROTOZOA
Marlia Singgih Wibowo
Marlia Singgih Wibowo
Introduction
Introduction

Protozoa means first animal, the simplest

Protozoa means first animal, the simplest
form of animal life
form of animal life

Protozoa are unicellular

Protozoa are unicellular
eucaryotic
eucaryotic
microorganims
microorganims
that lack cell walls
that lack cell walls

Can grow in marine habitat, or soil, fresh water,

Can grow in marine habitat, or soil, fresh water,
or symbiotic , or parasites in other organisms
or symbiotic , or parasites in other organisms

Protozoa depends on nutrition, temperature, pH

Protozoa depends on nutrition, temperature, pH
and some depends on sunlight
and some depends on sunlight
Characteristic of Protozoa
Characteristic of Protozoa

Eucaryotic
Eucaryotic
unicellular : 1
unicellular : 1

150
150

m
m

No cell walls
No cell walls

Mostly motile, with flagella or cilia, or amoeboid

Mostly motile, with flagella or cilia, or amoeboid

Chemoheterotrophs
Chemoheterotrophs

Similar to animal, only unicellular

Similar to animal, only unicellular

Feed by ingesting particulate matter

Feed by ingesting particulate matter
(
(
phagocytosis
phagocytosis
) and engulfing liquid or dissolved
) and engulfing liquid or dissolved
nutrition (
nutrition (
pinocytosis
pinocytosis
)
)
Characteristic of Protozoa
Characteristic of Protozoa

Most protozoa are parasites and have two

Most protozoa are parasites and have two
forms :
forms :
Trophozoite
Trophozoite
and Cyst
and Cyst

Protozoa are distinguished from

Protozoa are distinguished from
prokaryotes by their eukaryotic nature,
prokaryotes by their eukaryotic nature,
from algae by their lack of chlorophyll,
from algae by their lack of chlorophyll,
from fungi by their lack of cell walls, and
from fungi by their lack of cell walls, and
from slime molds by their inability to form
from slime molds by their inability to form
fruiting bodies
fruiting bodies
Two forms of protozoa
Two forms of protozoa
Classification of Protozoa
Classification of Protozoa
Old Classification is based on
Old Classification is based on
motality
motality
:
:

Sarcodina
Sarcodina
(amoeboid) :
(amoeboid) :
i.e.
i.e.
Entamoeba
Entamoeba
histolytica
histolytica

Mastigophores
Mastigophores
(with flagella) : i.e.
(with flagella) : i.e.
Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma
brucei
brucei
var.gambiense
var.gambiense
,
,
Trichomonas
Trichomonas
vaginalis
vaginalis

Ciliates (with cilia) :

Ciliates (with cilia) :
Balantidium
Balantidium
coli
coli

Sporozoa
Sporozoa
(no mature form) : i.e.
(no mature form) : i.e.
Plasmodium,
Plasmodium,
Toxoplasma
Toxoplasma
Classification of Protozoa
Classification of Protozoa
New Classification (started 1986) is based on
New Classification (started 1986) is based on
cellular structure by electron microscope :
cellular structure by electron microscope :

Phylum :
Phylum :
Sarcomastigophora
Sarcomastigophora
:
:
Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma

Sub
Sub
-
-
phylum
phylum
Mastigophora
Mastigophora

Sub
Sub
-
-
pyhlum
pyhlum
Opalinata
Opalinata

Sub
Sub
-
-
pyhlum
pyhlum
Sarcodina
Sarcodina

Phylum :
Phylum :
Labyrinthomorpha
Labyrinthomorpha
:
:
Labyrinthula
Labyrinthula

Phylum :
Phylum :
Apicomplexa
Apicomplexa
:
:
Toxoplasma
Toxoplasma

Phylum :
Phylum :
Myxozoa
Myxozoa
:
:
Ceratomyxa
Ceratomyxa

Phylum :
Phylum :
Microspora
Microspora
:
:
Encephalitozoon
Encephalitozoon

Phylum :
Phylum :
Ascetospora
Ascetospora
:
:
Marteilia
Marteilia

Phylum :
Phylum :
Ciliophora
Ciliophora
:
:
Balantidium
Balantidium
Sarcomastigophora
Sarcomastigophora

With Flagella, pseudopodia, or both

With Flagella, pseudopodia, or both

Sub
Sub
-
-
phylum
phylum
Mastigophora
Mastigophora
(flagella at mature
(flagella at mature
phase)
phase)

Class
Class
Phytomastigophorea
Phytomastigophorea
:
:
Flagellata
Flagellata
resemble to
resemble to
plants, i.e. Euglena,
plants, i.e. Euglena,
Volvox
Volvox

Class
Class
Zoomastigophorea
Zoomastigophorea
:
:
Flagellata
Flagellata
which lack of
which lack of
chromoplast
chromoplast
, i.e.
, i.e.
Trichomonas
Trichomonas
,
,
Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma

Sub
Sub
-
-
phylum
phylum
Opalinata
Opalinata
: parasites
: parasites

Sub
Sub
-
-
phylum
phylum
Sarcodina
Sarcodina
: pseudopodia
: pseudopodia

Class
Class
Rhizopoda
Rhizopoda
: i.e. Amoeba,
: i.e. Amoeba,
Entamoeba
Entamoeba

Class
Class
Actinopoda
Actinopoda
: i.e. plankton
: i.e. plankton
Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma
Life
Life
-
-
cycle of
cycle of
Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma
Internal Structure of
Internal Structure of
Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma
Labyrinthomorpha
Labyrinthomorpha

Mostly living in marine habitat

Mostly living in marine habitat

Parasites on algae
Parasites on algae

example :
example :
Labyrinthula
Labyrinthula
Apicomplexa
Apicomplexa

Apical complex : a set of

Apical complex : a set of
organell
organell
available
available
at the end (tips) of cells
at the end (tips) of cells

No flagella or cilia on mature /Grown

No flagella or cilia on mature /Grown
-
-
up
up
phase
phase

example :
example :
Plasmodium,
Plasmodium,
Toxoplasma
Toxoplasma
Myxozoa
Myxozoa

Multicellular
Multicellular
Spores,
Spores,
capsul
capsul
form with one
form with one
or more polar
or more polar

Parasites on fish and invertebrates

Parasites on fish and invertebrates

Example :
Example :
Ceratomyxa
Ceratomyxa
,
,
Myxidium
Myxidium
Microspora
Microspora

Parasites on invertebrates and low

Parasites on invertebrates and low
vertebrates
vertebrates

Spores has thick cell walls contains of

Spores has thick cell walls contains of
infectious substances or
infectious substances or
sporoplasms
sporoplasms
which is important in invasion process
which is important in invasion process

Example :
Example :
Encephalitozoon
Encephalitozoon
cuniculi
cuniculi
,
,
Enterocytozoon
Enterocytozoon
bieneusi
bieneusi
Ascetospora
Ascetospora

Parasites on invertebrates and few

Parasites on invertebrates and few
vertebrates
vertebrates

Multicellular
Multicellular
spores, without
spores, without
capsul
capsul
or
or
filament
filament

All species are parasites

All species are parasites

Example :
Example :
Marteilia
Marteilia
,
,
Haplosporidium
Haplosporidium
Ciliophora
Ciliophora

With cilia
With cilia

2 forms of nucleus
2 forms of nucleus

Heterotroph
Heterotroph

With
With
contractil
contractil
Vacuola
Vacuola

Example :
Example :
Paramecium,
Paramecium,
Balantidium
Balantidium
,
,

Parasites to pigs, rats, monkey, dog and

Parasites to pigs, rats, monkey, dog and
also human.
also human.
Paramecium
Paramecium
Amoeba engulfed Paramecium
Amoeba engulfed Paramecium
Parasites
Parasites
Helminths
Helminths

Parasites
Parasites
Metazoa
Metazoa

Infect human, especially in tropical

Infect human, especially in tropical
countries
countries

Consists of two Phyla :

Consists of two Phyla :
Platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes
and
and
Nematoda
Nematoda
Classification of
Classification of
Helminths
Helminths

Phylum :
Phylum :
Platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes
Class
Class
Monogenea
Monogenea
Class
Class
Cestoda
Cestoda
(example:
(example:
Taenia
Taenia
, a tapeworm
, a tapeworm
)
)
Class
Class
Aspidogastrea
Aspidogastrea
Class
Class
Digenea
Digenea

Phylum :
Phylum :
Nematoda
Nematoda
Class
Class
Rhabditida
Rhabditida
Class
Class
Strongylida
Strongylida
Class
Class
Ascaridida
Ascaridida
(example :
(example :
Ascaris
Ascaris
)
)
Class
Class
Oxyurida
Oxyurida
Class
Class
Spirurida
Spirurida
Class
Class
Enoplida
Enoplida
Helminth
Helminth
Worm
Worm

Helminth
Helminth
worms attack the digestive tract and
worms attack the digestive tract and
other internal organs of the vertebrate body and
other internal organs of the vertebrate body and
cause a wide variety of parasitic diseases. These
cause a wide variety of parasitic diseases. These
worms include such diverse forms as the
worms include such diverse forms as the
roundworms (nematodes), flukes (
roundworms (nematodes), flukes (
trematodes
trematodes
),
),
tapeworms (
tapeworms (
cestodes
cestodes
), thorny
), thorny
-
-
headed worms
headed worms
(acanthocephalans), and tongue worms
(acanthocephalans), and tongue worms
(
(
linguatulids
linguatulids
). Many species are only able to
). Many species are only able to
complete their life cycle by spending time in a
complete their life cycle by spending time in a
variety of animal hosts.
variety of animal hosts.
Nematodes
Nematodes

Commonly known as roundworms, these animals are one of
Commonly known as roundworms, these animals are one of
the most diverse and geographically widespread
the most diverse and geographically widespread
invertebrate phyla. Free
invertebrate phyla. Free
-
-
living roundworms inhabit
living roundworms inhabit
freshwater and marine habitats, as well as soil. Parasitic
freshwater and marine habitats, as well as soil. Parasitic
roundworms prey on both plants and animals, causing
roundworms prey on both plants and animals, causing
widespread agricultural damage and disease. Roundworms
widespread agricultural damage and disease. Roundworms
have long, cylindrical bodies with a mouth surrounded by
have long, cylindrical bodies with a mouth surrounded by
lips and sensory papillae or bristles. Fluid in the body cavity
lips and sensory papillae or bristles. Fluid in the body cavity
distributes nutrients and oxygen
distributes nutrients and oxygen
-
-
roundworms do not have
roundworms do not have
special respiratory or circulatory systems. Roundworms prey
special respiratory or circulatory systems. Roundworms prey
on other invertebrates as well as diatoms, algae, and fungi.
on other invertebrates as well as diatoms, algae, and fungi.
They reproduce sexually and larvae undergo at least four
They reproduce sexually and larvae undergo at least four
molts before reaching their adult size and shape.
molts before reaching their adult size and shape.

Examples :
Examples :
Ascaris
Ascaris
, vinegar eels, cyst nematodes,
, vinegar eels, cyst nematodes,
heartworms, hookworms
heartworms, hookworms
Helminth
Helminth
Tapeworms are parasitic worms that infect the
Tapeworms are parasitic worms that infect the
intestinal lining and other organs of vertebrates.
intestinal lining and other organs of vertebrates.
Tapeworms, having no mouth or digestive tract,
Tapeworms, having no mouth or digestive tract,
are able to absorb partially digested material
are able to absorb partially digested material
through their body surface
through their body surface
Schistosoma
Schistosoma
mansoni
mansoni
,
,
one of the species of blood flukes
one of the species of blood flukes
that cause the disease known as
that cause the disease known as
schistosomiasis
schistosomiasis
. The
. The
males are thick and blue; the females are thin and clear. A
males are thick and blue; the females are thin and clear. A
type of flatworm, while in larval form blood flukes enter the
type of flatworm, while in larval form blood flukes enter the
bloodstreams of people or animals exposed to
bloodstreams of people or animals exposed to
contaminated water in tropical and subtropical climates,
contaminated water in tropical and subtropical climates,
and then lay their eggs inside the hosts body
and then lay their eggs inside the hosts body
Life
Life
-
-
cycle of
cycle of
Bloodflukes
Bloodflukes
VECTOR
VECTOR

Generally, parasites protozoa or

Generally, parasites protozoa or
helminths
helminths
infect animals and human
infect animals and human
through vector
through vector

Vector usually in the form of bugs/insect

Vector usually in the form of bugs/insect

Mosquito, Flies, Bugs, Ticks, Mollusks

Mosquito, Flies, Bugs, Ticks, Mollusks

Infect (
Infect (
transmition
transmition
) from animal to animal,
) from animal to animal,
and from animal to human
and from animal to human
Vector from Plasmodium
Vector from Plasmodium
Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite
Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite
Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite
Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by
Plasmodium.
Plasmodium.
The parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of the
The parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of the
female
female
Anopheles
Anopheles
mosquito.
mosquito.

The
The
Plasmodium
Plasmodium
parasite spends its life cycle partly in
parasite spends its life cycle partly in
humans and partly in mosquitoes.
humans and partly in mosquitoes.

(A) Mosquito infected with the malaria parasite bites
(A) Mosquito infected with the malaria parasite bites
human, passing cells called
human, passing cells called
sporozoites
sporozoites
into the humans
into the humans
bloodstream.
bloodstream.

(B)
(B)
Sporozoites
Sporozoites
travel to the liver. Each
travel to the liver. Each
sporozoite
sporozoite
undergoes asexual reproduction, in which its nucleus
undergoes asexual reproduction, in which its nucleus
splits to form two new cells, called
splits to form two new cells, called
merozoites
merozoites
.
.

(C)
(C)
Merozoites
Merozoites
enter the bloodstream and infect red
enter the bloodstream and infect red
blood cells.
blood cells.

(D) In red blood cells,
(D) In red blood cells,
merozoites
merozoites
grow and divide to
grow and divide to
produce more
produce more
merozoites
merozoites
, eventually causing the red
, eventually causing the red
blood cells to rupture. Some of the newly released
blood cells to rupture. Some of the newly released
merozoites
merozoites
go on to infect other red blood cells.
go on to infect other red blood cells.
Plasmodium invades red blood cells
Plasmodium invades red blood cells

(E) Some
(E) Some
merozoites
merozoites
develop into sex cells
develop into sex cells
known as male and female gametocytes.
known as male and female gametocytes.

(F) Another mosquito bites the infected human,

(F) Another mosquito bites the infected human,
ingesting the gametocytes.
ingesting the gametocytes.

(G) In the mosquitos stomach, the gametocytes

(G) In the mosquitos stomach, the gametocytes
mature. Male and female gametocytes undergo
mature. Male and female gametocytes undergo
sexual reproduction, uniting to form a zygote.
sexual reproduction, uniting to form a zygote.
The zygote multiplies to form
The zygote multiplies to form
sporozoites
sporozoites
, which
, which
travel to the mosquitos salivary glands.
travel to the mosquitos salivary glands.

(H) If this mosquito bites another human, the

(H) If this mosquito bites another human, the
cycle begins again.
cycle begins again.
Difference between
Difference between
Culicine
Culicine
dan
dan
Anopheline
Anopheline
African Tsetse fly
African Tsetse fly
The South African tsetse fly is responsible for transmitting
the parasitic protozoan that causes sleeping sickness, which
can be fatal to humans and domestic cattle. The fly uses its
mouth parts to bite and draw blood from its host. If it
draws blood from an individual infected by sleeping
sickness, the fly can then transmit the infection to other
hosts in subsequent bitings.