Chapter #27: Empire and Expansion Big Picture Themes 1. The Spanish-American War saw the U.S.

. gain Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guantanomo Bay in Cuba, the Philippines, and other smaller islands. 2. The Philippines proved to be hard to handle since the Filipino people didnt want the U.S. there. They waged a guerilla war and resented American control until it was turned back over to the Philippines after WWII. 3. The U.S. managed to get an Open Door Policy with China. This opened the Asian giant to international trade. 4. Teddy Roosevelt became a vigorous president who obtained and built the Panama Canal. His Big Stick Policy toward Latin America increased Americas influence, but also increased animosity toward the U.S.

Chapter #27: Identifications Richard Olney Belligerent US secretary of state who used the Monroe Doctrine to pressure Britain in the Venezuelan boundary crisis. Alfred Thayer Mahan American naval officer who wrote influential books emphasizing sea power and advocating a big navy. Valeriano Weyler Spanish general whose brutal tactics against Cuban rebels outraged American public opinion. de Lome Letter Letter from Spanish minister de Lome to someone in Cuba, which was intercepted and published in the New York Journal. It insulted McKinley and his efforts in Cuba, leading to de Lomes hasty resignation. Emilio Aguinaldo Leader of the Filipino insurgents who aided Americans in defeating Spain and taking Manila. Jingoism Aggressive, nationalistic, and patriotic expansion. Theodore Roosevelt, among many others, believed in this extreme form of expansion. Teller Amendment Amendment to the declaration of war with Spain that stated the US would grant Cubans their independence after the war. Rough Riders Colorful volunteer regiment of the Spanish-American War led Roosevelt. Anti-Imperialist League Group that battled against American colonization of the Philippines, which included influential citizens such as Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie.

Foraker Act 1900 act establishing a civil government for Puerto Rico, which was neither fully American nor fully independent. It also placed a tariff on Puerto Rican products coming into the US. Insular cases Supreme Court cases of 1901that determined that the US Constitution and bill of rights did not apply in colonial territories under the American flag. Platt Amendment American-imposed restriction written into the constitution of Cuba that guaranteed American naval bases on the island and declared that the US had the right to intervene in Cuba. Spheres of Influence. In international affairs, the territory where a powerful state exercises the dominant control over weaker states or territories. Philippine Insurrection 1899 a rebelling of the Philippines, which US soldiers responded to by sneak attacking, torturing, etc. Open Door Policy 1899 a policy propounded by Secretary of State John Hay affirming the territorial integrity of China and a policy of free trade. Boxer Rebellion The Chinese rebellion in which the Chinese nationalists drove all foreigners under siege. International rescuers had to come and save these foreigners. Big Stick Policy Roosevelts belief that presidents should engage in diplomacy but also maintain a strong military readiness to back up their policy. Roosevelt Corollary 1904 an addition to the Monroe Doctrine, propounded by President Roosevelt, asserting that the US had a right to intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American nations that had become unstable. It made US the hemisphere policeman. Portsmouth Conference The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the US that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those two countries. Gentlemens Agreement 1907 agreement in which the Japanese promised not to issue passports to laborers seeking to come to the US, in return for no Japanese segregation in the US. Root-Takahira Agreement 1908-Japan/US agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each others territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

Chapter #27: Identifications America Turns Outward Know: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement 1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders? Yellow Journalism, missionaries, and the idea of survival of the fittest led to Americas beginning in imperialism. Spurning the Hawaiian Pear Know: Queen Liliuokalani 2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii? Cleveland did not want to annex Hawaii because he did not like how Hawaii was forcefully taken and annexed. Cubans Rise in Revolt Know: General Weyler 3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned? Americans were concerned with the Cuban revolts against Spanish rule, and the actions of the Spanish against Cuban citizens. Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila Know: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey 4. Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines? Commodore Dewey had such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines because the Spanish fleet were antiques, while the American fleet were modern. The Confused Invasion of Cuba Know: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill 5. Describe the fighting in Cuba. The fighting that occurred in Cuba was very ill prepared for. The soldiers had unsuitable clothing, causing more to die from disease rather than fighting. They also did not know how to transport horses so they had to eventually fight on foot. America's Course (Curse?) of Empire Know: Anti-Imperialist League 6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines? For: Spain was notorious for their decades of misrule and abuse. The competitive warlords might throw the country into total chaos. Against: it would make US look like an imperial bully. The Filipino people wanted freedom. Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans 7. How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants? Puerto Ricans were technically considered US citizens, but the Insular Cases stated that Americas laws and customs do not necessarily extend to these lands. Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba Know: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo 8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War. After the Spanish-American War, Americans treated Cuba as a separate part, Cuba couldnt make treaties the US didnt want, they couldnt take on too much debt, and they must lease coaling stations for the US military use.

New Horizons in Two Hemispheres 9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War? The Spanish-American War showed that the US was a world power and America was overwhelmed by patriotism. "Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines Know: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation 10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism? An insurrection began, lead by Emilio Aguinaldo. US resorted to torture that was not unlike the ones used by Spain. Hinging the Open Door in China Know: Boxer Rebellion 11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China? American involvement in China was beneficial in that America was allowed trade routes, but was not beneficial in that the Boxer Rebellion caused much damage. Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900? 12. What issues were important in the 1900 election? In the 1900 election, imperialism was a major issue and Bryan who was against McKinley, attacked imperialism. TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick Know: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit 13. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president? TR was an unconventional president in that he believed that people should Speak softly and carry a big stick. He was also considered the first modern president. Building the Panama Canal Know: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas 14. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal? The Panama route was chosen for the canal because it linked the Pacific and the Atlantic, creating a short route for the US navy and for merchant ships to travel. TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine Know: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor 15. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary? Monroe Doctrine: Britain could not interfere with US dealings. Roosevelt Corollary: the US could intervene in Latin America and collect debts for Europe Roosevelt on the World Stage Know: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth 16. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize? Teddy Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize by settling the Russo-Japanese War at the Portsmouth Conference.

Japanese Laborers in California Know: Gentlemens Agreement, Great White Fleet

17.

How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped AmericanJapanese relations? They California school board ordered segregation of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students. Later, Roosevelt had the school board repeal the segregation if Japan halted the emigration of laborers to California. Chapter #30: The War to End War Big Picture Themes 1. President Wilson outlined the wars objectives with his Fourteen Points. They set the goals of free seas, self-determination after the war, and establishing a body to prevent future wars. 2. A military draft was instituted, the first since the Civil War. 3. Women went to work more than theyd ever done and black soldiers were drafted into the military into segregated units. 4. The Americans focussed their military effort in protecting Paris from the Germans. 5. At the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson agreed to allow England and France to punish Germany for the war. In return, they agreed to start Wilsons League of Nations. 6. However, the US Senate rejected the Treaty/League. They didnt wish to turn over Americas decision-making to a foreign body like the League of Nations. Chapter #30 Identifications George Creel Headed committee in Public Information. His job was to sell America on the War. Bernard Baruch Head of war industries board to help economic confusion. He attempted to impose some order on the US war production. Henry Cabot Lodge he was an enemy of Wilson, and the head of Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. He was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty. James M. Cox He was a governor of Ohio, US. He was also a representative from Ohio and Democratic candidate for President of the US in the election of 1920. Self-Determination The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will. Collective security A system in which a group of nations act as one to preserve the peace of all. Normalcy A return to normal life after the war. Zimmerman Note Arthur Zimmerman secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance, tempting anti-Yanks to think they could get back Texas. It also sparked the war.

Fourteen Points Wilsons revolutionary ideas, the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace. It called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms, and a league of nations. League of Nations An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. Committee on Public Information Led by George Creel and was used to sell America on the war. Espionage and Sedition Acts This law was passed after the US entered WWI. It imposed sentences of up to 20 years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection. Industrial Workers of the World Led by William Haywood, many members were convicted under the Espionage Act. War Industries Board Headed by Bernard Baruch to help economic affairs during the war. It failed quickly. Nineteenth Amendment Womens suffrage Food Administration Led by Herbert Hoover. His campaigns increased food exports and farming production drastically. Irreconcilables These were Republicans who wanted no part with the League of Nations. They were a burden to the vote on the League of Nations and had a part in its failure to pass. Treaty of Versailles Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty stripped Germany of all army, navy, and airforce. Germany also had to repair war damages and had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI. Germany also could not manufacture any weapons.

Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions War by Act of Germany Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann 1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war? Germany announced that they would erase the Sussex Pledge, and the Zimmerman note also caused Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war. Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned Know: Jeannette Rankin 2. Name Wilsons twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?

Wilsons twin war aims were to not fight for the riches or war, but to free others from the tyranny of autocrats, and to achieve peace without victory. Wilsons Fourteen Potent Points Know: Fourteen Points 3. List several of Wilsons Fourteen Points. -abolishing secret treaties -freedom of the seas -removal of economic barriers between nations -reduction of armaments -changing colonial claims to help both colonizers and native peoples -self-determination -the creation of the League of Nations Creel Manipulates Minds Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There 4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort? Americans were motivated to help in the war effort by the actions of George Creel and the Committee on Public Information. Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood 5. How was loyalty forced during WWI? Loyalty was forced during WWI by the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918. The Nations Factories Go to War Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board 6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort? It was difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort because there was much ignorance everywhere and reluctance by states-rights advocates who didnt want the federal government ramming things down their throats. Workers in Wartime Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies 7. How did the war affect the labor movement? The war caused the labor movement many problems, and strikes ran rampant and violently. Suffering Until Suffrage Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Womens Bureau 8. How did the war affect women? Women were finally granted the right to vote nationwide with the passing of the 19th Amendment in 1920. Forging a War Economy Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds 9. Did government become too intrusive in peoples lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer. Government was becoming too intrusive in peoples lives during the war and the people were prohibited to do many things. Making Plowboys into Doughboys

10. Was the governments effort to raise an army fair and effective? The governments effort to raise an army was relatively smooth and successful despite some fussing due to the Selective Service Act which required all men, age 18-45, to register. Fighting in France--Belatedly 11. How were American troops used in Russia? In Russia, American troops were used as Allied replacements in the quieter sections. They were also used to prevent Russia from falling to Germany. America Helps Hammer the Hun Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York 12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting. American troops helped stop Germany at Chateau-Thierry, the Second Battle of the Marne, and at St. Mihiel. The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany Know: Armistice 13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender? Americas seemingly endless troops and supplies exhausted Germany and brought about the Germans surrender. Wilson Steps Down from Olympus Know: Henry Cabot Lodge 14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice? In the months following the armistice, Wilsons mistake of traveling to Europe for peace talks without any Republicans caused him to view him as a braggart. The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations 15. How did Wilsons desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference? Wilsons desire for the League of Nations affected his bargaining at the peace conference where Britain and France wanted to punish Germany, Italy wanted money or land, and Wilson wanted to end all wars and to heal wounds. Hammering Out the Treaty Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables 16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference? Wilson decided to agree to let France occupy the region for 15 years, then let the people vote: France or Germany. He also agreed to the Security Treaty saying the US and England would come to Frances aid if they ever needed help. The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War Know: Treaty of Versailles 17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points? Wilson compromised his 14 Points due to necessary bargaining which would have meant no treaty if he went against the bargain. The Domestic Parade of Prejudice 18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America? The treaty was criticized back in America because isolationists didnt want to get in entangling alliances, others thought the treaty was either too soft or too tough, and still others felt the treaty too harsh on their home country. Wilsons Tour and Collapse (1919)

What was the purpose and result of Wilsons trip around the country when he returned to America? The purpose and result of Wilsons trip around the country when he returned to America was to appeal to the people themselves. Defeat Through Deadlock 20. Why was the treaty finally rejected? The treaty was finally rejected mainly because of Wilsons refusal to compromise. The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920 Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy 21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate? The results of the 1920 election indicated that by rallying together, Republicans had a better chance of winning than when they had separated. The Betrayal of Great Expectations 22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles? America had a chance to become the worlds leader, but instead retreated into isolationism. This helped to lead to WWII as France was without allies and so built a massive military. Adolf Hitler was also able to gain support with wild ideas and allowed Germany to re-arm themselves without interruption. 19.