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SPRINT ACCELERATION MECHANICS AND TRAINING

New technology, New concepts, New perspectives!


J-B Morin, PhD
Laboratory of Exercise Physiology
University of Saint-Etienne, France

jean.benoit.morin@univ-st-etienne.fr
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Laboratoire de physiologie de lexercice
Studying sprint speed.why?
Lieberman et al. Nature, 2004
Laboratoire de physiologie de lexercice
Life Magazine, 1955
45
km/h
Studying sprint speed.why?
Survival of the fastest
Acceleration is the key
Studying sprint speed.why?
PRODUCE FORCE
TRANSMIT IT
TO THE GROUND
REPEAT WITH HIGH RATE
of MOVEMENT
VARIABLE POSITIONS
and DIRECTIONS
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
Understand - Evaluate - Improve
OVERVIEW

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Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
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Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
INSTRUMENTED TREADMILLS
(FORCES 3D= YES; SPRINT = NO)
CYCLE-ERGOMETERS
Velocity - Force - Power
SPRINT TREADMILLS
(SPRINT = YES; FORCES 3D= NO)
Validate a device that cumulates these features
-1
0
1
2
3
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Temps (s)
F
o
r
c
e
(
B
W
)Verticale
Horizontale
Existing methods!
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
5#'/."6)#/)* /.)+*6$--
Weyand et al., 2000 -
11,7 m/s !!
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Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
Push vertical to run fast
We conclude that human runners reach faster top
speeds not by repositioning their limbs more rapidly
in the air, but by applying greater support forces to
the ground. 2000
Influential sprint and top speed researches


(Peter Weyand)
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
M
e
a
n

v
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

G
R
F

(
B
W
)

6 to 12 m/s !
24 Men
9 Women
Olympians
Only Vertical GRF is measured!.and!
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
3D Ground Reaction Forces, Speed, Power, 1000 Hz, step-averaged values!

Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
Instantaneous
Average per step
2012
1)D ().'(),/$7)' E
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
Category: Coaching
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Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
Sprint instrumented treadmill:
for each step, averaged values of Horizontal, Vertical and Total Force

Pedaling mechanics,
Effectiveness = Ftan / FTot
= cos "

F
R
F
Tan
FTot

"
Davis & Hull 1981
Lafortune & Cavanagh, 1983
1. Concept of Ratio of Force RF
HZT
VTC
TOT
Maximise RF in sprint running does not make sense (in cycling it does)
Maintain a high RF during the acceleration makes sense!
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
y = -0.0805x + 0.6584
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
Vitesse (m/s)
R
a
t
i
o

d
e

f
o
r
c
e
s
Velocity
o
f

Step after step, the RF decreases!.
for all athletes!.
2. Decrease in the RF: D
rf
Slope = index of the
effectiveness of force application
onto the ground (D
rf
)

Step 1
Step 6
Very efficient
Not efficient
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
Publication in process
Similar values of GRF, linear RF-speed relationships, similar Drf values
INSEP
PB = 9.95 s
Similar to
Start
Limit: Treadmill study = Treadmill results ?
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
INSEP-Paris: 3D Force Measurements for 18 steps over 40-m accelerations
9 elite and high-level sprinters (9.95 10.5 s)
F?+/ .)-+/$0#'?$( D$/? '(.$#/ ().90.6+#,)G
HZT
12 subjects (2 sprinters)
Treadmill sprint
Just before or after : track 100-m
S100
D4s
(Team sports)
vs.
Physical capability Force
Production (Hzt, Vtc, Tot)
Technical ability
To apply this force with
effectiveness (D
RF
)
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
HZT
Main results!
And: F
Tot
(BW) was not correlated to D
RF

Physical Capability
of Force Production
Technical Ability
of Force Transmission
Significant correlations in bold
Mean Speed
100 m
4 s Distance

Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
HZT
Subject ": Long jumper (15 yrs of practice, 100-m best time : 10.90s)
Subject #: non-specialist (cyclist)
Typical example
1
er
pas
Subjects 2 and 11
Sujet 11 Sujet 2
Mass (kg) 68.1 69.9
Tot Force (BW) 1.87 1.89
RF max (%) 37.1 41.3
Drf -0.051 -0.083

100 m (s) 11.9 13.66
Smax (m/s) 9.96 8.80
D-4s (m) 26.3 23.3
CONCLUSIONS:
The effectiveness of force
application is more important
than the total amount of force
produced

(Limited to this population!)
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
When sport meets science, a case study
Morin et al. 2012
200m Junior World Champ.
2008
100m: 10.28 s
2010: 9.98 s
2011: 9.92 s
9.92 s: No systematic / heavy strength training
Not a muscular guy (best 1/2 squat "120 kg)
At 21, only 5 yrs after his T&F debut

Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
6-s sprint on the treadmill
100-m field sprint
Ground reaction forces
Fv
Fh
FTot
RF speed
Drf
y = -0.0805x + 0.6584
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
Vitesse (m/s)
R
a
t
i
o

d
e

f
o
r
c
e
s
Speed (m/s)
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
Main results!
Confirms our previous results !

How the resultant force is applied is more important than its magnitude
2011
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
Remember the typical subjects!
HZT
": Long jumper
#: Non-specialist (cyclist)
Sujet "
Sujet #
Mass (kg) 68.1 69.9
FTot (BW) 1.87 1.89
RF max (%) 37.1 41.3
Drf -0.051 -0.083
100-m (s) 11.9 13.66
Smax (m/s) 9.96 8.80
D4s (m) 26.3 23.3
CL
80.5
11.2
31.0
10.35
1.90
44
-0.042
Take-Gym Message

For a very similar FTot,
He is able to produce 25% more HZT force!
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
WCS
The higher the speed, the larger the difference in RF!.
Question:
How can we produce high
HZT force
AT HIGH SPEED ???
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
Synchronized EMG and 3D Forces
Sprint and repeated sprint (fatigue)
Foot and knee
2D motion
PRE-POST
Isokinetic testing
(H/Q)
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Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
First Results!.
Isokinetic Force alone NOT correlated to ground reaction forces
EMG alone: NOT correlated to ground reaction forces
Multiple regressions:
F
HZT
explained by: Hamstring Eccentric Force + EMG end of swing

Quadriceps!.Gluteus!.Contact Phase: Nothing

F
VTC
explained by: NOTHING we measured!

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Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
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Importance of horizontal force production (especially at high speed)
Total force production capability: is it that important ?!
What balance between hip extensor and flexor muscle groups?
Hamstring eccentric force and activation:
Performance AND Injury prevention !
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
TRANSMISSION
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
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!..whatever the force of the strongest link!.
WORKSHOP: F-V PROFILING IN SPRINT & JUMP

J-B Morin, PhD
Laboratory of Exercise Physiology
University of Saint-Etienne, France

jean.benoit.morin@univ-st-etienne.fr
EVALUATE ABSOLUTE MAXIMAL VELOCITY
Force as a distorting factor
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Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
FORCE VELOCITY POWER
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F
o
r
c
e

(
N
.
k
g
-
1
)

Vitesse (m.s
-1
)
V0
F0
Maximal theoretical Force and Velocity
Even with no additional load (SJ), the level
of force output is not negligible
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
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Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
Mechanical work during the Squat Jump push-off
g( po ) W m h h = +
p
1
o
g
h
m
h
F
! "
= +
# $
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g
2
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p 2 o
g
h h
h
P m
! "
= +
# $
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2
vol
8
gt
h =
Knees #90
Start position take-off Max height
Validated against force plate 2000 Hz
High agreement, Mean absolute bias < 3%
OK WITH DIFFERENT LOADS!
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
F
o
r
c
e

(
N
.
k
g
-
1
)

Velocity (m.s
-1
)
v
0
F
0
P
o
w
e
r

(
W
.
k
g
-
1
)

P
max
F
o
r
c
e

(
N
.
k
g
-
1
)

Velocity (m.s
-1
)
v
0
F
0
P
o
w
e
r

(
W
.
k
g
-
1
)

P
max
For a same given P
max
,
Many possible profiles.
Which one maximizes performance ??
Velocity Profile Force Profile
Athlete 1 Athlete 2
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
2012
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Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
.experlmenLally supporLs Lhe acLual exlsLence of an opLlmal l-v proflle, speclflc Lo each lndlvldual,
LhaL maxlmlzes [umplng performance for a same glven !
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.
CONCLUSION
In press
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
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In progress!
! Partnerships (football, basketball, rugby, tennis, athletics)
! First long-term follow-ups initiated all over the world
! Experiments: Training vs. Control Groups!
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
FORCE VELOCITY - POWER
@',& ,G-+& N?B":< BO::":P MMM
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
Sprint performance analysis
Speed-time curves
! 1927, Archibald HILL, pioneer
What could be possible with field devices?
RADAR, GPS, Photocells, iPhone ??
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
v(t) = v
max
.(1-e
(-t/!)
)
di Prampero et al., J Exp biol, 2005
a(t) = (v
max
/!).e
(-t/!)
)
x(t) = v
max
.(t + !.e
(-t/!)
)- v
max
.!
v
max

!

A New Simple Method
Furusawa et al., 1927
Henry, 1954
Volkov & Lapin, 1979
OR
" #$%&'"%)
*+,#$%& "%)
Fundamental law of dynamics!.
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
P-F-V profiling in sprinting
a(t) = (v
max
/!).e
(-t/!)
)
A New Simple Method
F
h
(t) = m.a(t) + F
air

Samozino et al., ISB 2013, Natal
Estimated from stature and
body mass (and wind if
measured)
Arsac & Locatelli, JAP, 2002
P
h
(t) = F
h
(t) . v(t)
v(t)
Ph(t)
Fh(t)
F0
V0
Pmax
Samozino et al., in preparation
Inverse quasi-linear F-v relationship
Parabolic P-v relationship
Validity ??
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
! Comparison to track force plate data (F-V, Pmax)
! Validation from radar or photocells data
Paper in preparation!
Ex. Usain Bolts World Record
INSEP Paris
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
Example: 2011-2012 Season Follow-up of Lemaitre
First meeting!
Winter!
One week before London!
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
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Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
JUMP
Innovation: all that with an iPhone / iPad ?!
FitTests app
SPRINT
www.fit-tests.com
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
CONCLUSIONS!Potential applications!
STUDIES IN PROGRESS
M. Buchheit
J. Mendigutchia
P. Edouard
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013
M. Brughelli

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