J-B Morin, PhD Laboratory of Exercise Physiology University of Saint-Etienne, France
jean.benoit.morin@univ-st-etienne.fr !"##$#% '())* +#* +,,)-).+/$0# $' 123 $# 0". #+/".)4 Laboratoire de physiologie de lexercice Studying sprint speed.why? Lieberman et al. Nature, 2004 Laboratoire de physiologie de lexercice Life Magazine, 1955 45 km/h Studying sprint speed.why? Survival of the fastest Acceleration is the key Studying sprint speed.why? PRODUCE FORCE TRANSMIT IT TO THE GROUND REPEAT WITH HIGH RATE of MOVEMENT VARIABLE POSITIONS and DIRECTIONS Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 Understand - Evaluate - Improve OVERVIEW
! !"#$%&'() +,&-" ,%./%. 0%&'() $/&'(. &%(('() ! /&,0%-" +,&-"1#(0 .&#($!'. '. 2'.3 "++"-.'4"("$$ ! &,5" ,+ 3'/ "6."($,&$7 ! 2,&8$3,/9 +:4 /&,+'5'(); $'!/5" +'"50 !".3,0$ Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 !"#"$ &'( )'*+&,-,./0 Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 INSTRUMENTED TREADMILLS (FORCES 3D= YES; SPRINT = NO) CYCLE-ERGOMETERS Velocity - Force - Power SPRINT TREADMILLS (SPRINT = YES; FORCES 3D= NO) Validate a device that cumulates these features -1 0 1 2 3 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 Temps (s) F o r c e ( B W )Verticale Horizontale Existing methods! Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 5#'/."6)#/)* /.)+*6$-- Weyand et al., 2000 - 11,7 m/s !! !)+-$'/$, 30( '())* 7+-")' 8.0"#* .)+,/$0# 90.,) :;3<=
12 >,,)-).+/$0# (?+') 21@A /0( '())* $' '/"*$)* 12 B0.$C0#/+- 90.,) 6)+'".)6)#/ Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 Push vertical to run fast We conclude that human runners reach faster top speeds not by repositioning their limbs more rapidly in the air, but by applying greater support forces to the ground. 2000 Influential sprint and top speed researches
(Peter Weyand) Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 M e a n
v e r t i c a l
G R F
( B W )
6 to 12 m/s ! 24 Men 9 Women Olympians Only Vertical GRF is measured!.and! Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 3D Ground Reaction Forces, Speed, Power, 1000 Hz, step-averaged values!
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 Instantaneous Average per step 2012 1)D ().'(),/$7)' E Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 Category: Coaching !"##$ &'( *,&*'1)0 Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 Sprint instrumented treadmill: for each step, averaged values of Horizontal, Vertical and Total Force
Pedaling mechanics, Effectiveness = Ftan / FTot = cos "
F R F Tan FTot
" Davis & Hull 1981 Lafortune & Cavanagh, 1983 1. Concept of Ratio of Force RF HZT VTC TOT Maximise RF in sprint running does not make sense (in cycling it does) Maintain a high RF during the acceleration makes sense! Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 y = -0.0805x + 0.6584 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 Vitesse (m/s) R a t i o
d e
f o r c e s Velocity o f
Step after step, the RF decreases!. for all athletes!. 2. Decrease in the RF: D rf Slope = index of the effectiveness of force application onto the ground (D rf )
Step 1 Step 6 Very efficient Not efficient Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 Publication in process Similar values of GRF, linear RF-speed relationships, similar Drf values INSEP PB = 9.95 s Similar to Start Limit: Treadmill study = Treadmill results ? Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 INSEP-Paris: 3D Force Measurements for 18 steps over 40-m accelerations 9 elite and high-level sprinters (9.95 10.5 s) F?+/ .)-+/$0#'?$( D$/? '(.$#/ ().90.6+#,)G HZT 12 subjects (2 sprinters) Treadmill sprint Just before or after : track 100-m S100 D4s (Team sports) vs. Physical capability Force Production (Hzt, Vtc, Tot) Technical ability To apply this force with effectiveness (D RF ) Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 HZT Main results! And: F Tot (BW) was not correlated to D RF
Physical Capability of Force Production Technical Ability of Force Transmission Significant correlations in bold Mean Speed 100 m 4 s Distance
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 HZT Subject ": Long jumper (15 yrs of practice, 100-m best time : 10.90s) Subject #: non-specialist (cyclist) Typical example 1 er pas Subjects 2 and 11 Sujet 11 Sujet 2 Mass (kg) 68.1 69.9 Tot Force (BW) 1.87 1.89 RF max (%) 37.1 41.3 Drf -0.051 -0.083
100 m (s) 11.9 13.66 Smax (m/s) 9.96 8.80 D-4s (m) 26.3 23.3 CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of force application is more important than the total amount of force produced
(Limited to this population!) Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 When sport meets science, a case study Morin et al. 2012 200m Junior World Champ. 2008 100m: 10.28 s 2010: 9.98 s 2011: 9.92 s 9.92 s: No systematic / heavy strength training Not a muscular guy (best 1/2 squat "120 kg) At 21, only 5 yrs after his T&F debut
Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 6-s sprint on the treadmill 100-m field sprint Ground reaction forces Fv Fh FTot RF speed Drf y = -0.0805x + 0.6584 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 Vitesse (m/s) R a t i o
d e
f o r c e s Speed (m/s) Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 Main results! Confirms our previous results !
How the resultant force is applied is more important than its magnitude 2011 Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 Remember the typical subjects! HZT ": Long jumper #: Non-specialist (cyclist) Sujet " Sujet # Mass (kg) 68.1 69.9 FTot (BW) 1.87 1.89 RF max (%) 37.1 41.3 Drf -0.051 -0.083 100-m (s) 11.9 13.66 Smax (m/s) 9.96 8.80 D4s (m) 26.3 23.3 CL 80.5 11.2 31.0 10.35 1.90 44 -0.042 Take-Gym Message
For a very similar FTot, He is able to produce 25% more HZT force! Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 WCS The higher the speed, the larger the difference in RF!. Question: How can we produce high HZT force AT HIGH SPEED ??? Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 Synchronized EMG and 3D Forces Sprint and repeated sprint (fatigue) Foot and knee 2D motion PRE-POST Isokinetic testing (H/Q) !"#2 3 4+' +51 '6)'&7,87 7)9:/ ;0<!"#$"%&''&( *+,-./'0( 1+2,%/ Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 First Results!. Isokinetic Force alone NOT correlated to ground reaction forces EMG alone: NOT correlated to ground reaction forces Multiple regressions: F HZT explained by: Hamstring Eccentric Force + EMG end of swing
Quadriceps!.Gluteus!.Contact Phase: Nothing
F VTC explained by: NOTHING we measured!
!"#2 3 4+' +51 '6)'&7,87 7)9:/ ;0<!"#$"%&''&( *+,-./'0( 1+2,%/ Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 3 42&5/2& /'0 6&5/%2788 9 Importance of horizontal force production (especially at high speed) Total force production capability: is it that important ?! What balance between hip extensor and flexor muscle groups? Hamstring eccentric force and activation: Performance AND Injury prevention ! Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 TRANSMISSION Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 3 * ,:/%' %; <'.= /; ;"2<'> /; %"; ?&/-&;" .%'- 9 !..whatever the force of the strongest link!. WORKSHOP: F-V PROFILING IN SPRINT & JUMP
J-B Morin, PhD Laboratory of Exercise Physiology University of Saint-Etienne, France
jean.benoit.morin@univ-st-etienne.fr EVALUATE ABSOLUTE MAXIMAL VELOCITY Force as a distorting factor "# $%% &'()( )*&+,&*-#). , /(0&,*# ,1-+#& -2 2-0/( *) 30-4+/(45566
"# &'()( /,)(). 7(8-/*&9 *) :;< =$>"=$% ?;@AB *) &()&(4. 0,&'(0 &',# C D(8-/*&9 E Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 FORCE VELOCITY POWER $/&+,8 C 1,F*1,8 E 7(8-/*&9 /,# G( )&+4*(4 &'0-+H' IJD 0(8,&*-#)'*35 F o r c e
( N . k g - 1 )
Vitesse (m.s -1 ) V0 F0 Maximal theoretical Force and Velocity Even with no additional load (SJ), the level of force output is not negligible Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 ;K. '-L *) *& 3-))*G8( -+& -2 &'( 8,G MM Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 Mechanical work during the Squat Jump push-off g( po ) W m h h = + p 1 o g h m h F ! " = + # $ % & g 2 V h = g 1 p 2 o g h h h P m ! " = + # $ % &
2 vol 8 gt h = Knees #90 Start position take-off Max height Validated against force plate 2000 Hz High agreement, Mean absolute bias < 3% OK WITH DIFFERENT LOADS! Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 F o r c e
( N . k g - 1 )
Velocity (m.s -1 ) v 0 F 0 P o w e r
( W . k g - 1 )
P max F o r c e
( N . k g - 1 )
Velocity (m.s -1 ) v 0 F 0 P o w e r
( W . k g - 1 )
P max For a same given P max , Many possible profiles. Which one maximizes performance ?? Velocity Profile Force Profile Athlete 1 Athlete 2 Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 2012 =,&*'1) ,> 3 ?1)5@A- BCD E8,F5-' ;0< Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 .experlmenLally supporLs Lhe acLual exlsLence of an opLlmal l-v proflle, speclflc Lo each lndlvldual, LhaL maxlmlzes [umplng performance for a same glven ! !"# . CONCLUSION In press Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 =,&*'1) ,> 3 ?1)5@A- BCD E8,F5-' ;0< In progress! ! Partnerships (football, basketball, rugby, tennis, athletics) ! First long-term follow-ups initiated all over the world ! Experiments: Training vs. Control Groups! Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 FORCE VELOCITY - POWER @',& ,G-+& N?B":< BO::":P MMM Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 Sprint performance analysis Speed-time curves ! 1927, Archibald HILL, pioneer What could be possible with field devices? RADAR, GPS, Photocells, iPhone ?? Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 v(t) = v max .(1-e (-t/!) ) di Prampero et al., J Exp biol, 2005 a(t) = (v max /!).e (-t/!) ) x(t) = v max .(t + !.e (-t/!) )- v max .! v max
!
A New Simple Method Furusawa et al., 1927 Henry, 1954 Volkov & Lapin, 1979 OR " #$%&'"%) *+,#$%& "%) Fundamental law of dynamics!. Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 P-F-V profiling in sprinting a(t) = (v max /!).e (-t/!) ) A New Simple Method F h (t) = m.a(t) + F air
Samozino et al., ISB 2013, Natal Estimated from stature and body mass (and wind if measured) Arsac & Locatelli, JAP, 2002 P h (t) = F h (t) . v(t) v(t) Ph(t) Fh(t) F0 V0 Pmax Samozino et al., in preparation Inverse quasi-linear F-v relationship Parabolic P-v relationship Validity ?? Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 ! Comparison to track force plate data (F-V, Pmax) ! Validation from radar or photocells data Paper in preparation! Ex. Usain Bolts World Record INSEP Paris Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 Example: 2011-2012 Season Follow-up of Lemaitre First meeting! Winter! One week before London! Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 3AH5<>@ IJ>KH@IL 3?) %"M $' '-0D44N"/ ?+' ?$%? 7)-0,$/M ,+(+N$-$/$)' E B) *0)' #0/ '))6 /0 #))* 7)-0,$/M D0.O0"/ Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 JUMP Innovation: all that with an iPhone / iPad ?! FitTests app SPRINT www.fit-tests.com Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 CONCLUSIONS!Potential applications! STUDIES IN PROGRESS M. Buchheit J. Mendigutchia P. Edouard Sprint Acceleration Mechanics Nov. 2013 M. Brughelli