EXPT NO: 01 SWINBURNES TEST

AIM: To perform Swinburnes test on the given DC machine and to predetermine its efficiency at any desired load when it is working as both motor and generator. APPARATUS: S.NO 1 2 3 4 APPARATUS Ammeter Voltmeter Rheostat tachometer TYPE mc mc variable digital RANGE (0-2A) (0-2.5A) (0-300V) (300ohm/1.7A) (0-2000)rpm QUANTITY 1 1 1 1 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY: Swinburnes test is the simplest indirect method in which the losses are measured separately and from their knowledge efficiency at any desired load can be predetermined in advance. It is also known as Swinburnes test.

The principle of operation of DC shunt motor is When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force, and the direction of force can be find by Flemings Left hand rule. Flemings Right Hand Rule: Also known as the Generator Rule this is a way of determining the direction of the induced emf of a conductor moving in a magnetic field. The thumb, the first and the second fingers on the right hand are held so that they are at right angles to each other. If the first finger points in the direction of the magnetic field and the thumb in the direction of the motion of the conductor then the second finger will point in the direction of the induced emf in the conductor.

In a D.C Motor field winding produces a required magnetic filed while armature conductors experiences a force. As the conductors are placed in the slots which are on the periphery, the individual force experienced by the conductors acts as twisting or turning force on the armature which is called a torque. The experiment will be conducted on D.C shunt motor and efficiency has to be calculated for motor as well as for Generator. The principle of operation of DC shunt generator is whenever a rotating conductor cuts the flux, it induces an emf, and the direction of emf can be find by Flemings Right hand rule.

Flemings Left Hand Rule:

Also known as the Motor Rule this is a way of determining the direction of a force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field. The thumb, the first and the second fingers on the left hand are held so that they are at right angles to each other. If the first finger points in the direction of the magnetic field and the second finger the direction of the current in the wire, then the thumb will point in the direction of the force on the conductor.

OBSERVATIONS: For motor: S.No V IL Ia If Cu losses (a) Const losses (b) Total losses (a+b) i/p o/p efficiency

MODEL CALCULATIONS: If = IL Ia = Cu.losses = Ia2 Ra. =

Constant losses=WC = V.IL - Ia2 Ra.= Input=V.IL= Out put= Input Total losses. = Efficiency= Output / input. For generator: S.No V IL Ia If Cu losses (a) Const losses (b) Total losses (a+b) i/p o/p efficiency =

MODEL CALCULATION: If = Ia IL = Cu.losses = Ia2 Ra= Constant losses=WC = V.IL - Ia2 Ra= Output=V.IL =

In put= output + Total losses= Efficiency= Output / input= Increase the line current up to the rated armature current in steps and complete the calculations. Note: The value of If and Constant losses has to be taken same as that of No-load reading. PROCEDURE: 1) Note down the name plate details and obtain the apparatus required.

2) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram, keeping field rheostat in minimum position. 3) Switch on the supply by closing DPST switch. 4) Move the cross arm of three point starter gently and Adjust the field rheostat to bring the motor to its rated speed. 5) Take the no load readings of input current, field current and input voltage. 6) Reduce the speed and switch OFF the supply. 7) Measure the armature resistance using circuit diagram as shown in fig b. GRAPHS: 1. Efficiency vs Line current for motor. 2. Efficiency vs Line current for generator.

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Ensure the position of three point starter is at its minimum position and field rheostat at the minimum position while starting the motor. 2. The experiment is to be performed only at no-load. 3. Dont pull back the starter after the supply switched off.

4. After starting the motor the armature rheostat must be fully cut-off to apply the rated voltage. RESULT: Swinburnes test is performed for the given machine and predetermined its efficiency for given load both as motor and as generator. Efficiency of the D.C.Shunt generator at Full Load=_____________ Efficiency of the D.C.Shunt generator at Half Full Load=_____________ Efficiency of the D.C.Shunt generator at Full Load=_____________ Efficiency of the D.C.Shunt Motor at Full Load=_____________ Efficiency of the D.C.Shunt Motor at Half Full Load=_____________ Efficiency of the D.C.Shunt Motor at Full Load=_____________

Viva-voice Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. What is the advantage of Swinburnes test? How do you reverse the direction of motor? How do you minimize iron losses in a DC machine? Why Swinburnes test cannot be performed on series machine?

Expt No: 02 BRAKE TEST ON A DC SHUNT MOTOR Aim: To conduct Brake test on a DC Shunt motor. And to draw its performance curves. Apparatus: S. No 1. 2. 3 4 5. 6. Equipment Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Rheostat Tachometer Connecting wires Range 0-250V 0-20A 0-1/2A 400/1.7A Type M.C. M.C M.C Wire wound Digital type Qty 1 1 1 1 1

Name plate details: Theory: Procedure: 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Field rheostat is kept in minimum position and the motor is started with the help of 3-Point starter, and is brought to rated speed by adjusting field rheostat. 3. By varying the load in steps, readings of ammeters, voltmeter, tachometer, spring balances, are noted down. 4. Performance curves are to be drawn after completing the calculations.

Model calculation:

Precautions: 1. Loose connections should be avoided. 2. Readings are taken without parallax error. Result:

EXPT NO: 03 O.C AND S.C TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS.

AIM: To determine the Iron Losses, Copper Losses of a Transformer and hence calculate its Regulation & Efficiency. THEORY: A transformer is a static device which transfers the electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit without any change in the frequency. The transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction between two windings placed on a common magnetic circuit. These two windings are electrically insulated from each other and also from the core. The losses in a transformer are (1) Magnetic losses or core losses (2) Ohmic losses or copper losses The losses of a transformer, magnetic losses and ohmic losses can be determined by performing (a) open circuit test and (b) short circuit test. From the above tests, the efficiency and regulation of a given transformer can be predetermined. The power consumed during these tests is very less as compared to the load test. In this experiment LV side parameters are denoted by suffix 1 and HV side parameters by suffix 2. Open circuit test: In open circuit test, usually HV side is kept open and meters are connected on LV side, the ammeter reads the no load current Io and wattmeter reads the power input Wo. The no load current Io is 2 to 5 %of full load current .hence the copper losses at no load are negligible. Wo represents the iron losses or core losses. Iron losses are the sum of hysteresis and eddy current losses. Wo=Vo Io Coso IW =Io Cos o Ro=Vo/Iw Cos o=Wo/(Vo Io) I=Io Sin o Xo= Vo/I

Short circuit test: This test is performed to determine the equivalent resistance and leakage reactance of the transformer and copper losses at full load condition. In this test usually LV side is shorted and meters are connected on HV side .a variable low voltage is applied to the HV winding with the help of an auto transformer. This voltage is varied till the rated current flows in the HV side or LV side .The voltage applied is 5 to 10% of rated voltage, while the rated current flows in the windings. The watt meter indicates the full load copper losses at Vsc. But the iron losses at this low voltage are negligible as compared to the iron losses at rated voltage. Wsc=full load copper losses =I2 R01 =I22 R02 Z02 =Vsc/Isc CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Fig (a) Open circuit test: X02 = (Z 022-R022)

Fig (b) Short circuit test:

PROCEDURE: O C Test: 1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the figure. 2. Gradually increase the Auto Transformer voltage till the voltmeter reads 3. Record the voltmeter, ammeter and LPF watt meter readings. 4. The ammeter indicates the no load current and wattmeter indicates the iron losses. 5. Set the auto transformer at zero position and switch off the supply. S C Test: 1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the figure. 2. Gradually increase the auto transformer voltage till the ammeter reads Rated current of the transformer. 3. Record the voltmeter, ammeter and UPF Wattmeter readings. 115V.

4. The ammeter indicates Isc (short circuit current), voltmeter indicates Vsc (short circuit voltage), and wattmeter indicates Wsc, copper losses of the transformer at full load condition. 5. Set the auto transformer in zero position and switch off the supply.

OBSERVATIONS: O.C test: Voc= S.C test: Vsc= CALCULATIONS: Calculation of Ro and Xo equivalent circuit from OC and SC test Vo= Io= Wo= Ioc= Isc= Wo= Wsc= (LV Data) (HV Data)

Iron losses =Wo= VoIoCoso Iw=IoCoso I=Io Sino

Coso=Wo/ (VoIo) Ro=Vo/Iw. Xo=Vo/I.

Calculation of R01 and X01 for equivalent circuit: Isc= Vsc= Wsc=

Full load copper losses or variable losses=Wsc=Isc2 R02 R02=Wsc/Isc2 X02= (Z022-R022) R01=R02/K2 X01=X02/K2 Z02=Vsc/Isc

Calculation of % Regulation from SC test: % Regulation=I2 (R02Cos+X02Sin)/V2 Efficiency calculation: Output in KVA*P.f*100

%= Output in KVA *P.f + Iron losses +Full load copper losses

MODEL GRAPHS:

Efficiency Vs load

%Regulation Vs P.f EQUIVALLENT CIRCUIT:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Before switching on the supply ensure that the auto transformer reads zero. In SC test dont allow the current to go beyond the rated value. Before switching off the supply set the auto transformer to zero position. In OC test apply only the rated voltage initially. Avoid loose connections.

RESULT: 1) Regulation of transformer at Full load 0.8P.f lag = 2) Regulation of transformer at Half load 0.8P.f lag = 3) Efficiency of transformer at Full load 0.8P.f lag 4) Efficiency of transformer at Half load 0.8P.f lag = =

Viva-voice Questions:

1. What is the principle of a transformer? 2. Is the mutual flux in a transformer is constant at all loads? 3. What is the impedance of a transformer under normal operation and how it is determined in the laboratory? 4. Explain why the iron losses are negligible under short circuit conditions? 5. Obtain a curve no load loss verses applied voltage. What is your inference from this?

EXPT NO: 04 MAGNETISATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DC SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM: To determine experimentally magnetizing or open circuit characteristics of a DC shunt generator and determine from it the critical speed and critical field resistance. APPARATUS: S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Apparatus Ammeters Voltmeters Rheostats Tachometer Knife switch Type MC MC variable Digital Range 0-20A O-300V 300 ohm/1.7A (0-2000)rpm Quantity 1 1 1 1 -

THEORY: Magnetization characteristics: This characteristics is the graph of generated no load voltage E against the field current If, when speed of generator is maintained constant. As it is plotted without load with open output terminals, it is called No load characteristics. The induced emf increases as If increases. But after certain If core gets saturated and flux remains constant though If increases. Hence after saturation, voltage also remains constant.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: 1. Note down the name plate details and obtain the apparatus required. 2. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. 3. Set the field rheostat of motor in minimum position and generator field rheostat in maximum position. 4. Switch on the supply and start the motor with the help of starter 5. Adjust the speed of the motor generator set to the rated speed of the generator by controlling the motor field rheostat. The set speed is to be maintained constant throughout the experiment. 6. Note down the voltmeter reading. 7. Now switch on the generator, field supply by closing the knife switch (SPST). 8. By varying the generator field rheostat, vary the armature voltage uniformly in steps and simultaneously note down the voltmeter(armature voltage) and ammeter(field current) readings. 9. Continue the experiment till saturation of the field is reached. 10. Continue the experiment for decreasing values of If in steps by decreasing the tapping of potential divider.

Critical Speed: It is that speed for which the given shunt field resistance becomes the critical field resistance. Critical field resistance is obtained by plotting the OCC as in fig.b and determining the slope of the tangent to the linear position of the curve from the origin. While drawing the tangent, the initial position of the occ is neglected. AX is the tangent. Critical field resistance: Rc = AB/BC OY is the shunt field resistance line. The critical speed Nc= (Yz/Xz)*Rated speed

Rated speed is the speed at which the OCC is obtained. OBSERVATIONS: Increasing S.no If(A) Decreasing Eg(V) S.no If(A) Eg(V)

MODEL GRAPHS:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Perform the experiment at constant speed. 2. Readings are to be taken uniformly increasing and then uniformly decreasing field current. 3. Check must be made for residual magnetism otherwise, the field terminals may be required to be reversed.

RESULT: Draw the tangent and shunt field resistance line and obtain the critical field critical speed. resistance and

Viva-voice Questions: 1. What is the purpose of starter for the motor? 2. Why the speed is maintained constant throughout the experiment? 3. What is residual magnetism?

4. Define critical resistance and critical speed? 5. Explain magnetization curve?