POLICYFORUM

CONSERVATION

Averting Lemur Extinctions amid Madagascars Political Crisis

C. Schwitzer,1* R. A. Mittermeier,2 S. E. Johnson,3 G. Donati,4 M. Irwin,5 H. Peacock,6 J. Ratsimbazafy,7, 8 J. Razandramanana,8 E. E. Louis Jr.,9 L. Chikhi,10, 11 I. C. Colquhoun,12 J. Tinsman,13 R. Dolch,14 M. LaFleur,15 S. Nash,2, 16 E. Patel,17 B. Randrianambinina,18 T. Rasolofoharivelo,8 P. C. Wright16

Community-based management, ecotourism, and researchers presence are proposed to prevent lemur extinctions.

Male blue-eyed black lemur. Eulemur avifrons in SahamalazaIles Radama National Park.

Political Crisis, Remarkable Threat

An International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) Red List reassessment found that 94% of lemur species are threatened (2) (g. S1 and table S1), up from 74% in 2008, which makes lemurs the most imperiled group of large vertebrates. Although other large mammals are also under pressure, for the vast majority of taxa in an entire infraorder (Lemuriformes) to be threatened is new, notable, and disturbing. This reevaluation has resulted from both the deterioration of habitat and the recent application of genetic data to phylogenetic analyses
1

Bristol Zoological Society, Bristol BS8 3HA, UK. 2Conservation International, Arlington, VA 22202, USA. 3University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada. 4Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK. 5Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA. 6Golder Associates, Calgary, Alberta T2A 7W5, Canada. 7Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar. 8Groupe dEtude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar. 9Omahas Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NE 68107, USA. 10 Instituto Gulbenkian de Cincia, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal. 11Laboratoire Evolution et Diversit Biologique, CNRS, UMR 5174 Universit Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France. 12Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C2, Canada. 13American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA. 14Association Mitsinjo, Andasibe 514, Madagascar. 15University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria. 16Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. 17Duke Lemur Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA. 18 Universit de Mahajanga, Mahajanga 401, Madagascar. *Corresponding author. cschwitzer@bcsf.org.uk

(increasing the number of extant lemur species from 43 to 101) (3), revealing more species with smaller ranges. This unique primate diversity relies on forest habitats that are shrinking under persistent anthropogenic destruction and disturbance. Remaining intact forest habitat was estimated to cover 92,200 km2 in 2010, only 10 to 20% of Madagascars original forest cover and down from 106,600 km2 in 1990 (4); much of this habitat is inadequately or not at all protected. Habitat and lemur conservation are interdependent: Lemurs have important ecological roles and are essential to maintaining the islands unique forests. Their loss would likely trigger extinction cascades (5). Challenges to in situ lemur conservation are immense. Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world; more than 92% of Malagasy live on less than U.S. $2/day (6). Although there is a paucity of published data compared to other lemur-related subjects, lemur poaching for bushmeat has drastically increased since the onset of the political crisis in 2009 (7, 8). Illegal logging of rosewood and ebony, mining, and slash-andburn agriculture are all causing lemur population declines, by habitat loss, fragmentation, and alteration. Protected areas have not been spared; for example, armed timber poachers extracting valuable hardwoods targeted Masoala and Marojejy National Parks in the northeast once local law enforcement broke down (9). Foreign demand, as well as political turmoil and corruption, drive these

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he most threatened mammal group on Earth, Madagascars ve endemic lemur families (lemurs are found nowhere else) (1), represent more than 20% of the worlds primate species and 30% of family-level diversity. This combination of diversity and uniqueness is unmatched by any other countryremarkable considering that Madagascar is only 1.3 to 2.9% the size of the Neotropics, Africa, or Asia, the other three landmasses where nonhuman primates occur. But lemurs face extinction risks driven by human disturbance of forest habitats. We discuss these challenges and reasons for hope in light of site-specic, local actions proposed in an emergency conservation action plan (2).

destructive, and often unlawful, activities (8). Effective management of Madagascars protected areas, as well as creation of more reserves, will be critical to future conservation of lemurs. In 2003, only ~3% (~17,000 km2) of Madagascars land area was designated as protected. During the administration of former President Ravalomanana, conservation became a national priority. In 2003, Ravalomanana announced that the government would triple its protected areas. Some 30,000 km2 of community-based reserves were gazetted. As of January 2010, 47,000 km2 are ofcially protected, ~8% of Madagascars land area. The creation of new protected areas has continued despite political instability brought on by the unconstitutional change of government in early 2009. However, this process has been slowed by a breakdown of government presence and control in many regions, exacerbated by suspension of funding for environmental programs by most international donors in the wake of the political crisis (10). The U.S. Agency for International Development shelved a comprehensive 25-year environmental program until the country returns to democratic government (although humanitarian assistance continues), and several European governments have responded similarly. Only the World Bank has maintained its commitment, but even its substantial support has not been utilized effectively by the transitional government for the management of protected areas (11). Presidential elections, held in two rounds on 25 October and 20 December 2013, resulted in a narrow victory for former Finance Minister Hery Rajaonarimampianina. There are encouraging signs that the new president will set the conditions for a return to effective governance and resumption of international aid. Outside the ofcial protected areas, the situation is worse, with illegal slash-and-burn agriculture, logging, mining, and bushmeat hunting on the rise. Commercial lemur hunting, a practice previously unreported from the country, has been noted in regions such as Foulpointe, Vatomandry, Daraina, and the forests south of Antsiranana (Diego Suarez).

POLICYFORUM
Lemur species richness-extinction risk index and priority conservation areas. Each species range was given a weighting according to its estimated extinction risk (the likelihood of a species becoming extinct in the near future, given current knowledge about population trends, range, and recent, current or projected threats, expressed by its 2012 IUCN Red List status (1, Least Concern; 2, Near Threatened; 3, Vulnerable or Data Decient; 4, Endangered; 5, Critically Endangered). All lemur species range weightings were summed to provide the richness-risk index, a composite measure of richness and estimated extinction risk. For example, where two Near Threatened species co-occur, there is a value of 4, and where two Critically Endangered species co-occur, the value is 10. The color spectrum represents the continuum from areas with low species richness and lower extinction risk to areas with high species richness and high extinction risk. Hatched areas indicate terrestrial protected areas. Green dots show locations of priority areas for lemur conservation digitized from the 2013 to 2016 conservation action plan (2).CAZ, Corridor Ankeniheny-Zahamena; COFAV, Corridor Fandriana-Vondrozo; TGK, Tsitongambarika. See supplementary materials for details.

Montagne des Franais N Nosy Be Sahamalaza Anjiamangirana Marosely Ankarafantsika Bombetoka Antrema Mahavavy Analamerana Daraina Marojejy and Anjanaharibe Makira Masoala Mananara Nord Ambato Boeny Lac Alaotra Betampona CAZ West CAZ Andriantantely Anjozorobe Torotorofotsy

for longer-term actions in all habitats crucial for preventAntananarivo ing lemur extinctions. Promoting and expanding ecotourism is one imporFandriana tant component of the action Kirindy Ranomafana Makay plan. Lemurs represent Kianjavato Madagascars most distinctive brand for tourism. Ecotourism continues in COFAV spite of political problems Manombo Diversity-status and remains one of the counKalambatritra index trys most important foreign110 exchange earners, providing 1120 2130 livelihoods for the rural poor Andohahela/TGK 3140 in environmentally sensitive 4150 5152 Mahafaly and Mandrare regions and often fostering Capital city local valuation of primates 200 0 200 Priority area Country boundary and ecosystems. Examples 1:13,000,000 Kilometers Protected areas of implementation already exist and could be repliIn several parts of the northeastern rain for- cated, provided resources are available and ests, large-bodied indris (Indri indri) and dia- there is sufcient community engagement to demed sifakas (Propithecus diadema) are in ensure appropriate investment. An important danger of being extirpated (7). element of this is the development of local tourist guide associations. Tourism, Research, Local Management Another key mechanism is the creation Despite these profound problems, we believe of protected areas managed at the commuthere is still hope. Overall, lemur conser- nity level. Despite the fact that such reserves vation must tie in with national conserva- may take a long time to establish, empowertion efforts in Madagascar, such as expand- ing local communities to create reserves and ing the protected area network and enforc- training them in management through small ing environmental laws. However, there are grants is where we are likely to see the greatspecic site-based actions that can be car- est growth in habitat protection over the ried out by conservationists, researchers, and next decade. local communities, which are less expensive Another goal is to sustain and expand than national initiatives (2). The emergency long-term research presence in critical 3-year action plan takes such an approach, lemur sites. Field stations that support a combining a broad framework with concrete permanent presence of local and internasteps modeled on past successes. It proposes tional eld workerssuch as those at Ranoconservation actions for 30 priority sites har- mafana, Marojejy, Kirindy, Tsinjoarivo and boring endangered lemurs (see the chart), Sahamalazacan serve as training grounds for a total budget of U.S. $7.6 million. This for Malagasy scientists while deterring illeis a reasonable amount in terms of interna- gal hunting and logging (12). Scientists are tional aid, for an incalculable return. Major working with local communities, providing goals include stabilizing the immediate crisis economic benets and knowledge exchange in priority areas and laying the groundwork for conservation at local levels.
Tsingy de Bemaraha

Past successes highlighted in the plan, such as Anja Community Reserve and Kianjavato Classied Forest, demonstrate that collaboration between local communities, nongovernmental organizations and researchers can protect imperiled species. We urgently invite all stakeholders to join our efforts to meet the action plans goals and to ensure the continued existence of lemurs and the considerable biological, cultural and economic richness they represent. Madagascarand the worldwill undoubtedly be much poorer without them.
References and Notes
1. Two species have been introduced to the neighboring Comoro Islands in the past few hundred years. 2. C. Schwitzer et al., Lemurs of Madagascar: A Strategy for Their Conservation 20132016 (IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation, and Conservation International, Bristol, 2013); https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10414. 3. R. A. Mittermeier et al., Lemurs of Madagascar (Conservation International, Arlington, VA, ed. 3, 2010). 4. Ofce National pour lEnvironnement (ONE) et al., Evolution de la Couverture de forts naturelles Madagascar 2005-2010 (ONE, Antananarivo, 2013); www.pnae.mg/ index.php/Autres/evolution-de-la-couverture-de-foretsnaturelles-a-madagascar-2005-2010.html. 5. J. U. Ganzhorn et al., Conserv. Biol. 13, 794 (1999). 6. World Bank, Madagascar: Measuring the impact of the political crisis (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2013); www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/06/05/madagascar-measuring-the-impact-of-the-political-crisis. 7. R. K. B. Jenkins et al., PLoS ONE 6, e27570 (2011). 8. M. A. Barrett et al., Science 328, 1109 (2010). 9. Global Witness, Environmental Investigation Agency, Investigation into the Illegal Felling, Transport and Export of Precious Wood in SAVA Region, Madagascar (Global Witness, London, 2009); www.parcs-madagascar. com/doc/report_vsnal.pdf. 10. World Bank, The World Bank Adopts an Interim Strategy for Madagascar [press release] (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2012); http://go.worldbank.org/5XTWG1TGG0. 11. J.-C. Carret, Madagascar Country Environmental Analysis (CEA): Taking Stock and Moving Forward (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2013). 12. W. F. Laurance, Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 261 (2013).

Acknowledgments: We thank organizers and participants

of the International Prosimian Congress, held in Ranomafana, Madagascar, 5 to 9 August, 2013, as well as the three anonymous reviewers of this manuscript. This paper is dedicated to Alison Jolly (19372014) in recognition of her dedication to the conservation of Madagascars lemurs.

Supplementary Material
www.sciencemag.org/content/343/6173/842/suppl/DC1 10.1126/science.1245783

www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 343 21 FEBRUARY 2014

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www.sciencemag.org/content/343/6173/842/suppl/DC1

Supplementary Materials for

Averting Lemur Extinctions amid Madagascars Political Crisis
C. Schwitzer, R. A. Mittermeier, S. E. Johnson, G. Donati, M. Irwin, H. Peacock, J. Ratsimbazafy, J. Razafindramanana, E. E. Louis Jr., L. Chikhi, I. C. Colquhoun, J. Tinsman, R. Dolch, M. LaFleur, S. Nash, E. Patel, B. Randrianambinina, T. Rasolofoharivelo, P. C. Wright

*Corresponding author. E-mail: cschwitzer@bcsf.org.uk Published 21 February 2014, Science 343, 842 (2014) DOI: 10.1126/science.1245783

This PDF file includes Materials and Methods Fig. S1 Table S1 References

Materials and Methods GIS Methodology and Creation of Map (Text) All data were imported into a GIS and processed using ArcGIS 10.1 (ESRI 2012. ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.1. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute). Species ranges (n = 98; available from http://homepages.ucalgary.ca/~stjohnso/ Schwitzer_et_al_Supplemental/IUCN_Red_List_lemurs_maps_2013/) were mapped by a group of 60 Malagasy and international lemur experts at an IUCN Red-Listing and Conservation-Planning Workshop in July 2012 (2) (see also http://tinyurl.com/LemurRL Workshop) and were projected to a custom projection for Madagascar, which was derived from WGS 84 UTM 38S, with the central meridian set to 47. Land cover, which was obtained for 2000 and 2005 from Conservation International (13), was reprojected to the custom projection, and areas classified as cloud in 2005 were removed by assigning the class from 2000. Any remaining cloud was reclassed with the class of the adjacent cell using the Nibble tool. The land cover data set was reclassified as forest or nonforest and converted to vector (polygon). Because lemurs are forest-dependent, the IUCN species range mapswhich represent the minimum convex polygons of the species known extent of occurrence and, thus, often include unsuitable habitatwere clipped to the extent of remaining forest cover and converted to raster, which gives a better representation of where lemurs actually occur. Each species was given a single weighting across its range according to its estimated extinction risk (the likelihood of a species becoming extinct in the near future, given current knowledge about population trends; range; and recent, current, or projected threats), expressed by its 2012 IUCN Red List status [as published in (2) and included here as Table S1] by reclassifying the raster (1 = Least Concern; 2 = Near Threatened; 3 = Vulnerable or Data Deficient; 4 = Endangered; 5 = Critically Endangered). All lemur species weighted ranges were summed to provide the richness-risk index, which is a composite measure of richness and estimated extinction risk. For example, where two Near Threatened species co-occur, there is a value of 4, and where 2 Critically Endangered species co-occur, there is a value of 10. Areas with high index values can be considered as harboring highly diverse lemur communities that have a high likelihood of becoming extinct and are therefore high priorities for conservation. Priority sites were manually digitized on the basis of figures published in the lemur action plan (2) and available from http://homepages.ucalgary.ca/~stjohnso/Schwitzer_et_al_Supplemental/Priority_Sites/, as shapefiles were unavailable. Protected Areas were obtained from the World Database on Protected Areas, WDPA 2009 (www.wdpa.org) and projected to the custom projection for Madagascar. Cities and towns were obtained from MapCruzin (www.mapcruzin.com/) and projected to the custom projection for Madagascar. Only key cities; larger, more populous areas; and ports were displayed for reference purposes.

Fig. S1. Numbers of lemur species in IUCN Red List categories in 2008 and 2012. NE = Not Evaluated; DD = Data Deficient; LC = Least Concern; NT = Near Threatened; VU = Vulnerable; EN = Endangered; CR = Critically Endangered. [Source (2); see also Table S1]

Table S1. IUCN Red List categories of 101 lemur species in 2008 and after reassessment in July 2012 (Post Workshop Red List status). NE = Not Evaluated; DD = Data Deficient; LC = Least Concern; NT = Near Threatened; VU = Vulnerable; EN = Endangered; CR = Critically Endangered. [Source (2) amended]
Scientific name CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Microcebus mamiratra Microcebus gerpi Microcebus marohita Cheirogaleus sibreei Lepilemur jamesorum Lepilemur fleuretae Lepilemur septentrionalis Lepilemur tymerlachsonorum Lepilemur sahamalazensis Hapalemur alaotrensis Hapalemur aureus Prolemur simus Eulemur cinereiceps Eulemur flavifrons Eulemur mongoz Varecia variegata Varecia variegata ssp. variegata Varecia variegata ssp. editorum Varecia variegata ssp. subcincta Varecia rubra Propithecus tattersalli Propithecus diadema Propithecus candidus Propithecus perrieri Indri indri ENDANGERED Microcebus berthae Microcebus ravelobensis Microcebus bongolavensis Microcebus danfossorum Microcebus margotmarshae Microcebus sambiranensis Microcebus arnholdi Microcebus jollyae Microcebus simmonsi Madame Berthe's mouse lemur Golden-brown mouse lemur Bongolava mouse lemur Danfoss' mouse lemur Margot Marsh's mouse lemur Sambirano mouse lemur Arnhold's mouse lemur Jolly's mouse lemur Simmons' mouse lemur DD DD EN EN EN DD DD EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN Black-and-white ruffed lemur Southern black-and-white ruffed lemur White-belted ruffed lemur Red ruffed lemur Tattersall's sifaka Diademed sifaka Silky sifaka Perrier's sifaka Indri Claire's mouse lemur Gerp's mouse lemur Marohita mouse lemur Sibree's dwarf lemur James' sportive lemur Madame Fleurette's sportive lemur Northern sportive lemur Nosy Be sportive lemur Sahamalaza sportive lemur Lake Alaotra bamboo lemur Golden bamboo lemur Greater bamboo lemur White-collared brown lemur Blue-eyed black lemur Mongoose lemur NE DD DD DD CR DD DD CR EN CR EN CR VU CR CR CR CR EN EN EN CR CR EN DD CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR Common name Red List status 2008 Post workshop Red List status

Scientific name Microcebus macarthurii Microcebus mittermeieri Mirza coquereli Mirza zaza Phaner pallescens Phaner parienti Phaner electromontis Lepilemur betsileo Lepilemur microdon Lepilemur wrightae Lepilemur hollandorum Lepilemur scottorum Lepilemur milanoii Lepilemur ankaranensis Lepilemur mittermeieri Lepilemur grewcockorum Lepilemur otto Lepilemur edwardsi Lepilemur ahmansonorum Lepilemur randrianasoloi Lepilemur hubbardorum Lepilemur leucopus Hapalemur griseus ssp. gilberti Lemur catta Eulemur albifrons Eulemur sanfordi Eulemur collaris Eulemur coronatus Avahi mooreorum Avahi betsileo Avahi meridionalis Avahi occidentalis Avahi cleesei Avahi unicolor Propithecus verreauxi Propithecus deckenii Propithecus coronatus Propithecus coquereli Propithecus edwardsi Daubentonia madagascariensis

Common name MacArthur's mouse lemur Mittermeier's mouse lemur Coquerel's giant mouse lemur Northern giant mouse lemur Pale fork-marked lemur Sambirano fork-marked lemur Montagne d'Ambre fork-marked lemur Betsileo sportive lemur Small-toothed sportive lemur Wright's sportive lemur Holland's sportive lemur Scott's sportive lemur Daraina sportive lemur Ankarana sportive lemur Mittermeier's sportive lemur Grewcock's sportive lemur Otto's sportive lemur Milne-Edwards' sportive lemur Ahmanson's sportive lemur Randrianasolo's sportive lemur Hubbard's sportive lemur White-footed sportive lemur Gilbert's grey bamboo lemur Ring-tailed lemur White-fronted brown lemur Sanford's brown lemur Collared brown lemur Crowned lemur Moore's woolly lemur Betsileo woolly lemur Southern woolly lemur Western woolly lemur Cleese's woolly lemur Sambirano woolly lemur Verreaux's sifaka Decken's sifaka Crowned sifaka Coquerel's sifaka Milne-Edwards' sifaka Aye aye

Red List status 2008 DD NT VU LC VU VU DD DD DD

Post Workshop Red List status EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN

DD EN DD DD DD VU DD DD DD DD DD NT VU EN VU VU DD DD EN EN DD VU VU EN EN EN NT

EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN

Scientific name VULNERABLE Microcebus myoxinus Microcebus tavaratra Microcebus rufus Microcebus lehilahytsara Allocebus trichotis Phaner furcifer Lepilemur seali Lepilemur dorsalis Lepilemur aeeclis Lepilemur ruficaudatus Lepilemur petteri Hapalemur griseus Hapalemur griseus ssp. griseus Hapalemur meridionalis Hapalemur occidentalis Eulemur rufus Eulemur macaco Eulemur rubriventer Avahi laniger Avahi peyrierasi Avahi ramanantsoavanai

Common name

Red List status 2008 DD EN LC DD DD LC DD DD DD DD DD VU VU VU VU DD VU VU LC DD DD

Post Workshop Red List status VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU

Pygmy mouse lemur Tavaratra mouse lemur Red mouse lemur Goodman's mouse lemur Hairy-eared mouse lemur Masoala fork-marked lemur Seal's sportive lemur Grey-backed sportive lemur AEECL's sportive lemur Red-tailed sportive lemur Petter's sportive lemur Grey bamboo lemur Southern bamboo lemur Northern bamboo lemur Rufous brown lemur Black lemur Red-bellied lemur Eastern woolly lemur Peyrieras' woolly lemur Ramanantsoavana's woolly lemur

NEAR THREATENED Lepilemur mustelinus Eulemur fulvus Eulemur rufifrons LEAST CONCERN Microcebus murinus Microcebus griseorufus Cheirogaleus medius DATA DEFICIENT Cheirogaleus major Cheirogaleus crossleyi Cheirogaleus minusculus Hapalemur griseus ssp. ranomafanensis Greater dwarf lemur Crossley's dwarf lemur Lesser iron-grey dwarf lemur Ranomafana grey bamboo lemur LC DD DD DD DD DD DD Common mouse lemur Grey-brown mouse lemur Fat-tailed dwarf lemur LC LC LC LC LC LC Weasel sportive lemur Common brown lemur Red-fronted brown lemur DD NT NT NT NT NT

References and Notes 1. Two species have been introduced to the neighboring Comoro Islands in the past few hundred years. 2. C. Schwitzer et al., Lemurs of Madagascar: A Strategy for Their Conservation 2013 2016 (IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Bristol Conservation and Science Foundation, and Conservation International, Bristol, IUCN, Gland, 2013); portals.iucn.org/library/node/10414. 3. R. A. Mittermeier, et al., Lemurs of Madagascar (Conservation International, Arlington, VA, ed. 3, 2010). 4. Office National pour lEnvironnement (ONE) et al., Evolution de la Couverture de forts naturelles Madagascar 2005-2010 (ONE, Antananarivo, 2013); www.pnae.mg/index.php/pdf/Autres/evolution-de-la-couverture-de-foretsnaturelles-a-madagascar-2005-2010.pdf. 5. J. U. Ganzhorn, J. Fietz, E. Rakotovao, D. Schwab, D. Zinner, Lemurs and the regeneration of dry deciduous forest in Madagascar. Conserv. Biol. 13, 794804 (1999). doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98245.x 6. World Bank, Madagascar: Measuring the Impact of the Political Crisis (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2013); www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/06/05/madagascar-measuring-theimpact-of-the-political-crisis. 7. R. K. B. Jenkins et al., Analysis of patterns of bushmeat consumption reveals extensive exploitation of protected species in eastern Madagascar. PLoS ONE 6, e27570 (2011). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027570 Medline 8.M. A. Barrett, J. L. Brown, M. K. Morikawa, J. N. Labat, A. D. Yoder, CITES Designation for endangered rosewood in Madagascar. Science 328, 1109 (2010). doi:10.1126/science.1187740 Medline 9. Global Witness and Environmental Investigation Agency, Investigation into the Illegal Felling, Transport and Export of Precious Wood in SAVA Region, Madagascar (Global Witness, London, 2009); www.parcsmadagascar.com/doc/report_vsfinal.pdf. 10. World Bank, The World Bank Adopts an Interim Strategy for Madagascar [press release] (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2012); http://go.worldbank.org/5XTWG1TGG0. 11. J.-C. Carret, Madagascar Country Environmental Analysis: Taking Stock and Moving Forward (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2013); http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/05/17759163/madagascarcountry-environmental-analysis-cea-taking-stock-moving-forward. 12. W. F. Laurance, Does research help to safeguard protected areas? Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 261266 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.tree.2013.01.017 Medline 13. Center for Applied Biodiversity Science (CABS) at Conservation International (CI), (CABS, Arlington, VA, 2013); data accessed 26 June 2013. 7