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5 STEPS TO
SUCCESSFUL STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION
A NEW STRATEGY MEANS NEW PRIORITIES AND NEW ACTIVITIES ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION. INITIATIVES SHOULD BE ANALYZED AGAINST THEIR STRATEGIC VALUE AND THE IMPACT TO THE ORGANIZATION.
4. ENGAGING STAFF
PREPARE. INCLUDE.
COMMUNICATE. CLARIFY.
COMMUNICATING STRATEGY
Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Recognize importance of strategic organizational communication. Name the four elements of strategic communication. Understand how values & ethics influence communication activity. Set goals that are appropriate and effective. Use situational knowledge to enhance communication. Understand and demonstrate communication competence. Understand causes & methods of dealing with communication anxiety.
DISCUSSION QUESTION:
HOW DO PERSONAL
Consider this quote: A single injustice anywhere, is an injustice everywhere. Stand firm in the face of adversity and remain true to your conviction. Anonymous
VALUES AFFECT
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR?
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Virtual Organization Tall Organization Flat Organization
ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING
Engage in adaptive learning. Understand organizational values. Develop specific knowledge of the organization. Observe the successes and failures of others. Get on-the-job training. Understand office politics.
Decision Making
Openness
High
Performance Goals
Logical
Complete
Timely
Feedback-oriented
INTERNAL COMMUNICATION
Downward Communication Job instructions Job rationale Procedures and practices Feedback Upward Communication Employee performance Attitudes and understanding Activity reports on accomplishments Horizontal Communication Problem solving Informal networks
EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION
Messages are exchanged between the organization and its environment. Organizations use newsletters, annual reports and events.
Do you prefer the telephone? E-mail? Instant Messaging? Text Messaging? Face-to Face? Are there some communication channels that you use more often?
For which situation do you prefer to use one channel over another?
What do you think of personal web pages and blogs? How could organizations benefit from this type of technology?
ANXIETY MANAGEMENT
CAUSES OF ANXIETY
Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon
Novelty Formality Subordinate status Conspicuousness Large groups Different Cultural Experiences Evaluation
ANXIETY MANAGEMENT Everyone experiences some level of anxiety. Each fear has its own origin.
Three (Es) of success: Encode messages carefully. Explain each idea concisely. Express each idea with an appropriate energy level.
Corporation
Sole Proprietorship Easy to form with few regulations The owner is the business (same legal entity). No double tax Owner has unlimited liability Limited life Difficult to raise money
Partnership Shared System (funding and liability) Shared Management Inexpensive and easy to form No double tax Difficult to raise money
legal entity and independent life More complicated to form (bylaws, Charters, etc.) Three sets of distinct stakeholders: shareholders, directors and manager Ownership can be readily transferable Limited liability Unlimited life Possibility of fund raising
Organizational Structure:
Formal
reporting relationships
and decision-making
Authority
hierarchy
It
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
and Flexibility
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
opportunity to explore competitive possibilities allocation of resources to activities that shape needed competitive advantages
flows from or follows the selection of the firms strategy but in place, structure can influence current strategic actions as well as choices about future strategies.
Once
SIMPLE STRUCTURE
Owner-manager
Makes all major decisions directly. Monitors all activities.
SIMPLE STRUCTURE
Growth
creates complexity and structural challenges Owner-managers Commonly lack organizational skills and experience. Become ineffective in managing the specialized and complex tasks in multiple organizational functions.
FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE
MULTIDIVISIONAL STRUCTURE
Strategic Control
MULTIDIVISIONAL STRUCTURE
Cost
GENERAL ENVIRONMENT
Dimensions in the broader society that influence an industry and the firms: Demographic Economic Political-legal Socio-cultural Technological Global
INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT
The set of factors influencing a firm and its competitive actions and competitive responses
Suppliers are large and few in number Suitable substitute products not available Individual buyers are not large customer Suppliers goods are critical to the buyers Suppliers products has high switching costs Suppliers pose a threat to integrate forward
Differentiated industry products that are valued by customers reduce this threat
Numerous competitors with equal balance Industry growth slows or declines High fixed costs Lack of differentiation or low switching costs
Unattractive Industry
Low profit potential
Attractive Industry
High profit potential
BUSINESS-LEVEL STRATEGY
An integrated and coordinated set of commitments and actions the firm uses to gain a competitive advantage by exploiting core competencies in specific product markets.
create differences between the firms position relative to those of its rivals Perform activities differently or Perform different activities as compared to its rivals
Lower overall costs than rivals Differentiate the firms product or service and command a premium price
COMPETITIVE SCOPE
Broad Scope
Narrow Scope
The firm selects a segment or group of segments in the industry and tailors its strategy to serving them at the exclusion of others.
Cost Leadership
Differentiation
ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP
Great Man theories focused on identifying innate (universal) individual qualities or attributes of leaders that distinguish them from nonleaders or noneffective leaders.
Theories examining the people- and task-oriented behaviors and organizational roles that make leaders most effective.
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LEADERSHIP THEORIES
The idea that effective leadership (as a style) in a particular case depends on interactions among the leader, followers, and the situation.
A sociological viewpoint of the leadership process in terms of social relations involving the interplay of power, constraints, conflict, and cooperation.
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LEADERSHIP THEORIES
Analyses that consider how the leadership styles of female leaders differ for those of male leaders. Studies of charismatic leaders that attempt to combine trait, behavior, and contingency theories to explain leaderfollower relationships. Theories that focus on leaderfollower interactions their nature and effects on leaders, followers, and the organization.
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LEADERSHIP
Is a dialectical, proactive process wherein an individual persuades others to do something they would not otherwise do. Is socially constructed through the interaction of leaders and followers within a specific context and is equated with power.
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Common Assumptions:
Leadersthrough their personal qualities, influence, and actionsprofoundly shape societal events (i.e., make a difference). A leader affects and is affected by followers and the environment within which he or she operates. Managerial leadership is a process of social influence whereby an individual exerts influence on others in an organizational context.
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Management
Leadership
Maintain the status quo Create order and consistency Doing things right Transactional (contractual) relationships
Create vision
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Source: Kotter, J. P. (1990). A Force for Change: How Leadership Differs from Management. New York: Free Press; Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading Change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Table 1.1
Step 1: Establish a sense of urgency. Step 2: Create the guiding coalition. Step 3: Develop a vision and a strategy. Step 4: Communicate the change vision.
REFLECTIVE QUESTION
To what extent were you a leader? To what extent were you a follower? Did the managers exhibit managerial or leadership behaviors? Do you believe that managers and leaders reflect fundamentally different personality types?
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Figure 1.1
METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES
Making subjective judgments about which criteria to study, which measures to use and the weight to be assigned each measure. Negatively correlated multiple criteria. Isolation of external variables to reduce their influence.
LEADERSHIP AS A PROCESS
PERSPECTIVES ON LEADERSHIP
MOTIVATION
Willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals. It is the internal drive to accomplish a particular objective.
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
Everyone is motivated
Key?
TYPES OF MOTIVATION
Extrinsic Motivation:
"What gets rewarded gets done" Based on extrinsic/tangible rewards
Intrinsic Motivation:
"What is rewarding gets done" Based on intrinsic/intangible rewards
MOTIVATION THEORIES
Need (Maslow & ERG) Equity Reinforcement Expectancy Theory Goal-Setting Theory
Alderfer
(ERG)
EQUITY THEORY
People
Ratios are equal (equity exists) Ratios are unequal (inequity exists)
RESPONSES TO EQUITY/INEQUITY
Equity: Maintenance Inequity:
FORMS OF JUSTICE
REINFORCEMENT THEORY
Behavior
REINFORCEMENT THEORY
To
reduce behavior
Extinction Punishment
EXPECTANCY THEORY
People are motivated to do that which they believe is possible and valuable Expectancy: Belief that you can perform Instrumentality: Belief that performance will lead to an outcome Valence: Value of the outcome
Short-term objectives help implement strategy by: they operationalize long-term objectives. discussion about and agreement on short-term objectives help raise issues and potential conflicts within the organization. gives operating personnel a better understanding of their role in the firms mission. provides the basis for strategic control. clarifies personnel and group roles.
Many people use the SMART acronym in defining how to set short-term goals: S- Specific M- Measurable A- Attainable R- Relevant T- Timely
SPECIFIC
What is it, exactly, that you want to accomplish in the short-term? Goal objectives should address the five Ws who, what, when, where, and why. The goal must specifies what needs to be done with a timeframe for completion.
MEASURABLE
Goal objectives should include numeric or descriptive measures that define quantity, quality, cost, etc. This way you can have a definite answer if you have achieved your goals. Many businesses would say that their measurable goal is their income after all the expenses.
ATTAINABLE
Goals must be realistic to be of any use. You must ask: Is the goal achievable within the timeframe? Are the Goal within the staffs control and influence? Is the goal achievable with the available resources?
RELEVANT
Short-term goals must be designed to lead to long-term goals. Why is the goal important? How will the goal help the department achieve its objectives?
TIMELY
Short-term goals must have a due date set at the beginning in concrete. At this point you stop and look at what has been accomplished. If its nowhere near the point you wanted the company to be at this time, then the companys practices, goals, or long-term vision has to be altered.
FUNCTIONAL STRATEGY
DEFINED
Selection of decision rules in each functional area. Thus, functional strategies in any organization, some (e.g., marketing strategy, financial strategy, etc.). It is desirable that they have been fixed in writing.
CRACKING
THE PROCESS
Production strategy ( "make or buy") - defines what the company produces itself, and that purchases from suppliers or partners, that is, how far worked out the production chain. Financial Strategy - to select the main source of funding: the development of their own funds (depreciation, profit, the issue of shares, etc.) or through debt financing (bank loans, bonds, commodity suppliers' credits, etc.). Marketing strategy is a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its resources on the optimal opportunities with the goals of increasing sales and achieving a sustainable competitive advantage. Marketing strategy includes all basic and long-term activities in the field of marketing that deal with the analysis of the strategic initial situation of a company and the formulation, evaluation and selection of market-oriented strategies and therefore contribute to the goals of the company and its marketing objectives.
Human resource management (HRM, or simply HR) is the management process of an organization's workforce, or human resources. It is responsible for the attraction, selection, training, assessment, and rewarding of employees, while also overseeing organizational leadership and culture and ensuring compliance with employment and labor laws. In circumstances where employees desire and are legally authorized to hold a collective bargaining agreement, HR will also serve as the company's primary liaison with the employees' representatives (usually a trades union).
ROLE OF ACCOUNTING IN
SETTING AND IMPLEMENTING STRATEGY
To compete successfully in todays highly competitive global environment, companies have made customer satisfaction an overriding priority. They have also adopted new management approaches, changed their manufacturing systems and invested in new technologies.
Strategic management accounting examines the decision-making linked with the business operations and strategic work of financial administration as support for the same. Strategic management accounting is a theory and practice of accounting that looks at an organization's cost position, cost advantages and product differentiation in order to make market decisions.
The value chain is a systematic approach to examining the development of competitive advantage. The chain consists of a series of activities that create and build value. Value chain analysis refers to a structured method of analyzing the effects of all core activities on cost and/or differentiation of the value chain. With the growing division of labour and the global dispersion of the production of components, systemic competitiveness and so value chain analysis have become increasingly important.
Value chain accounting is the combination of value chain analysis and accounting theory. Value chain accounting is an important part of value chain management and a further development of strategic management accounting. Value chain accounting is a new approach on accounting subject which is combined by the theories of value chain management, supply chain management, accounting management and information technology.
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