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Where are the men? On the surface, it looks like a pretty dumb question. A quick observation in any public place will find that somewhere around fifty percent of the given population is male. Many public figures, politicians, and history-makers are male, and for most of history, the public figures, politicians, and history-makers were only male. Yet today, in modern America, finding a man is much harder than it seems. A shift in our culture has occurred away from men toward women. There are record numbers of women in Congress today (Parker, 2013). Women are now the majority in the American workforce, and sixty-percent of those who attended college now are women (Rosin, 2010). If these statistics are any indicator, it is accurate to say that most women feel things are getting better. So a qualification is necessary: in light of the increasing roles, rights, and benefits for women, where are the men now? At the same time that women are breaking through their traditional gender roles, mens roles and positions are changing as well. The shakeup of American gender roles, while beneficial and necessary in many ways, has also led to a sense of confusion over what to do with the men. Some have noted that in light of all that women can and are doing now, having a Y chromosome just means game over (Beckerman, 2012). This lack of placement, a sense of confusion surrounding what being a man in our society should mean and look like, has resulted in at least two identifiable New Men that culture is splitting the biological males in our society into. These two streams, the masculinity of porn and the masculinity of the mirror, are attempts by men to find a place in a society and culture that isnt giving them one.

ALL DRESSED UP WITH NOWHERE TO GO In many ways, humans are just like other animals given a situation in which

danger is sensed, the fight-or-flight mechanism comes into play. History points out that in the past, power and importance could be determined by external phenotype that translated into certain social responsibilities (Struthers, 2009). The rise of women in the form of feminism has worked to change the culture, originally one in which men had been of primary importance for many years. Eliminating some of the differences in gender, a socio-cultural construction, occurred, opening up opportunities for women in the workplace and in society. However, alongside this positive expansion was an attempt to remove all differences of all kinds between men and women. The result is pragmatic androgyny, a push towards gender neutrality for both sexes. In response to this sexual and sociological upheaval, some men can be identified with the masculinity of porn. The man of porn is the modern mans equivalent to fight, and is the hyperbolic form of traditional gender roles found in history. For these men, dominance is the key character trait of what should make up a man. For a male threatened by the loss of power that was seemingly his for the taking, expressing ownership and dominance in whatever is remaining can be a natural instinct. Robert Jensen writes that domination masculinity can be seen in three cases: force and humiliation, words and argument, and raw insults (Jensen, 2007) Physical confrontations are a primal way to exert dominance over a situation, and some men are willing to express their hyperbolic masculinity in this way. Others choose a more enlightened approach, using arguments over who is right and wrong to establish a winner and loser. And for many men, a casual insult that degrades women or is cutting to their fellow man is a way to relieve the sensation of powerlessness.

ALL DRESSED UP WITH NOWHERE TO GO This elevation of domination is seen in much of pornography, which is why it is the perfect word to describe this new breed of man. Timothy Beneke makes the case

that one of the draws of pornography is its ability to be an occasion for domination. Sex is an inherently open and honest act. The literal nakedness can feel exposing, and the physical act leads to connection and identification with women. Especially for men who are actively fighting this or any movement that looks like androgyny, identification with women and femininity is the opposite of what they want. According to Beneke, Pornography can be seen as a kind of training in the emotion work of achieving arousal and gratification with minimal identification with women (1991, p. 179). In our digital age, there are very few avenues left where human contact is actually necessary. Work can be done from home using email, distant relatives can be Skyped in, and shopping is as easy as a click of a mouse. But human sexuality is a coming together of people in a very physical act. Sex is one of the most literal depictions of unity that exists in nature. Yet pornographic material cuts out any need for human presence to fulfill the desires of men. In many pornographic videos, the cameras focus is centered on the woman participating. The man is often obscured or unseen, giving the impression that it could be anyone in this erotic situation more importantly, it could be you, the viewer. Pornography allows men a chance to gratify their sexual desires without having to think of the other. Rarely if ever is the woman ever asked if shes in pain, enjoying herself, or given input into the experience. She is most often portrayed as an object, a means to ultimate orgasm, and subservient to the mans pleasure. Sex viewed through this perspective is one of the ultimate acts of domination. It is self-seeking and self-empowering, while at the same time devaluing

ALL DRESSED UP WITH NOWHERE TO GO others, especially women. Porn is an expression of rebellion to the rise of women in culture. Tom Wolfes character Hoyt in his novel I Am Charlotte Simmons (2004) is a

perfect example of how dominance plays out according to Jensens three acts. Knocking a secret service agent clean on his back gave Hoyt a feeling of physical dominance. This puffed up his ego and identification as a Dupont man (p. 6), unlike the rest of his peers on campus. Although Vance, the friend who was present for the knockout, warned of the consequences of spreading the story, Hoyt argued with him until he felt a sense of victory in his own mind, justifying the story and lowering his opinion of Vance as one of the lesser males (pp. 114, 115, 122, 123). Insults arent hard to come by; every interaction between Hoyt and Ivy Peters resulted in a cutting remark or a derogatory statement of his uselessness as a part of the Saint Ray fraternity (pp. 9899). One group of men that are attracted to this view of masculinity are the Darwinian Playboys. Kay Hymowitz came up with the phrase while trying to describe males who were coming to terms with the shifting state of gender roles (2011). The men who are a part of a seduction community (p. 153) are in the art of picking up girls by doing the exact opposite of what the feminine characteristics of society would have them do. Instead of being in touch with emotions and connecting with women, these men are encouraged to put on an attitude amused mastery, a persona that says, as one hook-up guru puts it, I dont give a fuck what anyone thinks about me (p. 155). These men are attempting to play the game of evolution with changing roles and

ALL DRESSED UP WITH NOWHERE TO GO dynamics, it takes a lack of care for others and an attitude of survival of the fittest to maintain a position in society. Another way that the man of porn establishes a hyperbolic form of masculinity is by emphasizing biological differences. One major way is by highlighting the biological differences between men and women. Yet it is more than just noticing reproductive parts; the man of porn seeks to objectify those differences in both men

and women. This is different than what Karl Stern would call the polarity of the sexes that the differences in convex-penetrating and concave-receiving (1965, p. 15) provide an opportunity for wholeness or completeness. The dominant man is looking instead to objectify biological differences. Large increases in the number of breast augmentations seem to line up with these desires (Brown, 2012). But they are not limited to just objectifying women men of porn are also obsessed with penis size. The French Academy of Surgery conducted a study in response to increases in penisenlargement surgeries to determine what the average size penis is (Morse, 2011). The average male appendage fluctuates between two-thirds and three-quarters the size of the average porn stars. Not all of the biological differences that are objectified are sexual in nature. The mens fashion guide GQ made it clear that having a beard is what it takes to be a real man (Parsons, 2011). The writer exemplifies the beard as a symbol of anti-feminization, a standard of difference that matters even if two-thirds of women dont prefer beards. Whether in terms of looks in the bedroom or image on the street, these men are aiming to accentuate differences between man and woman to the point of objectification.

ALL DRESSED UP WITH NOWHERE TO GO Part and parcel with the exaggeration of the masculine type is the reinforcement of gender stereotypes in advertising. This is especially true in ad campaigns directed towards men. In 2011, Dr. Pepper came out with a new diet beverage called Dr. Pepper 10. Tag line: Its not for women (Kain, 2011). Its commercial debut featured a Rambo-esque character jumping into a ATV while being shot at with lasers, all the while pouring himself a glass of Dr. Pepper 10. While the TV spot was blatantly stereotypical of males, there wasnt a punch line to clue the audience into a joke, leading one to think the ad didnt have one. Or take the 2007 Snickers Super Bowl Commercial (Snicker Super Bowl Commercial Manly). Two men accidentally kiss when eating from opposite ends of a Snickers bar. To rectify the

tension, one of them suggests, Quick! Do something manly!, resulting in both of them ripping out their chest hair. Funny, quick, and surprising all things a good Super Bowl commercial needs to be. Yet the premise that masculinity consists of repressing awkwardness and proving ones manliness is giving credibility to the ultra-macho man. Companies are starting to up to tap into this new market of hyper-males. MancaveWorldwide.com is a company that says its purpose is to get guys together for home parties called MEATings where they eat meat, drink beer, and experience fun products/games, all in an effort to set up new Mancaves (at a cost) and buy official gear and items. (Mancaveworldwide.com) The products they sell range from shirts displaying the mantra of the man of porn Eat, Drink, and Be Manly all the way to a game called Hammerschlagen, which if bought from the website comes complete with the stump, hammer, nails and mounted handle for easy carrying. Advertisers and marketers are quick to turn this new wave of hyper-masculine males, who are eager to

ALL DRESSED UP WITH NOWHERE TO GO prove themselves manly and gratify their longings, and point them in the direction of the perfect, tailored product.

The masculinity of pornography is a violent approach to combating the changes in cultures view of gender. It has taken dominance, only one characteristic of typical masculinity, and turned it into a war cry. At the same time, these men have also turned against any and all feminine values and traits. While the push towards absolute androgyny of the sexes might be too far, there is vast value to be had in what are typically feminine traits. Intuition and internalization are usually held in contrast to the masculine ideal of analytical and logical (Stern, p. 42). Yet these two traits hold great importance in how life is lived. Analysis allows new perspectives to be had, but intuition allows a person to move with a decision, to feel a part of the process. It would seem that both sides have their place; and since there would seem to be two modes of knowledge, the best attitude is, to refrain from a judgment of value (p. 49). The man of porn does away with the feminine traits that should be valued. Ignoring the values of women and the feminine characteristics that they bring with them may be one of the main causes of the cultural upheaval to begin with. Society as it was, which had been founded on masculine ideas such as position of command and being founded on power (both easily associated with domination), is crumbling. (Ellul, 1981) Some men would believe that somehow reviving this culture of domination and power would set things right again. In their wake is a rise of selfish men addicted to instant gratification, while leaving the other, both women and other men, behind. For all the damage this has caused, little has been gained. In many ways, thats the point of irony with more men devoting their time, energy, and resources to porn and manly

ALL DRESSED UP WITH NOWHERE TO GO products, they become distracted from their displacement in the world. (Betzold, 1990, p. 117). It takes a lot of work to be the manliest man of them all, work that isnt spent furthering society or helping others. However, we have yet to look at the second option of any animals response to

danger. Whereas the man of porn is choosing to fight the shift to androgyny occurring in society by reinforcing and exaggerating typical gender stereotypes, the man of the mirror chooses the flight response. These men have laid down their arms and adapted to the push for femininity evident in culture. In the process, they have learned to repress the masculine, which is labeled lesser by society (Stern, 1965, p. 16). Playing off of Karl Sterns work, this group would most easily be identified with the flight from man. Though these men of the mirror might take different forms, the result is still a removal of some of the worthwhile masculine traits and characteristics. One of the main products of this new stream of masculinity is the metrosexual. The term became popularized in the United States in the early 2000s, and is used to describe a modern, usually single man in touch with himself and his feminine side (Brennan). He gets along with ladies in a flirtatious manner, but his actual sexuality is a little bit harder to pin down compared to the average man. The metrosexual seems to be the perfect combination of what modern culture is looking for in men. They are citydwellers, with a large amount of disposable income, and an attention to the more effeminate natures that a society, which values androgyny, would uphold. Mark Simpson, who first coined the term in 1994, has a bit different outlook on the subject. The metrosexual isnt defined by his actual sexuality gay, straight, or bisexual are really irrelevant. What is important is what he does with his money. To

ALL DRESSED UP WITH NOWHERE TO GO Simpson, Metrosexuals are the creation of capitalisms voracious appetite for new markets (1994). Decades ago, it was convention for men to work and earn their income, while women spent the income. Men didnt buy enough or shop enough for

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companies to figure out how to include them in the capitalistic movement of earn-buyrepeat. But with the social upturning of gender and place, it seems that this elusive group seems to have been identified. The shift has given men the ability to be as vain as they want. Simpson mentions David Beckham, a man who is both a world-class soccer player and a gay icon [Beckham] likes to be admired, he says, and doesnt care whether the admiring is done by women or by men (2002). The modern metrosexual isnt in love with men, and he isnt in love with women either. Rather, the metrosexual is just in love with himself. For advertisers and marketers, this is something to work with (Economist, 2003). What easier premise is there to feed to men who think this way, that buying a product or using a service is the ultimate in self-care and self-love there is? What is perhaps most interesting about this phenomenon is its pervasiveness. Although Simpson points out that the prototype for this new man of the mirror is gay men, the metrosexual style and idea has really gone mainstream among heterosexuals as well. David Beckham is not the exception to the rule of heterosexual men and fashion. Joe Namath was an early adopter of the metrosexual style (nicknamed Broadway Joe) while at the same time being a professional quarterback (Trebay, 2013). A quick glance a recent GQ cover shots feature Robert Downey, Jr., Denzel Washington, Jeremy Lin, and even Bill Freakin Murray (GQ Archive). Long gone are the days when people had to hide their mens fashion magazine (Trebay, 2013).

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Even for the everyday man, aspects of metrosexuality can be easily adopted. It doesnt take shopping on the Magnificent Mile or living in Brooklyn to make a metrosexual lifestyle possible. New Internet start-ups have begun to offer new clothes lines at the click of a button to any men who are interested. Frank & Oak is a clothing club, with a membership experience. Members sign-up for free, and shop from the selection of their brands shirts, pants, and body care products that have been curated by a team in Montreal (Frank & Oak). Abercrombie & Fitch has been one of the most popular staples in fashion for frat stars, but whose advertisements and image are all about the look and style of young men and women in a semi-pornographic light. Critiques that the advertising campaigns are more than just slightly homoerotic seem now to have been quite accurate considering a recent video featuring a man giving another man a kiss in the shower (Rubin, 2012). The objectification that latches on to the man of pornography is just as easily associated with the man of the mirror. However, the objectification is far more about the elevation of the individual relative to others, male or female. The current trend of hipsterdom that has swept cities across America is another permutation of mirror men. With roots tracing back to Jack Kerouac and in what Norman Mailer called a new breed of American existentialists, modern-day hipsters focus on separating themselves from societys norms. (Fletcher, 2009). Unlike the hippies of the 60s, hipsters are far less communal based and try to develop their own alternative self-image. While hipster men (and there are hipster women as well) wouldnt fall into the same category of uncertain sexuality as metrosexuals, the same vanity and self-love that metrosexuals pride themselves in also show up among the

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members of hipster nation. A writer for the New York Times took a weekend to try and delve into the life of Williamsburg, New Yorks hipster epicenter, to see if he had what it takes to be a hipster himself. (Alford, 2013) As it turns out, it wasnt that hard to gain the look; it involves paying money for clothes people dont want anymore and giving yourself a niche skill that wont be used for any tangible purpose. But the attitude of vain independence, of critiquing that which is mainstream, is the real defining characteristic of hipsters. Many jokes and scathing articles have been written about the rise of the hipsters. The viral video Hipster Thanksgiving took a satirical tone to poke fun of this group; but what could be more hipster than critiquing other hipsters (HSTSketchComedy, 2012)? The image-infatuated culture of hipsters is what puts them alongside metrosexuals in the masculinity of the mirror. It is not a nice culture. While buying organic products and growing your own herbs is great, the attitude of self-importance that that runs through the hipster-type is not. But against the backdrop of lost placement in society, men who become hipsters are finding their sense of identity in critiquing others. Its another way of adapting to the paradigm shift in gender. If being a masculine man is being critiqued at large, hipster men can join the cause and critique all forms of mainstream identity. Both metrosexuality and hipsterdom are diversionary tactics for the males who are adapting to this new cultures view of gender. Neither of them are attacking the updates to gender roles or crying out for a return to previous ways of life. These men have fled from the traditional vision of masculinity, instead being attracted to new forms of identity that dont have their foundation in being male. Metrosexuals would

ALL DRESSED UP WITH NOWHERE TO GO never say that they relate to hipsters and the grungy look and feel; hipsters would

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jump at the chance to point out their lifestyle as alternative to that of the metrosexual. Both are more concerned with a look, rather than a lifestyle (Schlossman, 2013). However, both groups are part of the same stream of masculinity of the mirror that is the flight response to the threatening of the former way of gendered life. Yet, there is one thing that both men who identify with the masculinity of porn and men who identify with the masculinity of the mirror have in common. Although their responses to the rise in women who are taking on the traditional masculine characteristics are opposites, both are experiencing the same void of femininity that was left by women. Men of Porn are fighting any movement towards gaining feminine values. Men of the Mirror are taking on vanity and self-love, hardly the society improving values that might have come from taking on more feminine traits. The lack of emotional connection between men and women is now causing new relationships among men to form, commonly known as bromances. A bromance is colloquially defined as a close, platonic relationship with someone of the same sex (Simpson, 2012). It isnt very hard to find examples of such relationships on film George Clooney and Brad Pitt from Oceans Eleven, Sherlock Holmes and Watson, even Harry Potter and Ron Weasley make up some very famous men who are in a bromantic relationship. And although these relationships often are analyzed as much more than just friends (each episode of the BBCs hit series Sherlock includes without fail a quip about Holmes and Watson being gay), the sexual aspect is not what is interesting or important about them. The fact that bromances even exist is proof that men are not getting these kinds of relationships with women.

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Intimacy, openness, closeness, these are all traits that are seemingly more effeminate in comparison to the colder, more analytical approach to relationships that dominate what is considered more masculine. Men are no longer finding women to be approachable in the ways that they once were. Women are now occupying the positions of leadership and power, which were built by and for men originally. Yet the same masculine expectations exist in these positions. Being President, a member of Congress, the CEO of a company, or a leading scientist are not positions known for their empathetic attitudes or intuitive forms of wisdom. Rather, these positions call whoever works them to be more objective, meaning that traditional feminine characteristics are not allowed at the table. As increasing number of women take these positions in society and expressing the values and traits that the jobs require, men no longer seek these women out to fill the emotional and feminine void they experience. If women will no longer fill that role, it is left to men to do so for each other. By no means is it wrong or bad for men to allow feminine traits to be experienced and expressed. However it is something else entirely when men are the ones portraying these values, and only with other men. Proponents of these relationships are not hard to find. Dr. Jim Taylor writes about his personal experience of a bromance for Psychology Today, and highlights the shared activities that allow him and his partner to open up to one another about different areas of their lives (2013). But at the same time, Taylor points out that their wives often joke about their man crush, and not once does he say that these areas of discussion and openness are shared with his wife as well as his bro. And although Taylor is attempting to point out the benefits of having a bromance, there are too many allusions and jokes to actual

ALL DRESSED UP WITH NOWHERE TO GO romantic encounters between the two men that its hard to see them as typical,

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heterosexual men. It seems a bit strange that for those who write advice on how to go on a man date, establishing one anothers heterosexuality early on is a must. (Greif, 2009). Yet with the state of gender and social roles in modern times, men will do what they have to in order to fill the void left by women in the culture shift. The emotional void and the placement of confusion that men are experiencing today also strike a more personal chord in my life. I would say the search for manhood has been a journey started since puberty and am still on today. I have been mostly drawn into a form of masculinity of the mirror for the conflicts and confusions I have faced. During high school, I had a couple guy friends who I went to church with or were neighbors; yet I much more easily got along with girls. I would spend hours a day on AOL Instant Messenger during junior high, talking to girls and the couple guys who were online. I became easily attached to girlfriends that I had throughout high school; a trademark move of mine was to ignore pretty much everything else for the sake of a relationship. I craved the emotional attachment and affirmation that they were giving me. By the middle of high school, I acted much like a metrosexual maybe not in dress or appearance, but in my lack of care for others and zealous attempt to create an image for myself in high school I definitely acted the part. Late in high school and still in college, I am very mindful of what I look like, what Im wearing, and what my image is. Sometimes the vanity is paralyzing its shocking how much I care what side of myself Im giving off with what I wear and look like. At the same time, however, I was also listening to sermons and reading posts and books from Pastor Mark Driscoll. An absolute complementarian, he espouses not

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just different genders but roles and in many ways abilities between men and women. In my confusion of where I stood as a man, I ate up his material. I began to rely on his definition of what a man was, and use the proof-texts he offered as the basis for my thoughts and attitudes. In many ways, this shift in my belief was a huge detriment to one of my relationships I didnt allow for compromise or input from my girlfriend, and felt threatened and worried when we werent on the same page or there was pushback in thought. This is foundationally the same reaction that the men of porn seem to exemplify dominance and power are the ways in which a man can define himself. Neither of these attitudes is helpful or healthy. One relies on self-image to replace true community and fulfillment; the other objectifies a relationship based on power struggles. Yet this year, I have found a safer middle ground that has at least given me a firmer footing in the confusing world of gender and society. I am a man at the very least my biological makeup has already provided differences between women and myself. And as a man, I am also male. I possess a number of masculine traits that are ok to have, and natural to have at that. Yet this doesnt rule out the benefit of possessing some feminine characteristics as well. Much of the language that the Bible uses about Christians and the Church are movements toward the feminine. Most of the fruit of the Spirit found in Galatians 5, such as patience, kindness, and gentleness, lean toward the feminine side. The most masculine trait in the list is self-control, which would imply that control of masculine impulses is a Christ-like thing to do. It is men and women, masculinity and femininity, when they are joined together under the

ALL DRESSED UP WITH NOWHERE TO GO headship of Christ and the motherhood of the Church, that gender roles find their truest and most beneficial expression.

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A look at the state of men today seems to be one of decline at best, and dismal at worst. Hanna Rosins article in The Atlantic seems to have spelled the end of men for our society as women are taking the reigns (Rosin, 2010). And although the rise of women never was completely intentional about ending manhood, it seems to have done just that. The men of porn and the men of the mirror arent really men at all. An attitude of dominance and violence doesnt make one a man. Neither does allowing androgyny to take hold and getting distracted by what outfit to wear make someone a man. There isnt any going back to the way things were, because they arent a better time or the glory days by any means. But there is a third way. It isnt a fight or flight response to change, but rather a valuing of differences between men and women, while also mutually edifying each other to be fully male and fully female together. So where are the men now? At the moment, they are found in streams of fake masculinity that are leading nowhere fast. But maybe, just maybe, its possible that the disappearance of men will be noticed sooner rather than later, and that men and women both will find room to fit at the table.

ALL DRESSED UP WITH NOWHERE TO GO Reference List Alford, H. (2013, May 1). How I became a hipster. Retrieved from

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http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/02/fashion/williamsburg.html?pagewante d=1&_r=0&smid=fb-nytimes Beckerman, M. (2012, July 13). Outliving our usefulness. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/07/12/are-modern-menmanly-enough/men-have-outlived-our-usefulness Beneke, T. (1991). Intrusive images and subjectified bodies: Notes on visual heterosexual porn. In Kimmel, M. S., (ed.), Men confront pornography. (pp. 169187). New York, NY: Penguin Group. Brennan, J. Accessed on May 5, 2013. Are you a metrosexual? Askmen.com. Retrieved from http://www.askmen.com/daily/austin_100/102b_fashion_style.html Brown, D. (2012, January 14). Swimming in breast implants [Infographic]. Retrieved from http://www.drdonaldbrown.com/breast-implant-statistics/ Ellul, J. (Spring-Summer, 1981). Women in the future: A summary statement from Jacques Ellul. Alternative Futures: The Journal of Utopian Societies. V. 4/2-3. Fletcher, D. (2009, July 29). Brief history: Hipsters. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1913220,00.html Frank & Oak. Retrieved from http://www.frankandoak.com/about/media Greif, G. (2009, February 15). The man date: Whats a man date and how do you handle it? PsychologyToday.com. Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/collections/201302/the-best-bromanceever/the-man-date

ALL DRESSED UP WITH NOWHERE TO GO GQ Cover Photo Archive. Accessed May 7, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.gq.com/magazine/toc/200709/gq-covers-portfolio-50-years Harvard Sailing Team - Hipster Thanksgiving. [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1hLREgL194

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Hymowitz, K. S. (2011). Manning up: How the rise of women has turned men into boys. New York, NY: Basic Books. Jensen, R. (2007, October 22). The quagmire of masculinity. Counterpunch.com. Retrieved from http://www.counterpunch.org/2007/10/22/the-quagmire-ofmasculinity Kain, E. (2011, October 18). Dr. Peppers bizarre new not for women ad campaign. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2011/10/18/dr-peppers-bizarre-newnot-for-women-ad-campaign Morse, F. (2011, October 25). French study looks into average penis size. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/10/25/french-study-looks-intoa_n_1029962.html Parker, A. (2013, January 3). Day of records and firsts as 113th Congress opens. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/04/us/first-day-of-113th-congress-bringsmore-women-to-capitol.html?_r=0 Parsons, T. (2011, May 12). Real men take it on the chin. GQ. Retrieved from http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/comment/articles/2011-05/17/gq-commenttony-parsons-column-beards-men-facial-hair

ALL DRESSED UP WITH NOWHERE TO GO Rosin, H. (2010, June 8). The end of men. The Atlantic. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-end-ofmen/308135

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Rubin, J. (2012, March 28). Abercrombie & fitch ad features half-naked dudes kissing in the shower. Retrieved from http://www.styleite.com/media/abercrombiefitch-shower-kiss/ Schlossman, L. (2012, July 13). Manly is a lifestyle, not a look. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/07/12/are-modern-menmanly-enough/manly-is-a-lifestyle-not-a-look Simpson, M. (1994, November 15). Here come the mirror men. Retrieved from http://www.marksimpson.com/here-come-the-mirror-men Simpson, M. (2002, July 22). Meet the metrosexual. Retrieved from http://www.marksimpson.com/meet-the-metrosexual Simpson, M. (2012, February 24). The new bromanticism. Retrieved from http://www.marksimpson.com/blog/2012/02/24/the-new-bromanticism Snickers Super Bowl Commercial Manly. [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oooij6sQYgI Stern, K. (1965). The flight from woman. St. Paul, MN: Paragon House Publishers Struthers, W. M. (2009). Wired for intimacy: How pornography hijacks the male brain. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. Taylor, J. (2011, June 13). Personal growth: The joy of bromance. PsychologyToday.com. Retrieved from

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http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-power-prime/201106/personalgrowth-the-joys-bromance Trebay, G. (2013, February 27). The rise of the well-dressed man. Retrieved from http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/27/the-rise-of-the-welldressed-man/?smid=tw-share Unidentified author. (2003, July 5). Real men get waxed: A new male market emerges. The Economist. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/1900122 Wolfe, T. (2004). I am Charlotte Simmons. New York, NY: Picadour.