St114379 Ms.

Oulavanh Sinsamphanh SERD, CCSD 26 September 2 12, 9am ED72:30 Energy environment and climate change issues and strategies Assignment 1
1. !in" #ut $arb#n "i#%i"e emissi#n #& '#ur $#untr'. ("enti&' the s#ur$es an" the se$t#rs. Dis$uss h#) the tren" has been s# &ar, an" h#) is it e%pe$te" t# be in the &uture, an" )h'* a. +hat in '#ur #pini#n nee"s t# be "#ne t# re"u$e the emissi#n ,ints- visit ./!CCC )ebsite, an" l##0 in 1,1 "ata an" "ata s#ur$es 2ns)er1. Find out carbon dioxide emission in ao !D" and identi#y the sources and the sectors: 1.1 $limate change situation in ao !D": 3a# 4DR )as $#mplete" $#untr' &irst 5reenh#use 5as 61,17 invent#r' as part #& the (nitial /ati#nal C#mmuni$ati#n t# the ./!CCC in 2 &#r 4 #ut #& 6 areas i"enti&ie" in the (4CC 1reenh#use 1as (nvent#r' 1ui"eline namel' a5ri$ulture, ener5', lan" use $han5e an" &#restr' 63.C!7 an" )aste. 8he invent#r' "i" n#t $#ver a$tivities #& the in"ustrial se$t#r, be$ause the se$t#r )as assesse" as havin5 ma"e #nl' ne5li5ible $#ntributi#n t# the emissi#ns in the base 'ear. 8he 199 level invent#r' $#n$lu"e" that 3a# 4DR )as a net sin0 #& $arb#n "i#%i"e 6CO27 )ith the net CO2 annual rem#val #& 121,641 15 6121.6 milli#n t#ns7 $#mpare" t# 24.19 milli#n t#ns #& CO 2 e:uivalent 6tCO2;e7 emitte" in all #ver the $#untr'. 8he lan" use $han5e an" &#restr' 63.C!7 )as the lar5est emitter #& CO2 $#ntributin5 s#me 17 milli#n tCO2;e 672<7 mainl' &r#m the #nsite burnin5 #& &#rests &#r slash an" burn $ultivati#n 6See !i5ure 1 bel#)7 Table 1: Greenhouse Gas Inventories (1990) $%2 Ener5' 25ri$ulture 3.3.C! +aste 8#tal Remark: 414.9 16,629.67 17, 43.=7 $&' 22.7 271.27 29.= 11.43 334.9 (2% .12 .2 .32 $%2)e* 929.9 =,696.67 17,31 .17 24 . 3 24,17=.67

i) Unit = 1,000 tons; ii)CO2-eq = CO2 equivalent; iii) Conversion Factor, 1 ton of C ! = 21 tons of CO2-eq; 1 ton of "2O = #10 tons of CO2-eq

1.2 $arbon dioxide emission situation o# time 1,,0:

ao !D" in the +revious

Re5ar"in5 t# the le$ture m#"ule2, Carb#n "i#%i"e CO2 is the ma>#r 5reen h#use 5as release" t# the atm#sphere as a result #& human a$tivities. CO2 $ame &r#m several se$t#rs su$h as- in"ustrial, ener5' suppl' in &#ssil &uels $#ntributi#n, "#mesti$ uses an" s#$ieties als# the in$rease" #& shi&tin5 $ultivati#n, slash an" burn, &#rest $leare" &#r a5ri$ulture. (n a""iti#n t# this ( )#ul" li0e t# i"enti&' the s#ur$es #& the CO2 in spe$i&i$ se$t#rs as &#ll#)in5 the &e) available "ata an" :uite #l" in&#rmati#n in 3a# 4DR. 8here is n#t available "ata #& CO2 emissi#ns &r#m the spe$i&i$ in"ustrial, "ue t# 3a# 4DR la$0 #& $apa$it' an" res#ur$es t# 5enerate" in&#rmati#n #n emissi#ns &a$t#rs in spe$i&i$. 8here are available "ata #& CO2 emissi#ns relate" t# Ener5' se$t#r as &#ssil &uels an" tra"iti#nal bi#mass $#mbusti#n )hi$h use" in the resi"ential, in"ustr', an" transp#rt an" $#ntributes #& "i&&erent &uels t# t#tal ener5' se$t#r emissi#ns in 199 . $ontribution o# di##erent #uelsto-ard total $%2 emissions./0
6 = 4 3 2 1 C#ntributi#n #& "i&&erent &uels t#)ar" t#tal CO2 emissi#n 6< 7

C#al

1as#line 1as? Diesel

@et #ther Aer#sene= Aer#sene

Figure2: Contribution of different fuels toward total CO2 e issions! "#FCCC 2000 2$$#r"in5 t# the 2DB pr#>e$t #n re"u$in5 $arb#n emissi#ns &r#m transp#rtati#n in 2sia, /#)a"a's number #& transp#rtati#n are &astest 5r#)in5 man#r $#ntributi#n t# 5l#bal $limate $han5e a$$#untin5 &#r 23< #& ener5' relate" $arb#n "i#%i"e emissi#n. Man' e%perts &#resees a three t# &ive &#l" in$rease in CO2 emissi#ns &r#m transp#rtati#n in 2sia $#untries b' 2 3 $#mpare )ith emissi#ns in 2 i& n# $han5es are ma"e t# investment strate5ies an" p#li$ies &#r e%ample in

3a# 4DR in 199 the m#st CO2 emissi#ns are &r#m ener5' se$t#r as )ell as &r#m transp#rtati#n, an" itCs in$reasin5 ever' 'ear. 1able1: $%2 emissions #rom #ossil #uel combustion 1,,0 Fuel 1y+e 1as#line Other 0er#sene @et 0er#sense 1as?"iesel #il C#al $onsum+tion .120 2313.6 2= .=6 267.1 2936.1 43.13 $%2 emissions.3g $%20 1=9.73 17.93 19.91 21=.29 4.1=

$our%es: First #ational Co

uni%ation on Cli ate Change! "#FCCC! O%t 2000

!uel )##" an" $har$#al are the t)# main s#ur$es #& tra"iti#nal bi#mass &uels. 8hese &uels are n#t #nl' pr#"u$e CO2 but itCs als# pr#"u$e methane C,4, /O2, an" /OD emissi#ns ,#)ever, in the table ( )#ul" li0e t# i"enti&' an" sh#) #nl' the CO2 emissi#ns. 1able2: $%2 #rom combustion o# traditional biomass #uels Fuel ty+e $onsum+tion.4t dm0 $%2 emissions.3g $%0 !uel )##" 244 142.66 Char$#al pr#"u$ti#n 1 .36 Char$#al 41 4.49 $#nsumpti#n
$our%es: First #ational Co uni%ation on Cli ate Change! "#FCCC! O%t 2000

1.3 $arbon dioxide and green house gas emissions situation in ao in 2005: 2$$#r"in5 t# the ./!CCC, 1,1 "ata s#ur$es there are n#t up"ate an" available "ata &r#m 3a# 4DR sin$e 199 . ,#)ever, ( $an a$$ess t# the +#rl" Ban0 "ata #n CO2 emissi#ns rep#rt. 8he' )ere rep#rt that CO2 in 3a# 4DR at 1=32.91 0t in 2 9, Carb#n "i#%i"e emissi#ns are th#se stemmin5 &r#m the burnin5 #& &#ssil &uels an" the manu&a$ture #& $ement. 8he' in$lu"e $arb#n "i#%i"e pr#"u$e" "urin5 $#nsumpti#n #& s#li", li:ui", an" 5as &uels an" 5as &larin5.

Figure1: Carbon e issions in &ao '() in 200*! $our%e: +orld ,an- (ata 2. Discuss ho- 6s trend has been so #ar and ex+ectation to be in the #uture 8he e%pe$te" t# be in the &uture #& CO2 i& $#mpare in 1992 annual emissi#sn )ere estimate 9=.3 milli#n tCO2e "e$linin5 t# 6 .6 milli#n tCO2e b' 2 1 . 4re"i$ti#n &r#m 2 1 t# 2 2 the avera5e annual emissi#n is estimate" at =1.1 milli#n tCO2e. Be$ause 3a#sC 5#vernment )as establishe" nati#nal implementati#n strate5ies an" m#nit#rin5 plan #n REDDE pr#>e$t 6Re"u$e Emissi#n De&#restati#n in Devel#pin5 $#unties7 in #r"er t# minimiFe the value #& CO2 emissi#ns b' several se$t#rs, an" #ptimiFe the CO2 emissi#ns an" pursin5 Carb#n mar0et #pp#rtunities in $lean Me$hanism Deman" 6CDM7 t# brin5 s#$ial an" e$#n#mi$ bene&its an" t# miti5ate an" rem#val the 1,1 emissi#ns &r#m relevant se$t#rs. Currentl', CO2 emissi#ns ren"s are similar t# the past su$h as- $learan$e &#r a5ri$ulture in lar5e 6$#mmer$ial7 an" small s$ale 6&armer7, shi&tin5 $ultivati#n, transp#rtin5 b' ille5al l#55in5, an" Minin5 in"ustrial, but ,'"r#p#)er pr#>e$t is a ne) se$t#r &#r CO2 emissi#ns e&&e$t in 3a# 4DR an" b#th Minin5 an" h'"r#p#)er a$tivities are ver' imp#rtant &#r nati#nal "evel#pment an" 5enerate lar5e revenues &#r 5#vernment. 8here&#re, the #pti#n )ill be $are&ul appraisal #& Envir#nmental (mpa$t 2ssessment 6E(27, be$ause the bi#mass &r#m $learan$e t# reserv#ir an" h'"r#p#)er areas are ver' hu5e an" it is re:uire" as part #& the envir#nmental mana5ement plan t# minimiFe emissi#ns #& CO2 an" Methane, 7n my o+inion the -ay to reduce carbon dioxide emission in ao !D"8 !#r in"ustrial se$t#r- "evel#p me$hanism b' usin5 hi5h :ualit' #& te$hn#l#5', t# save $#st, ener5', natural res#ur$es, an" re"u$in5 the 1,1 emissi#ns in the pr#$esse"

 8ransp#rt se$t#r- in$rease publi$ transp#rtG t# re"u$e number #& pers#nal an" #l" $ar an" re"u$e the am#unt #& #il &uels imp#rt &r#m #thers $#untries. !#r a5ri$ulturalo !in" #ut a 5##" te$hni:ues #n pa""' ri$e an" plantati#ns, an" re"u$e number #& shi&tin5 $ultivati#n areas, b' raise envir#nmental a)areness t# l#$al $#mmunities an" en$#ura5e them t# un"erstan" the p#sitive an" ne5ative impa$ts #& their a$tivities t# envir#nmental res#ur$es, o 4r#vi"e trainin5 an" pra$ti$es them t# "# an#ther >#b instea" #& $ultivati#n "urin5 "r' #r &l##" seas#ns. o (nte5rate &#rest mana5ement in the "estr#' areas (mplement /ati#nal strate5ies plan #n REDDE an" permit CDM t# sta0eh#l"er in ea$h pr#>e$t t# pr#"u$e CDM Create CO2 nati#nal stan"ar", p#li$' an" strate5' t# implementati#n

"e#erences: 1. +#rl" Ban0 Data s#ur$ehttp-??"ata.)#rl"ban0.#r5?in"i$at#r?E/.28M.CO2E.4C?$#untries?32;4E;D/* "ispla'H5raph 2. ./!CCC,1,1, "ata s#ur$es, 3a# 4DR 199 . 3. !irst /ati#nal C#mmuni$ati#n, ./!CCC 4. (4CC- http-??))).ip$$.$h?publi$ati#nsIan"I"ata?ar4?)53?en?$h1s1;3.html =. (nstitute &#r internati#nal inte5rati#n stu"ies, 6(((S "is$ussi#n paper7, Club C#nver5en$e in Carb#n Di#%i"e Emissi#ns 6. http-??e"5ar.>r$.e$.eur#pa.e"u?in"e%.php 7. 3a# 4RD $#untr' presentati#n #n REDDE pr#>e$t pr#p#sal