Chap 1 B W

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1
2013/02/05
ELX 311 Chapter 1
Magnetic Circuits and Materials
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

2
Copyright reserved for ELX 311 students of the University of Pretoria only
2013/02/05
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

Primary way by which energy is converted from one form to another in Generators, Motors and Transformers Four basic principles of how magnetic fields are used 1. Current in a wire causes a magnetic field. 2. Transformer action (Time changing magnetic field through a coil induces a voltage in the coil) 3. Motor action (Current carrying wire in a magnetic field has a force induced on it) 4. Generator action (Moving wire in a magnetic field has a voltage induced in it)
3
1.1 Intro to Magnetic Circuits (2)
2013/02/05
How a coil creates a magnetic field
DEFINITIONS H: Magnetic Field Intensity. A measure of the effort that a current is putting into the establishment of a magnetic field. [At/m] = Ampereturns / meter
: Magnetic Permeability of material. The relative ease of establishing

a magnetic field in a given material. [H/m] = Henry / meter B: Magnetic Flux Density. Measure of the number of flux lines per unit area. [Wb/m2] = Weber / square meter or [T] = Tesla
2013/02/05
Amperes Law

Amperes Law
The magnetomotive force (mmf )in ampere-turns around any closed path is equal to the net current in amperes enclosed by the path.
Value of H is the component of H tangent to ds.
Hx
Hx
Hx
8
2013/02/05
Magnetic circuit
Valid Assumptions:
All the current remains within the conductor All Magnetic Flux () remain within the high permeability
magnetic core, i.e. negligible leakage flux
The cross sectional area Ac is perpendicular to the flux lines

9
Magnetic circuit
because path length of any flux line is close to the mean core length lc Since = Ni Hclc = Ni = F

Or
10
2013/02/05
Permeability and Flux

= 0r where: 0: Permeability of free space ( air) 0 = 4 10-7 H/m r: Relative permeability of the specific material
r range from 2000 80000
: Flux in Weber [Wb] = BA
A = perpendicular cross sectional area through which flux lines are cutting
11
Magnetic Circuit with air gap
12
2013/02/05
Magnetic Circuit with air gap F:

Magnetomotive Force (MMF) in [At]
= Ni
R:
Reluctance in [At/Wb]
: Flux in [Wb]
13
Electrical Circuit vs Magnetic Circuit
= Ni
14
2013/02/05
1.1 Intro to Magnetic Circuits (11b)
Polarity of the MMF
15
Magnetic Circuits
Magnetic Circuit Calculations are always an approximation because of: 1. Leakage flux 2. Assumption of a mean path length 3. Nonlinearity of since = f() (See Sec. 1.3) 4. Fringing (Ignored in this book)
16
2013/02/05
Example 1-1
17
Example 1-1
18
2013/02/05
Do: Example 1.2 our way Practice Problems 1.1 and 1.2
19
1.2 FLUX LINKAGE, INDUCTANCE AND ENERGY

20
10
2013/02/05
1.2 Flux linkage, inductance and energy (1)
Faradays Law

21
Flux Linkage Flux that links the coils

Problem with Faradays equation It assumes that the same amount of flux is present in each turn of the coil. NOT the case due to flux leakage.

where
22
[Wbt]
11
2013/02/05
Inductance
If {(r = constant) or (Rg >> Rc )} then Relation between and i = linear Inductance:
23
Inductance
Inductance is measure in Henrys (H) or weber-turns per ampere Look at proportionality of Inductance for the case (Rg >> Rc )} :
24
12
2013/02/05
Example 1.3
Given: Find: N-turns, current = i, r =, g1 , A1, g2 , A2. a) L b) B1
25
Example 1.4
Given: Find: Based on ex. 1.1, r = 72300 2900 Inductance for two r values.
26
13
2013/02/05
Inductance (Self and Mutual)
Resultant Core Flux:

27
Inductance (Self and Mutual)

Flux linkage in coil 1 due to i1 and i2 respectively:
Self Inductance
Mutual Inductance
28
14
2013/02/05
Energy
For static magnetic circuit
Power [W= J/s]: W [J]:

29
Energy
15
2013/02/05
1.3 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS

31
1.3 Properties of Magnetic Materials (1)
Importance of Magnetic Materials

Magnetic Material are important in the context of electromechanical energy conversion devices: 1. Large B with low F - high B means high energy density. Like choosing between different types of conductors, certain conductors conduct better than other. 2. MM constrain and direct magnetic fields in well-defined paths Transformers: maximise coupling and lower excitation current. Rotating Machines: shape the fields to obtain desired torque-production and electrical terminal characteristics.
16
2013/02/05
Magnetic Domains
Iron (Fe = Ferrous) and alloys of iron with other metals (cobalt, tungsten, nickel, aluminium) Magnetic Domains:
http://mujiholic-technoholic.blogspot.com/2008/01/doyou-know-magnet-works.html
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html
Hysteresis and the B-H Curve
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/hyst.html
17
2013/02/05
Hysteresis and the B-H Curve
B-H loops for M-5 grain-oriented electrical steel 0.012 in thick. Only the top 35 halves of the loops are shown here. (Armco Inc.) Figure 1.9
DC or Normal Magnetization Curve
http://info.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Workshop/advice/coils/BHCkt/index.html 36
18
2013/02/05
B-H loops for M-5 grain-oriented electrical steel 0.012 in thick. Only the top 37 halves of the loops are shown here. (Armco Inc.) Figure 1.9
Dc magnetization curve for M-5 grain-oriented electrical steel 0.012 in thick. (Armco Inc.)
Figure 1.10 38
19
2013/02/05
Practice Problem 1.6
1.6 T
39
1.4 AC EXCITATION
40
20
2013/02/05
1.4 AC Excitation (1)
Induced Voltage
41
Induced Flux and Voltage How??
http://skelectricals1997.hpage.co.in/ac_alternator_-_basic_1802439.html 42
21
2013/02/05
Excitation Current i
B = /A and H = Ni/l, Hence B-H curve can be replace by a -I curve
43
Magnetisation Current
From: Electric Machinery Fundamentals, SJ Chapman, 4ed

44
22
2013/02/05
Excitation rms VAs

AC excitation characteristic of core materials
VAs required to excite a core:
Core Volume
Excitation rms Vas pu mass:
45
Excitation rms VAs

AC excitation characteristic of core materials
Normalised rms excitation VAs a material property, ie independent of shape and size Depends only on Bmax because Hrms = function of Bmax based on BH curve at a specific frequency.
23
2013/02/05
Excitation rms required for a magnetic material per unit weight

Exciting rms voltamperes per kilogram at 60 Hz for M-5 grain-oriented electrical steel 0.012 in thick. (Armco Inc.)
Figure 1.12
Excitation Current Components

The excitation current supplies: a. the mmf required to produce the core flux (magnetization current) and b. the power input associated with the energy in the magnetic field in the core.
POWER Active Core (Heat) Losses Eddy Currents Hysteresis Reactive Magnetization
iex = icore_loss + imagnetization
24
2013/02/05
Eddy Current Losses
Peddy = k B2max f2
Hysteresis Losses
25
2013/02/05
Pcore = Peddy + Physteresis

Core loss depend on: Metallurgy of the material, ie type of material Flux density Frequency
Core loss at 60 Hz in watts per kilogram for M-5 grain-oriented electrical steel 0.012 in thick. (Armco Inc.)
Figure 1.14
Grain-Oriented (Silicon) Steel
Nonoriented Steel
52
Oriented Steel
26
2013/02/05
Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel
53
Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel
54
www.learnabout-electronics.org
27
2013/02/05
Example 1.8
1 in = 2.54 cm Mean flux path length lc
55
1.5 PERMANENT MAGNETS
56
28
2013/02/05
1.5 Permanent Magnets (1)
Residual flux density Br and coercivity Hc
Residual flux density Br and coercivity Hc
(a) Second quadrant of hysteresis loop for Alnico 5; (b) second quadrant of hysteresis loop for M-5 electrical steel; (c) hysteresis loop for M-5 electrical steel expanded for small B. (Armco Inc.)
Figure 1.16
29
2013/02/05
Example 1.9
0.3 0.25
Coercivity Hc
Coercivity Hc is a measure of: the magnitude of the mmf required to demagnetize the material The capability of the material to produce flus in a magnetic circuit which includes an air gap (ex 1.9)
30
2013/02/05
Maximum Energy Product

Useful measure of the capability of a PM material. Corresponds to the largest B-H product, which in turn corresponds to a point on the second quadrant of the hysteresis loop. This point results in the smallest volume of that material required to produce a given flux density in an air gap.

[Joule] [m3] [J/m3]
Choosing a material with the largest available maximum energy product can result in the smallest required magnet volume.
62
31
2013/02/05

Objective: Find an equation that will give me the volume of the magnetic material required to produce a specific magnetic flux density inside a given sized airgap.
From Example 1.9:
63

Objective: Find an equation that will give me the volume of the magnetic material required to produce a specific magnetic flux density inside a given sized airgap.
1. Minimize Vm by operating the magnet at point of maximum energy product, ie the load line must go through (HmBm)max 2. The larger (HmBm), the smaller the required magnet to produce the required Bg.
64
32
2013/02/05
Example 1.10
Find: The Vg,min for Bg = 0.8 T
Step 1: Graphically estimate the point of maximum energy product on the BH curve.
Pt1: H = -30, B 1.1 HB = -33 kJ/m3 Pt2: H -40, B 1.0 HB = -40 kJ/m3 Pt3: H -45, B 0.8 HB = -36 kJ/m3
Example 1.10
Find: The Vg,min for Bg = 0.8 T
Step 2: From Eq 1.57 calculate Am:
= AmBm = AgBg so Am = AgBg/ Bm = 2cm20.8/1

Step 3: From Eq 1.58 calculate lm:
= 1.6cm2
Step 4: Hence the minimum magnet volume required is:
F = 0 = Hmlm + Hglg so lm = -Hglg/ Hm = -Bglg/0Hm = -0.80.2cm/(410-7 -40 103) = 3.18 cm

66
Vm = lm Am = 3.18 x 1.6 = 5.09 cm3
33

Chap 1 B W

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chap 1 B W

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

ELX 311 Chapter 1

Magnetic Circuits and Materials

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

1.1 Intro to Magnetic Circuits (2)

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

How a coil creates a magnetic field

1.1 Intro to Magnetic Circuits (3)

: Magnetic Permeability of material. The relative ease of establishing

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

1.1 Intro to Magnetic Circuits (4)

1.1 Intro to Magnetic Circuits (5)

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

1.1 Intro to Magnetic Circuits (6)

The cross sectional area Ac is perpendicular to the flux lines

1.1 Intro to Magnetic Circuits (7)

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

1.1 Intro to Magnetic Circuits (8)

Permeability and Flux

: Flux in Weber [Wb] = BA

1.1 Intro to Magnetic Circuits (9)

Magnetic Circuit with air gap

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

1.1 Intro to Magnetic Circuits (10)

Magnetic Circuit with air gap F:

1.1 Intro to Magnetic Circuits (11)

Electrical Circuit vs Magnetic Circuit

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

1.1 Intro to Magnetic Circuits (11b)

Polarity of the MMF

1.1 Intro to Magnetic Circuits (8)

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

1.2 FLUX LINKAGE, INDUCTANCE AND ENERGY

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

1.2 Flux linkage, inductance and energy (1)

1.2 Flux linkage, inductance and energy (2)

Flux Linkage Flux that links the coils

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

1.2 Flux linkage, inductance and energy (3)

1.2 Flux linkage, inductance and energy (4)

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

1.2 Flux linkage, inductance and energy (5)

1.2 Flux linkage, inductance and energy (6)

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

1.2 Flux linkage, inductance and energy (7)

Inductance (Self and Mutual)

Resultant Core Flux:

1.2 Flux linkage, inductance and energy (8)

Inductance (Self and Mutual)

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

1.2 Flux linkage, inductance and energy (9)

For static magnetic circuit

Power [W= J/s]: W [J]:

1.2 Flux linkage, inductance and energy (10)

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1

1.3 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS

1.3 Properties of Magnetic Materials (1)

Importance of Magnetic Materials

Electrical Machines ELX 311 Chapter 1