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Magdeburg, 18.10.2011
Materials
Fondamentals of Power System Economics D. S. Kischen G. Strbac
Agenda
Why Competitions? Actors in the Market Models of Competitions: Monopoly Purchasing agency Wholesale competition Retail competition Fundamentals of Markets Modeling the consumers Modeling the producers Market equilibrium Pareto efficiency
Why competition?
Vertically Integrated System The consumer had not choise from whom to purchase electricity The distribution utilities had to purchase electricity from transmission and generation who had a monopoly over a wide area The distribution utilities was responsable only for ity sale and distribution in a loca area
Why competition?
until late 70s Monopoly Private companies:
- Remove the incentive to operate efficiently and encouraged unnecessary investments - Cost of mistakes are passed on to the consumers
lower Prices
independent (IPP)
power
producers
independent operators
transmission
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Distribution Companies
They own and operate the distributed networks. Generally the have the monopoly of selling of electricity to all the consumers connected in their network. In deregulated environmental the selling of electricity is decoupled from the operation, maintenance and development of distributed network.
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Retailers
Retailers compete with discos in selling electricity to the consumers. Sometimes they are a subsidiary of the local distribution company. They buy electricity to the wholesale market and sell it to the consumers who do not wish/are not allowed to participate to the wholesale market All the consumers and retailers do not have been connected to the network of the same distribution network The challenge for retailers is that they have to buy energy at a variable price on the wholesale market and sell it at a fixed price at the retail level. A retailer will typically lose money during periods of high prices because the price it has to pay for energy is higher than the price at which it resells this energy. On the other hand, during periods of low prices it makes a profit because its selling price is higher than its purchase price
Retailers
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Market Operator
Generally a Market Operator runs a computer system that matches the bids and offers that buyer and sellers have been submitted. He takes care of the settlement of the accepted bids and offers. It means that he forwards the payment from the buyer to the seller following delivery of the energy. Markets that closes some time ahead of the real time are generally run by independent forprofit market operator
Market Operator
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Regulator
The regulator is a governmental body responsible for ensuring the fair and efficient operation of the electricity sector. It determines or approves the rules of electricity markets and investigates suspected cases of abuse of power market. In monopoly markets it sets the price for the product and services
Regulator
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Small consumers
Small consumers
They buy electricity from the retailer and lease the connection to the power system from their local distribution network company. Generally they do not participate to the market.
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Large Consumers
Large consumers
Differently form the small consumers, large consumers often take an active role in the electricity market buying electricity directly through the market. Some of them may offer the ability to control their load as a resource that the ISO can use to control the system. The large consumers are sometime directly connected to the transmission systems
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Models of competition
Monopoly:
Models of competition
Purchasing agency model: Independent power producer (IPP) sell
electricity to an purchasing agency
Model
The integrated utility no longer own all the generation capacity IPP are connected to the network and sell their output to the utility that acts as a purchasing agency (a) Discos purchase their consume from the wholesale purchasing agency. The rates set by the purchasing agency must to be regulated because it has monopoly power over the discos This model introduces some advantages between generators
Power system economics
Models of competition
Wholesale competition: no central organisation is responsible
for the provision of energy
Discos purchase energy from generating units Transaction take place in a wholesale market Large consumers able to directly buy from the Genco wholesale market and transmission system remain centralized Retail price remain regulated because each disco do not only operate its distribution network but also purchase energy on behalf of the consumers Consumers cannot chose a competing supplier This model creates competition on generation side but not on distribution side since consumers cannot choose their supplier
Models of competition
Retail competition:
all consumer can choose their supplier
Disco: Grid activities seperates from retail activities No local monopoly for supply Retail price is not regulated Prices are set by thourgh market interactions Operation and provision of networks remain monopoly cost are still charged to all users
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Fundamentals of Markets
Evalution of markets Location were people gather to barter goods Virtual environments, electronically trade
A Market is a place where buyers and sellers meet to see if deals can be made
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The net consumers surplus represents the extra value that you get from being able buying apple at the same price, even through the value you attach them is higher than the market price
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Aggregation of demand characteristics of: Large number of consumers Different individual buying behavior of apples For a given consumption level, it measures how much money the consumers would be willing to pay to have a small additional amount of the good considered. Turning this around, it also tells how much money these same consumers would want to receive in compensation for a reduced consumption The marginal value the consumer attach to the commodity
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The gross surplus is represented graphically by the area below the inverse demand function up to the quantity that the consumers purchase at the current market price. The net surplus corresponds to the area between the inverse demand function and the horizontal line at the market price. Power system economics
If the price is 1 then the consumption level is q1 the net surplus is the area A+B+C. If the price increases to 2 the consumption level decreases to q2 and the net surolus decreases too (area A). The marginal benet that consumers get from this commodity is equal to the price that they have to pay to obtain it 28
Elasticity
The demand for a commodity is said to be elastic if a given percentage change in price produces a larger percentage change in demand. On the other hand, if the relative change in demand is smaller than the relative change in price, the demand is said to be inelastic
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Supply function
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The producers revenue is equal to the product of the traded quantity q1 and the market price 1.
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The producers net surplus or producers prot arises from the fact that all the goods (except for the marginal production) are traded at a price that is higher than their opportunity cost.
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The producers net surplus or producers prot arises from the fact that all the goods (except for the marginal production) are traded at a price that is higher than their opportunity cost.
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Market equilibrium
Assumption of competitive market
Each supplier or consumer cannot affect the price by its actions. The market participants take the price as given. In a competitive market, it is the combined action of all the consumers on one side and of all the suppliers on the other side that determines the price. The equilibrium price or market clearing price is such that the quantity that the suppliers are willing to provide is equal to the quantity that the consumers wish to obtain.
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Market equilibrium
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Market equilibrium
Suppose the market price is 1 < *, where the demand is greater than the supply. Some suppliers will inevitably realize that there are some unsatised customers to whom they could sell their goods at more than the going price. The traded quantity will increase and so will the price until the equilibrium conditions are reached. Similarly, if the market price is 2 > *, the supply exceeds the demand and some suppliers are left with goods for which they cannot nd buyers. To avoid being caught in this situation, they will reduce their production until the amount that producers are willing to sell is equal to the amount that consumers are willing to buy.
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Pareto Efficiency
When a system is completely under the control of a single organization, this organization normally attempts to optimize some measure of the benet it derives from the system. On the other hand, when a system depends on the interactions of various organizations with diverging interests, conventional optimization is not applicable and must be replaced by Pareto efciency. An economic situation is Pareto efcient if the benet derived by any of the parties can be increased only by reducing the benet enjoyed by one of the other parties.
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