Vongphit 1 Noah Vongphit Mrs. Murphree AP Biology 4th 19 February 2014 Physiology of the Circulatory System 1.

Blood pressure differs between standing and reclining because of gravity. When standing up the heart has to work harder to pump blood up from the legs to the heart than when in a reclining position. The body is able to keep blood flowing through the body in any position by making the heart pump the blood harder. When laying down, blood is not needed to be forced around the body as hard because gravity helps distribute evenly, but when standing up, gravity pulls the blood down and the heart needs to pump harder to push the blood back up against gravity 2. Hypertension may lead to damage to the arteries, heart, and brain. In the arteries it can damage the inner cells and cause it to stiffen up, when fats move through these arteries they could get stuck and cause blockage of blood cells through that artery. This can lead to a heart attack or stroke. 3. Athletes hearts are more efficient at utilizing oxygen in the cells. So the heart can pump more blood than an unfit person. Since athletes already have good efficiency, they have to work harder. 4. Yes, because the chemicals in smoking can hurt the blood cells in the body. Also the chemicals can cause the cells in the arteries to harden and create plaque that can block the blood flow through the arteries. This is called atherosclerosis.

Vongphit 2 5. Since the fetus gets nutrients from its mother; the mother can give the fetus the dangerous chemicals from smoking. The chemicals can get into the bloodstream which then goes to the baby. The chemicals can cause problems for the baby because the baby is getting harmful substances. This can lead to disorders and sometimes death before the baby is born.

Data Blood Pressure Data Sheet Blood Pressure Situation Reclining Blood Pressure Standing Blood Pressure

Systolic 118 mm Hg 122 mm Hg

Diastolic 71 mm Hg 73 mm Hg

Pulse Rate Situation Standing Reclining Baroreceptor Pulse Rate 76 74 78

Vongphit 3

Endurance
140 120 124 113

Beats per minute

100 80 80 60 40 20 0 0-15 16-30 31-60 61-90 91-120 72 80

Time after exersice (seconds)

Series 1

Fitness Data Sheet Measurement Test 1. Change in systolic pressure from reclining to standing Test 2. Standing pulse rate Test 3. Reclining pulse rate Test 4. Baroreceptor reflex pulse rate increase on standing Test 5. Return of pulse rate to standing after exercise Pulse rate increase immediately after exercise Total score 16 Beats / min -1 Seconds 3 Beats / min Beats / min Beats / min 3 2 3 Mm Hg Points 3

Relative Cardiac Fitness: Good

Vongphit 4 Daphnia Heart Rate 1. Daphnia are ectotherms. Their common name is the water flea. 2. Daphnia are Ectotherms. 3. Q10 is the relationship between temperature and metabolic rate. 4. The heart rate in the daphnia would increase as the temperature increased. Eventually though, if the heat temperature becomes too extreme the daphnia will die. 5. Because they cannot thermoregulate. As the temperature increases so does the metabolic rate. The higher rate of metabolism the faster the heart will beat. But as the temperature gets too high the enzymes produce break down and give the organism less energy and eventually it dies. 6. Due to thermoregulation in endothermic organisms the temperature outside will not affect the organism internally much. It will try to retain homeostasis. For example as the temperature increases the body of and endothermic organism will try to cool itself down and the other way around; if the temperature decreases the body will try to warm itself back up to normal again. Unlike the ectoderm the metabolic rate will not fluctuate as much to retain homeostasis. 7. By moving into the shade and ectotherm can cool down itself. It can also change its color, like a darker color outside in order to absorb more heat. Also decreasing or increasing its surface area that is exposed to the environment can help regulate its temperature. By decreasing the surface area it can keep cooler because it wont absorb as much heat. By increasing the surface area it is able to absorb more heat making it warmer. Also it can regulate by its amount of food it intakes. If the organism were to eat more it would increase its metabolism increasing it body temperature when it is cold outside.