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* THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE *

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Forma: vb. "to have" + vb. conj

(present) (past tense)

Utilizare:
O actiune prioritar� �n momentul vorbirii poate fi exprimat� at�t
cu Past Tense c�t si cu Present Perfect.Dar spre diferent� de
Past Tense , Present Perfect face leg�tura cu presentul.Deci
c�nd avem Past Tense actiunea este terminat� �n trecut.
Asadar Present Perfect este folosit �n urmm�toarele cazuri:
1.C�nd nu suntem interesati de timpul c�nd actiunea trecut� a
avut loc, ci numai de rezultatul din prezent:

I have visited an interesting museum.

(I still remember the things seen there)

2.C�nd actiunea trecut� continu� �n prezent si probabil va

continua si �n viitor:

Many pupils have learnt in this school .

3.Pentru a exprima activit�ti complete �n trecutul apropiat.In acest caz

se folosesc adverbele just,recently, latterly :

The train has just left.

Nu trebuie confundat� folosirea adverbului "just" cu cea a aceluiasi

adverb c�nd are �ntelesul de aproape deoarece �n acest caz el poate
ap�rea cu alte timpuri:

Mike just wanted to help us.

4.Impreun� cu anumite cuvinte care definesc o perioad� neexact� de timp:

today, this week, all day, all night, this morning:

Last week we wrote three letters, but this week we have

written only one.

Aceste cuvinte pot ap�rea si cu Past Tense dac� exprim� o perioad�

complet� de timp:

I have seen a good film this morning.(We are before 12

o'clock at noon)
I saw a good film this morning.(We are in the afternoon
or in the evening)

5.C�nd ne referim la o perioad� de timp care se prelungeste �n prezent:

How long have you been ill ?(You are still ill)

Dar c�nd se refer� la o perioad� trecut� de timp, trebuie folosit

Past Tense sau Past Perfect:

How long did you stay in London last year ?

6.Cu adverbe de timp nedefinite:ever, never, often, seldom, always:

We have never visited New York.

Dar c�nd "ever" serefer� la o periad� de timp din trecut sau din
viitor atunci poate ap�rea �n alte timpuri:

Did you ever meet his sister ?

C�nd "always" se refer� la o anumit� perioad� din trecut, trebuie

folosit Past Tense:

She always loved him.(as long as he lived)

"Ever " poate avea �ntelesul si de vreodat� si atunci trebuie folosit

Past Tense:

Nobody ever helped David Copperfield when he worked in London.

7.Impreun� cu adverbele "already" si "yet" .Am�ndou� pot ap�rea �n

propozitii interogative dar cu �ntelesuri diferite."Already" indic�
c� suntem surprinsi de faptul c� actiunea s-a terminat,pe c�nd "yet"
indic� faptul c� �ntrebarea trebuie pus� indiferent de rezultatul ei:

Tom usually gets up at seven o'clock in the morning.

a)It is 7 o'clock.Mother gets into Tom's bedroom and
asks:
Have you got up yet ?

b)It is 6.30 in the morning.Mother sees that that the light

is on in Tom's bedroom.She open the door and asks him:
Have you got up already?

"Already"poate ap�rea �n propozitii afirmative:

The student has already translated the lesson.

In propozitii negative "yet" are �ntelesul de nu �nc�:

Albert has not learnt the poem yet.

8.Impreun� cu since si for :

"Since" denot� �nceputul unei perioade de timp care se extinde p�n�
�n prezent:

They have not seen Alice since 1989.

"For" se refer� la o period� de timp care se continu� �n prezent.Are

�ntelesul de at�ta..timp:

These boys have been here for half an hour.

C�nd "for" se refer� la o perioad� de timp trecut�, verbul trebuie pus la

Past Tense:

My uncle lived in London for five years and then he moved

to Paris.
9.Pentru actiuni trecute ale c�ror timp nu este specificat:

Has Peter had lunch ?

10.In ziare pentru a introduce o actiune care va fi descris� �n Past Tense:

A terrible accident has happened ;a car ran into a

group of children and killed three of them.

11.Pentru a exprima o actiune viitoare �ntr-o temporal� prioritar� fat�

de alta.Este �nsotit �n context cu "after","when","as soon as":

I shall ring you up as soon as mother has come back.

12.In conditionale:

Little Paul will come here at once if Grannie has made

a cake.

13.Pentru a descrie o actiune trecut� care are consecinte �n prezent:

Jane has not eaten anything and so she is hungry now.