DAMAGE CAUSE BY STRONG WIND & WIND LOADS STANDARD FOR BUILDING STRUCTURE IN MALAYSIA

Reported by Noram Irwan Ramli GCOE Short-Term Fellowship Program noram@ump.edu.my mrnoram@gmail.com Mohamad Idris Ali GCOE Short-Term Internship Program idrisali@ump.edu.my

Global Centre of Excellent Wind Engineering Research Centre Tokyo Polytechnic University 1583,Iiyama, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan 243-0297

PART 1: WIND RELATED DISASTER IN MALAYSIA This paper refers to the past of history of Wind Related Disaster in Malaysia. The paper highlights the activity and damage due to wind related disaster. Introduction Malaysia is the 43rd most populated country and the 66th largest country by total land area in the world, with a population of about 28 million and a land area of over 320,000 km2 respectively. It is comparable in population to Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, and is roughly similar in size to Norway and Vietnam. The two distinct parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the South China Sea, share a largely similar landscape in that both West and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to often densely forested hills and mountains. The local climate is equatorial and characterized by the annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons. The characteristic features of the climate of Malaysia are uniform temperature, high humidity and copious rainfall. Winds are generally light. Situated in the equatorial area, it is extremely rare to have a full day with completely clear sky even during periods of severe drought. On the other hand, it is also rare to have a stretch of a few days with completely no sunshine except during the northeast monsoon seasons. Wind Speed (Source: The Malaysian Meteorological Department) As Malaysia is mainly a maritime country, the effect of land and sea breezes on the general wind flow pattern are very marked especially during days with clear skies. On bright sunny afternoons, sea breezes of 10 to 15 knots very often develop and reach up to several 10 of kilometers inland. On clear nights, the reverse process takes place and land breezes of weaker strength can also develop over the coastal areas. Though the wind over the country is generally light and variable, there are, however, some uniform periodic changes in the wind flow patterns. Based on these changes, four seasons can be distinguished, namely, the southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon and two shorter periods of inter-monsoon seasons. The southwest monsoon season is usually established in the latter half of May or early June and ends in September. The prevailing wind flow is generally southwesterly and light, below 15 knots. The northeast monsoon season usually commences in early November and ends in March. During this season, steady easterly or northeasterly winds of 10 to 20 knots prevail. The east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia where the wind may reach 30 knots or more during periods of strong surges of cold air from the north (cold surges).
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It is worth mentioning that during the months of April to November, when typhoons frequently develop over the west Pacific and move westwards across the Philippines, southwesterly winds over the northwest coast of Sabah and Sarawak region may strengthen to reach 20 knots or more. Rainfall (Source: The Malaysian Meteorological Department ) The seasonal wind flow patterns coupled with the local topographic features determine the rainfall distribution patterns over the country. During the northeast monsoon season, the open areas like the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Western Sarawak and the northeast coast of Sabah experience heavy rain spells Instead, inland areas or areas which are sheltered by mountain ranges are relatively not affected from rainfall from the monsoon. However, recently it is been noticed the remote area and inland area are also affected due to heavy rainfall from monsoon to some extent caused flood for inland area especially near the river and low topographic area. The seasonal variation of rainfall in Peninsular Malaysia is of three main types: (a) Over the east coast states, November, December and January are the months with maximum rainfall, while June and July are the driest months in most districts. (b) Over the rest of the Peninsula with the exception of the southwest coastal area, the monthly rainfall pattern shows two periods of maximum rainfall separated by two periods of minimum rainfall. The primary maximum generally occurs in October November while the secondary maximum generally occurs in April - May. Over the northwestern region, the primary minimum occurs in January - February with the secondary minimum in June - July while elsewhere the primary minimum occurs in June - July with the secondary minimum in February. (c) The rainfall pattern over the southwest coastal area is much affected by early morning " Sumatras" from May to August with the result that the double maxima and minima pattern is no longer distinguishable. October and November are the months with maximum rainfalls and February the month with the minimum rainfall. The March - April - May maximum and the June -July minimum rainfalls are absent or indistinct.

Summary of climate of Malaysia Temperature Highest temperature recorded Lowest temperature recorded Lowest temperature variation in a day Greatest temperature variation in a day 40.1 C Recorded at Chuping, Perlis on 9 April 1998. Recorded at Cameron Highlands at altitude 1471.6m above Mean Sea Level on 1st. February 1978. Recorded at Cameron Highlands, Pahang on 16 November 1998. Recorded at Kuala Krai, Kelantan on 20 April 1998.

7.8 C

1.1 C 15.7 C

Precipitation Highest rainfall in an hour Highest rainfall in a day Highest rainfall in a year Lowest rainfall in a year Highest average annual rainfall Lowest average annual rainfall Highest average number of rain day per year 159.4 mm 608 mm 5,687 mm 1,151 mm 4,128 mm 1,746 mm 247 days Recorded at Sandakan, Sabah on 27 October 2006. Recorded at Kota Bharu, Kelantan on 6 January 1967. Recorded at Sandakan, Sabah in 2006. Recorded at Tawau, Sabah on 1997. Recorded at Kuching, Sarawak. Recorded at Chuping, Perlis. Recorded at Kuching, Sarawak

Wind Speed Highest mean daily wind speed Highest maximum wind speed 3.1 m/s 41.7m/s Recorded at Mersing, Johor. Recorded at Kuching, Sarawak on 15 September 1992.

Lightning Highest mean annual no. of days with thunderstorm Highest no. of days with thunderstorm in a year 212 days 269 days Recorded at Subang. Recorded at Subang in 1969.

Thunderstorm Highest mean annual no. of days with thunderstorm Highest no. of days with thunderstorm in a year 212 days 269 days Recorded at Subang. Recorded at Subang in 1969.

The analysis was based on records of 36 principal meteorological stations till year 2006. All data are taken from Malaysian Meteorological Department

Damage assessment caused by each kind of disasters: Table 1 below showed damage assessment caused by each kind of disaster in Malaysia (Source: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database) Table 1 : Summarized Table of Natural Disasters in Malaysia from 1900 to 2010
# of Events Drought Earthquake (seismic activity) Epidemic Drought ave. per event Tsunami ave. per event Unspecified ave. per event Bacterial Infectious Diseases ave. per event Viral Infectious Diseases ave. per event Unspecified ave. per event Flash flood ave. per event General flood ave. per event Landslide ave. per event Landslide ave. per event Unspecified ave. per event Local storm ave. per event Tropical cyclone ave. per event Forest fire ave. per event 1 Killed 80 80 30 15 19 4.8 491 70.1 141 14.1 36 5.1 134 7.4 72 72 80 26.7 22 5.5 2 2 272 136 Total Affected 5000 5000 5063 5063 2620 1310 662 165.5 28765 4109.3 736276 73627.6 157600 22514.3 338182 18787.9 285 95 51500 12875 155 155 6291 3145.5 3000 750 Damage (000 US$) 500000 500000 75100 7510 23000 3285.7 978000 54333.3 53000 26500 302000 75500

1 2

4 7 10 7 18 1 3 4 1 2 4

Flood

Mass movement dry Mass movement wet Storm

Wildfire

Table 2 : Top 10 Natural Disasters in Malaysia sorted by numbers of people killed, affected and Damage
Disaster Storm Epidemic Epidemic Earthquake (seismic activity) Mass movement dry Flood Epidemic Flood Mass movement wet Epidemic Date 26-Dec-1996 1991 Sep-1998 26-Dec-2004 11-Dec-1993 26-Dec-1970 Jul-2007 Jan-1967 30-Aug-1996 Jan-1997 No Killed 270 263 105 80 72 61 56 50 50 50

Disaster Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood Storm Flood Flood Flood

Date 3-Dec-1965 26-Dec-1970 Jan-1967 11-Jan-2007 19-Dec-2006 12-Nov-1988 6-Nov-2004 23-Nov-2005 7-Dec-2007 28-Nov-1986

No Total Affected 300,000 243,000 140,000 137,533 100,000 60,000 40,000 30,000 29,000 25,000

Disaster Flood Earthquake (seismic activity) Flood Wildfire Storm Flood Flood Flood Flood Flood

Date 11-Jan-2007 26-Dec-2004 7-Dec-2007 21-Aug-1997 26-Dec-1996 26-Dec-1970 Jan-1967 19-Dec-2006 28-Nov-1986 10-Dec-2004

Damage (000 US$) 605,000 500,000 363,000 300,000 52,000 37,000 25,600 22,000 11,500 10,000

Figure 1 : Sheet Roof Damage Due to Thunderstorm Event

Figure 2: Broken Canopy Due to Storm

Figure 3: Broken Tree Branch Due to Storm

Figure 4: Black Cloud - Mature Stage of Thunderstorm before dissipating

Figure 5: Dissipating during Thunderstorm

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Figure 6: Cross Wind Indicator device to Vehicles

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PART II: WIND LOAD STANDARD FOR BUILDING IN MALAYSIA Due to some historical reasons so there was many Foreign Standards used for Construction works in Malaysia. The most favorably code is CP 3 and BS 6399:2. The others code that also use are AS/NZS 1170.2 and ASCE. In Malaysia, the current Wind Loading used for Building design is a part of Malaysian Standard, named MS 1553:2002 Wind Load for building Structure. This code is originated in 1998 when first Working Group on Wind Loading for Building Structure is set up and supervised by Technical committee on Structure Loading. The technical Committee on Structure loading which is supervised the development of this standard was managed by Construction Industry Development Board in its capacity as an authorized Standard Writing. During the development of the code, reference was made to AS/NZS 1170.2. Recently there are still many studies carry out to improve and update the code from time to time especially to improve the coefficient factor base on local climate. Scope This Malaysian Standard sets outs the procedures for determining wind speeds and resulting wind action to be used in the structural design for structures subjected to wind action other than those caused by tornadoes and typhoons. The standards covers structures within the following criteria.: a) building less than 200 m high b) structures with roof spans less than 100 m and c) Structures other than off-shores structures, bridges and transmission towers. Design Wind Pressure according to MS1553:2002 Basic wind speed for 30 cities in Malaysia has been provided in MS 1553:2002 as listed in Table 3. For other cities in Peninsular Malaysia the value of Vs can be obtained from the zone map for peninsular Malaysia as shown in Figure 7. Unfortunately there is no map for East Malaysia due to lack of meteorological stations in these states nevertheless the study is still carry out to determine the basic wind speed.

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Figure 7: Map of Malaysian Basic Wind Speed

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Table 3: Basic Wind Speeds for Major Cities in Malaysia MS 1553:2002 for Various Return Period (MS1553:2002)
Station
Chuping Alor Setar Bayan Lepas Butterworth Ipoh Sitiawan Batu Embun Cameron Highlands Subang Petaling Jaya Melaka Kluang Senai Mersing Muadzam Shah Temerloh Kuantan Kuala Terengganu Kota Bahru Kuala Krai Kota Kinabalu Kudat Tawau Sandakan Labuan Kuching Miri Sri Aman Sibu Bintulu

20 years return period (m/s)

23.8 27.2 25.6 24.6 30.6 23.3 25.3 25.2 29.2 28.8 26.7 29.6 26.9 29.5 22.6 25.1 27.5 25.5 30 27.2 28.3 27.1 24.6 23.4 26 29.5 26.9 27.6 27 23.9

50 years return period (m/s)

25.6 29.9 27.5 26.4 33.5 25.3 27.5 26.8 32.1 31.4 29.4 32.6 29.1 32 24.4 27.4 29.8 27.2 32.4 29.5 30.5 29.1 26.6 25.8 27.7 32.6 29 30.3 29.3 25.6

100 years return period (m/s)

27 31.8 28.9 27.7 35.7 26.7 28.9 28 34.3 33.4 31.3 34.9 30.7 33.8 25.8 29.1 31.6 28.5 34.2 31.3 32.2 30.6 28.1 27.7 29 34.9 30.5 32.4 31 26.9

Note: - The basic wind speed is the 3-second gust speed estimated to be exceeded on the average once in a year at 10 meter heights. It should be assumed that wind may be from any horizontal direction

In MS 1553;2002 Vsite, is defined as basic wind speed Vs is multiplied by factors which are given in equation below: Vsite = Vs (Md)(M z,cat)(Ms)(Mh)

where Md is direction multiplier, Mz,cat is terrain height multiplier, Ms is shielding multiplier and Mh is hill shape multiplier

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The building design winds speed, Vdes shall be taken as the maximum site wind speed, Vsit multiplied by the importance factor which is given in Table 4. Important factor I depends on the type of building structure usage. Table 2 illustrates the category of structures that have been incorporated in MS 1553:2002. Table 2: Building Importance Factor I (MS 1553:2002) Nature Of Occupancy Buildings and structures that represent low hazard to human life in the event of failure such as agricultural facilities, temporary facilities and minor storage facilities. All building and structure except those listed in category I, II, III and IV Buildings and structures where the primary occupancy is one in which more than 300 people congregate in one area Essential buildings and structures Hospital and medical facilities Fire and police stations, Defense Shelter Structures and equipment in civil defense Communication centers and other emergency utilities Category of Structure I I 0.87

II III

1.0 1.15

IV

1.15

In MS 1553:2002 The design wind pressures shall be determined for the structures and parts of the structures using the following equation. Ps = 0.5airVdes2CfigCdyn This equation gives pressure in unit Pascal. The design wind pressure is govern by the aerodynamic shape factor Cfig and the dynamic response factor, Cdyn. Cfig can be determine as aerodynamic shape factor as given in Section MS 1553:2002 and Cdyn is defined as dynamic response factor which is shall be taken as 1.0 unless the structure is sensitive wind as defined in Section 6 MS 1553:2002

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Conclusion Wind engineering is not sound noted in construction industry in Malaysia. Most of the building damage caused by strong wind mainly almost concentrated to small building or small structures, which almost non engineered building. However, recently there are several damage occurred to building structure which is not been design accordingly. Further study work should be carried out to gather more information for better understanding of wind condition in Malaysia. Reference 1. Malaysian Meteorological Department, website: http://www.met.gov.my 2. Malaysian Standard (2002) Code of Practice on Wind Loading For Building Structure MS 1553:2002, Departments of Standards Malaysia 3. EM-DAT: the OFDA/CRED International Disasters Data Base, website: http://www.em-dat.net 4. Noram I. Ramli (2005) Msc Dissertation: Determination and Validation of Terrain Height Multiplier for Type 3: Suburban Area for MS 1553:2002

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