UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE

Human Eyes Ray Tracing and M de!ing a""r ac#

A "r $ec% su&mi%%ed in "ar%ia! sa%is'ac%i n ' %#e re(uiremen%s ' r %#e degree ' Mas%er ' Science In C m"u%er Science )y U!ises Amaya Augus% *++,

-r $ec% C mmi%%ee. Dr/ Vic% r 0 rdan1 C#air"ers n Dr/ Eam nn 2e g#

C "yrig#% &y U!ises Amaya *++,

T#e "r $ec% ' U!ises Amaya is a""r 3ed.

C mmi%%ee C#air"ers n

Uni3ersi%y ' Ca!i' rnia1 Ri3erside

Human Eyes Ray Tracing and Modeling Approach

U!ises Amaya Mas%er4s "r $ec% Ad3is r. Dr/ Vic% r 0 rdan Uni3ersi%y ' Ca!i' rnia1 Ri3erside C m"u%er Science and Engineering De"ar%men% uamaya5a%6cs/ucr/edu

ABSTRACT In this project a ray tracer is constructed with the flexibility to specify multilayered objects with properties such as transparency, absorption, shininess, reflectivity and refractivity among others that create an approximate model of a human eye. The iris is modeled using a number of probability and randomness functions to specify the colour and intensity at every point.

1. Introduction Ray %racing is a c m"u%er gra"#ics g! &a! i!!umina%i n rendering me%# d/ I% %races %#e rays ' !ig#% &ac78ards/ A ray is s# % 'r m a se!ec%ed 3ie8" in% %#r ug# a *D grid r image "!ane and in% a 3ir%ua! 8 r!d and 'ina!!y &ac7 % %#e !ig#% s urce/ In%ersec%i ns 8i%# %#e &$ec%s are c m"u%ed and %#e "i9e! is c ! ured acc rding % a num&er ' 'ac% rs s"eci'ied &y %#e &$ec%s1 %#e !ig#%s and %#e "%ica! "#ysics !a8s/ T#r ug# 3ari us ma%#ema%ica! m de!s 8#ic# are s# 8n in %#is d cumen% 8e are a&!e % c ns%ruc% %#e iris &y s"eci'ying %#e R:) 3a!ue a% e3ery " in% in %#e c rres" nding "i9e!/ T#e ray %racing gi3es us %#e in%ersec%i n1 %#en 8e ge% %#e i!!umina%i n "r "er%ies ' %#e ma%eria! and %#e ma%#ema%ica! m de! gi3es us %#e R:) 3a!ue/ ;e a!s use c n%r !!ed rand mness % m de! an a""r 9ima%i n ' 8#a% #a""ens in %#e &i ! gica! m de! ' %#e eye/

. Bac!ground Ray %racing #as &een ar und ' r a 8#i!e n 8/ T#ere #as &een muc# researc# in %#is C: %ec#ni(ue/ T#is %ec#ni(ue is an a""r ac# n # 8 8e see in %#e rea! 8 r!d/ Lig#% is genera%ed 'r m many s urces1 and %ra3e!s %#r ug# many mediums/ I% may & unce ar und mu!%i"!e &$ec%s as i% ge%s a&s r&ed and sca%%ered/ )y a&s r&ed 8e mean %#a% %#e !ig#% as a ' rm ' energy is "ar%ia!!y %rans' rmed % an %#er ' rm/ )u% in ray %racing 8#a% 8e care a& u% is %#e ac%ua! !ig#% %#a% ge%s % %#us 8e ! se s me !ig#%/ ur eyes/ S in %#is case 8e say %#a% i% is a&s r&ed and

In ray %racing a ray is s# % 'r m a se!ec%ed 3ie8" in% r camera %#r ug# a *D image "!ane and in% a 3ir%ua! 8 r!d/ T#e ray is %raced as i% %ra3e!s and in%ersec%s %#e &$ec%s in %#is 8 r!d/ T#e c! ses% in%ersec%i n is s% red and sec ndary rays are s"a8ned 'r m %#e in%ersec%i n " in%/ T#ese sec ndary rays may &e re'!ec%ed rays r re'rac%ed rays in %#e case %#a% %#e sur'ace is %rans"aren% r %rans!ucen%/ An %#er %y"e ' rays named s#ad 8 rays is a!s used/ T#ese rays %es% 8ea%#er %#e !ig#% s urces <sees4 %#e in%ersec%i n " in% direc%!y r n %/ T#is is a!s used ' r s"ecu!ar !ig#% ca!cu!a%i ns/ S s"a8n m re rays as %#ey in%ersec% %#er &$ec%s and s %racer/ ;e are using %#e 8e!! 7n 8n -# ng i!!umina%i n m de! 8#ic# assumes c ns%an% in%ensi%y %#r ug# u% %#e scene/ T#e c ! ur and a""earance ' %#e in%ersec%ed " in% is gi3en &y %#e in%ensi%y a% %#is " in% as 8e!! as %#e c n%ri&u%i n 'r m %#e am&ien%1 s"ecu!ar and di''use !ig#%s/ T#is m de! is gi3en &y %#e e(ua%i n '. I9 = A9 2a D9 > A%% L9 ? 2d D9 @N A LB > 2s S9 @R A VBn C ' r e3ery in%ersec%i n 8e s"a8n a num&er ' rays 8#ic# %#en &ec me "rimary rays %#emse!3es and n ma7ing %#is a recursi3e ray

;#ere Ix is %#e resu!%ing c ! ur1 A, D, S, are %#e c rres" nding c n%ri&u%i ns 'r m am&ien%1 di''use and s"ecu!ar !ig#%s/ R1 L and V are %#e re'!ec%i n1 !ig#% and 3ie8 3ec% rs c rres" nding!y and N is %#e n rma! % %#e in%ersec%ed " in%/ N %ice %#a% %#e m de! #as &een e9%ended % inc r" ra%e a%%enua%i n as 8e!!/ ;e 8i!! %a!7 m re a& u% %#is during %#e descri"%i n ' %#e m de!/

". E#tended Algorithm T#e &asic a!g ri%#m %#a% 8e use is ray %racing/ T#e rays are %raced u" % a Drd !e3e! ' de"%#/ T#is !e3e! 8as c# sen ar&i%rari!y1 a de"%# ' , 8as a!s %es%ed 8i%# n 3isi&!e resu!%s/ I% is % c nsidera&!y % n %ice %#a% in ray %racing1 in%ersec%i ns and de"%# !e3e! c n%ri&u%e %#e %ime c m"!e9i%y/ T#is a!g ri%#m 8as e9%ended &y inc!uding

a%%enua%i n and a&s r"%i n/ A%%enua%i n simu!a%es %#e sca%%ering ' !ig#% as i% %ra3e!s %#r ug# %#e en3ir nmen%/ A&s r"%i n is %#e am un% ' !ig#% &eing <! s%4 as i% g es %#r ug# a medium inside an &$ec%/ T#e !a%%er is %#e ne %#a% c n%ri&u%es m re % %#e ! 7 ' %#e eye/ T#e 'irs% is

inc!uded s %#a% %#e sys%em is m re c m"!e%e in case %#a% %#e anima% r 8an%s % inc!ude &$ec%s a% 3ery di''eren% de"%# dis%ances/ A%%enua%i n is &asica!!y EFdis%ance*/ A&s r"%i n is m de!ed using )eer4s La8. Lig#% u% = !ig#% in G e@e G c G dB 8#ere e inside %#e "aren%#esis is %#e am un% %#a% %#e medium a&s r&s1 c is %#e densi%y ' %#e medium and d is %#e dis%ance %#a% %#e !ig#% #as %ra3e!ed/ C ns%ruc%i3e S !id :e me%ry @CS:B is a!s inc r" ra%ed in %#e sys%em/ Using CS: 8e are a&!e % c ns%ruc% eac# "ar% ' %#e eye se"ara%e!y/ T#is is d ne s %#a% 8e can s"eci'y ' r eac# "ar% a di''eren% inde9 ' re'rac%i n @IORB1 as 8e!! as c e''icien%s ' r %#e am un% ' re'rac%i n1 re'!ec%i n1 a%%enua%i n1 a&s r"%i n1 c ! ur and s#ininess/ T#is a!! 8s

us % crea%e a 3ir%ua! eye 8#ic# is simi!ar % %#e &i ! gica! eye/ Figure E i!!us%ra%es a cr ss sec%i n ' %#e eye s %#a% %#e reader &ec mes 'ami!iar 8i%# i%/

Fig/ E A cr ss sec%i n ' %#e #uman eye

$. Construction o% the Eye ;e &egin &y using CS: % c ns%ruc% %#e sc!era 8i%# %8 !ayers/ T#e % " !ayer a!! 8s !ig#% % g %#r ug# a &i% m re %#an %#e ! 8er ne/ ) %# #a3e %#e same IOR and same 8#i%e c ! ur/ T#en 8e c n%inue % c ns%ruc% %#e c rnea/ Again i% #as %8 !ayers and & %# are m s%!y %rans"aren%/ T#e u%er !ayer #as %#e IOR ' %#e c rnea ' und in %#e !i%era%ure1 8#ic# is ' E/DH/ T#e sec nd !ayer ac%s as %#e in%er'ace &e%8een %#e c rnea and %#e iris/ In %#e rea! eye %#ere is a sma!! am un% ' a(u us #um r 8#ic# #as a di''eren% IOR and s %#e sec nd !ayer #as %#e IOR ' %#e a(u us #um r 8#ic# is ' E/DD/ F !! 8ing is %#e c ns%ruc%i n ' %#e re%ina 8#ic# is m de!ed 3ery simi!ar % %#e sc!era/

T#e main di''erence is %#a% %#e a&s r"%i n is #ig#er and %#e c ! ur is red since is i% %#e ne main!y made u% ' &! d 3esse!s/ ;e n 8 arri3e a% %#e !ens/ T#e !ens is %#e %#er

main "ar% ' %#e eye %#a% is res" nsi&!e ' r re'rac%ing %#e !ig#% a'%er %#e c rnea/ I% 8as m de!ed as c! se % %#e rea! ne as " ssi&!e/ T#e !i%era%ure s# 8s #uman !ens as s!ig#%!y n n symme%ric/ T#e crea%ed !ens #as IOR ' E/I and is a!m s% 'u!!y %rans"aren%/ T#e !ens again #as %8 !ayers 8#ic# ma7e i% " ssi&!e % c#ange %#e IOR 'r m %#e !ens % %#e a(u us #um r/ Here 8e s# 8 a 'e8 images i!!us%ra%ing %#e di''eren% "ar%s ' %#e 3ir%ua! eye using CS:/

Fig */ Sc!era1 Iris and !ens crea%ed using CS:/ T#e sc!era is %#e 8#i%e "ar% ' %#e eye 8#ic# is # !! 8 and 8i!! # s% %#e iris and !ens/ T#e iris &ase is a %runca%ed c ne 8i%# a # !e in %#e midd!e and %#e !ens is s!ig#%!y n nJsymme%ric #a3ing ne side &igger %#an %#e %#er/

$.1 Iris T#e iris is %#e m s% in%eres%ing and c m"!ica%ed "ar% ' %#e eye/ ;i%# i%s

c m"!ica%ed "a%%erns 8#ic# are uni(ue % e3ery indi3idua! and %#e c ! urs %#a% em&e!!is# %#ese "a%%erns1 8e #a3e #ad a % ug# %ime 'inding %#e rig#% ma%#ema%ica! 'unc%i ns %#a% 8 u!d a!! 8 us % m de! %#e iris/ T#e iris &ase is a c neJs#a"ed disc s# 8n in 'igure E/ T#e c ! urs are gi3en % i% de"ending n %#e " si%i n ' %#e "i9e!/ )asica!!y ' r e3ery "i9e! 8e c m"u%e1 %#r ug# a series ' 'unc%i ns %#a% 8e 8i!! descri&e n 81 i%s 7ing a% 3ari us rea! c rres" nding c ! ur/ Firs% %#ere are a 'e8 %#ings % n %ice/ )y !

e9am"!es 8e can &ser3e %#a% c! se % %#e cen%er ' %#e eye %#ere is a ring ' s#ar"er r s!ig#%!y di''eren% c ! ur %#an %#e res% ' %#e iris/ A!s 1 %#a% %#e "a%%erns %end % &e radia! ra%#er %#an %angen%ia! and 'ina!!y %#a% %#ere is a dar7er ring in %#e c n% ur ' %#e iris as i% merges in% %#e sc!era/

Fig/ D A "ic%ure ' a rea! iris1 n %ice %#a% c! se % %#e "u"i! %#ere is an area 8#ic# #as a di''eren% c ! ur/

T#e a""r ac# 8e %a7e is % ge% %#e "i9e!s in a %angen%ia! 8ay1 %#is means %#a% 8e ge% a!! %#e "i9e!s %#a% !ie in cer%ain ang!e and c m"u%e %#eir c ! ur/ T#e c ! ur is c m"u%ed acc rding % a c m&ina%i n ' 'unc%i ns/ T#e 'irs% %#a% 8e 8i!! descri&e is an e9" nen%ia! "r &a&i!is%ic 'unc%i n/ T#is 'unc%i n gr 8s ra"id!y and a!! 8s us % dar7en

%#e u%er edge ' %#e iris 8#ic# c rres" nds % %#e !as% *+K ' i%/ Using :aussian 8#i%e n ise 8e are a&!e % ma7e %#is dar7er ring ! 7 m re &i ! gica! as "" sed % n!y a ring &y i%se!'/ T#e c ! urs used are &!ue and green1 red is main%ained a% + &u% &y 3arying %#e red 8e can &%ain c ! urs suc# as ' r &r 8n eyes/ T#is 'unc%i n is descri&ed &y %#e ' !! 8ing e(ua%i n/ - = @EJ-B G @EJ e@I G @ JE G 7BBB > ;#ere - is %#e "r &a&i!i%y1 I and 7 are ini%ia! "arame%ers/ T#e ne9% %8 'unc%i ns are %#e nes %#a% gi3e c ! ur % %#e res% ' %#e iris/ C ! ur E = J A@C G % C G 9B A@JC > C G 9B A@C G 9B A@JC > C G 9B ;#ere A is %#e arctangent1 C is a c ns%an% se% &y %#e user1 % is %#e radius 'r m %#e cen%er ' %#e "u"i! and 9 is a rand m num&er &e%8een + and E/ )y 3arying %#e c ns%an% C1 %#e user can ma7e %#e 'unc%i n decrease a% a di''eren% ra%e/ Fig I s# 8s D di''eren% 8ays %#a% %#e 'unc%i n can decrease/ T#is num&er is c# sen rand m!y and %#is is # 8 8e c ! ur %angen%ia!!y %#e !ines in %#e iris/ S %#a% %#e !ines are n % n!y discree% %#e resu!% ' <C ! ur E4 is mu!%i"!ied &y a c sine 'unc%i n %#a% ma7es %#e %ransi%i n &e%8een ne !ine and %#e ne9% ne % &e sm 8ay/ %#/ <C ! ur E4 g es 'r m green in% &!ue in a c n%inu us and sm %#

Fig I/ D di''eren% 8ays in 8#ic# C ! ur E can g 'r m green in% &!ue

;i%# a!! ' %#e a& 3e 8e ac#ie3e an iris 8#ic# g es sm

%#!y 'r m green in%

&!ue1 %#a% c#anges in%ensi%y de"ending n %#e radius dis%ance and %#a% near %#e u%er ring i% dar7ens (uic7!y/ T#e %angen%ia! !ines are &%ained %#e same 8ay &y 8 r7ing 8i%# %#e arc%angen% &u% %#is %ime 8i%# m re "recisi n/ Fig , s# 8s e9am"!es ' #ig# (ua!i%y renderings/ T#e &!ue re'!ec%i n n % " is a s"#ere in %#e 8 r!d n % s# 8n in %#e image/

Fig ,/ Fina! rendering ' %#e 3ir%ua! #uman eye

&. 'iscussion and Results ;e #a3e "resen%ed an a""r ac# % crea%e 3ir%ua! #uman eyes 8i%# a c m&ina%i n ' a ray %racer and a ma%#ema%ica! m de! ' r %#e iris/ T#is a!! 8s %#e '!e9i&i!i%y % crea%e di''eren% c ! urs ' r %#e iris1 eyes 8i%# a c n%rac%ed r di!a%ed "u"i!1 di''eren% ! 7s de"ending n %#e a&s r"%i n ' %#e iris r %#er "ar%s ' %#e eye1 red eyes !i7e %#e nes in %#e "ic%ures 8i%# '!as#1 and eyes 8i%# c ! urs %#a% are n nJ#uman/ T#e c de is im"!emen%ed in C>> and a!! 8s ' r easy c#ange ' 'unc%i ns %#a% m de! %#e eye and s%raig#% ' r8ard m di'ica%i n ' %#e c#arac%eris%ics ' %#e "ar%s ' %#e eye !ayer &y !ayer suc# as s#ininess1 a&s r"%i n1 am&ien%1 di''use and s"ecu!ar c m" nen%s1 am un% re'rac%i n and re'!ec%i n1 inde9 ' re'rac%i n and densi%y ' %#e ma%eria!/ I% is a!s '

im" r%an% % men%i n %#a% su"er sam"!ing is inc r" ra%ed in %#e c de 8#ic# a!! 8s %#e user % s"eci'y %#e num&er ' rays s# % %#r ug# eac# "i9e! in %#e image "!ane/ T#e #ig# (ua!i%y renderings 8#ere made 8i%# EL rays "er "i9e! and %#e c m"u%a%i n %ime is ' %#e rder ' E, minu%es n a - IV mac#ine 8i%# E:& ' RAM/ T#e c de is n % "%imiMed and can &e d ne s &y using a 2DJTree da%a s%ruc%ure/ T#e c de n!y inc r" ra%es as "rimi%i3es %#e c ne1 s"#ere and "!ane1 a cu&e c u!d a!s &e desira&!e % ma7e m re and di''eren% m de!s/ T#e c de can &e 'ur%#er &ene'i%ed i' a &e%%er i!!umina%i n m de! is inc r" ra%ed as 8e!! as m re 'unc%i ns % m de! di''eren% %y"es ' irises suc# as %#e ne ' a ca%/ Figures L and H s# 8 di''eren% %y"es ' resu!%s and # 8 %#e eyes 8 u!d ! %#e surr unding en3ir nmen% 8#ere n % crea%ed &y us and are used n!y ' r i!!us%ra%i3e "ur" ses/ 7 8i%# ' '!es# and eye!as#es/ T#e surr unding en3ir nmen%s

Fig L/ Fina! renderings ' a di!a%ed eye1 di''eren% c ! urs1 a redJeye !i7e %#e nes %#a% a""ear in a '!as# ' % gra"#1 and an eye 8i%# e9aggera%ed densi%y/

Fig H/ T#e iris is inc r" ra%ed in 3ir%ua! en3ir nmen%s n % crea%ed &y me % s# 8 %#a% i% rea!!y gi3es a 'ee!ing ' a na%ura! eye/

Ac!no(ledgements I 8 u!d !i7e % %#an7 Dr/ Vic% r 0 rdan ' r #is guidance during %#e c urse ' %#is "r $ec%/ T#e s '%8are discussed in %#is re" r% 8as &ui!% n % " ' %#e CSED+ undergradua%e c m"u%er gra"#ics "r $ec% &y Mi7i7 Ma%sunaga/ I 8 u!d a!s !i7e % %#an7 a!! %#a% "ar%ici"a%ed in %#e scien%i'ic discussi ns ' r %#eir 3a!ua&!e in"u%/

Re%erences E/ T#e #uman eye. s%ruc%ure and 'unc%i n C!yde ;/ Oys%er1 ENNN/ */ Ha!!iday O Resnic71 Fundamen%a!s ' -#ysics1 DE1 ;i!ey ENPP D/ C m"u%er :ra"#ics. "rinci"!es and "rac%ice/ Q/ D/ F !ey/ ENN, I/ Ray Tracing in' rma%i n. 888/siggra"#/ rgFeduca%i nFma%eria!sFHy"er:ra"#Fray%raceFr%race+/#%m ,/ Qenni'er )eers1 The T ay Tracing !roject, Uni3ersi%y ' ;as#ing% n1 ) %#e!!/ L/ )eer4s La8 888/s#u/ac/u7Fsc# !sFsciFc#emF%u% ria!sFm !s"ecF&eersE/#%m

H/ Eye s%ruc%ure images and in' rma%i n. #%%".FF888/mydr/c m/auFde'au!%/as"RAr%ic!e=DI*N #%%".FF888/%edm n%g mery/c mF%#eSeyeF 3er3ie8/#%m! #%%".FF#y"er"#ysics/"#yJas%r/gsu/eduF#&aseF3isi nFeyesca!/#%m! P/ Eye surr undings in 'ig/ H. A7i 'r m %#e m 3ie "#inal #antasy$ The Spirits %ithin& #%%".FF888/des7% "e9c#ange/c mFga!!eryFa!&umsFDDJ8a!!"a"ersFDDSeyesS&ig/$"g