4G Wireless Systems

4G Wireless Systems

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4G Wireless Systems

4G Wireless Systems
Table of contents Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Service Evolution
2 1 !imensionin" Tar"ets 2 2 !imensionin" #b$ectives 2 % &ulti'technolo"y (pproach

7 1%
14 1) 1)

Chapter % The *ser'centric system

% 1 +ey ,eatures of 4G % 1 1 *ser ,riendliness and *ser -ersonali.ation % 1 2 Terminal /etero"eneity and 0et1or2 /etero"eneity

17
13 13 14

Chapter 4

The 5eal Technical Step'*p of 4G

4 1 6Inte"ration7 of /etero"eneous Systems 4 2 System !esi"n 5ules 4 % -rovisionin" of /etero"eneous Services 4 4 &ultimode85econfi"urable and Inter1or2in" !evices

22
2% 24 2) 27

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Chapter )

+ey 4G Technolo"ies
) 1 #,!&( ) 2 Soft1are'defined 5atio ) % &ultiple input &ultiple output ) ) Cachin" and -ico cells ) 9 Covera"e

%:
%1 %2 %2 %% %%

Chapter 9 Conclusion (ppendices

;iblio"raphy <ist of ,i"ures Glossary

%9 %7
%7 %3 %4

(bstract
The ever-increasing growth of user demand, the limitations of the third generation of wireless mobile communication s stems and the emergence of new mobile broadband technologies on the mar!et have brought researchers and industries to a thorough reflection on the fourth generation" #an $ro$hetic visions have a$$eared in the literature $resenting %& as the ultimate boundar of wireless mobile communication without an limit to its $otential, but in $ractical terms not giving an design rules and thus an definition of it" The evolution from '& to %& will be driven b services that offer better (ualit )e"g" video and sound* than!s to greater bandwidth, more so$histication in the association of a large (uantit of information, and im$roved $ersonali+ation" Convergence with other networ! )enter$rise, fi,ed* services will come about through the high session data rate" -t BVUCOE '

4G Wireless Systems will re(uire an alwa s-on connection and a revenue model based on a fi,ed monthl fee" The im$act on networ! ca$acit is e,$ected to be significant" #achine-to-machine transmission will involve two basic e(ui$ment t $es. sensors )which measure $arameters* and tags )which are generall read/write e(ui$ment*" -t is e,$ected that users will re(uire high data rates, similar to those on fi,ed networ!s, for data and streaming a$$lications" #obile terminal usage )la$to$s, 0ersonal digital assistants, and handhelds* is e,$ected to grow ra$idl as the become more user friendl " 1luid high (ualit video and networ! reactivit are im$ortant user re(uirements" 2e infrastructure design re(uirements include. fast res$onse, high session rate, high ca$acit , low user charges, ra$id return on investment for o$erators, investment that is in line with the growth in demand, and sim$le autonomous terminals"

Chapter 1 Introduction

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Introduction

The Second Generation of &obile Communication Systems =2&* was a huge success stor because of its revolutionar technolog and the services brought to its customers" Besides high (ualit s$eech service, global mobilit was a strong reason for bu ing 2& terminals" The Third Generation )'&* has been started in some $arts of the world, but the success stor of 2& is hard to be re$eated " One reason is that the evolution from 2& towards '& has not brought an (ualitativel new service for the customer, leaving the business model largel unchanged" The well !nown services $lus some

4G Wireless Systems additional ones are $rovided, which ma not be enough to encourage the customers to change their e(ui$ment" The lac! of innovative services was encountered too late b the %G -artnership -ro$ect )'&00*" -n the latest documents, an attem$t was made to incor$orate some advanced services into the '&00 architecture such as the &ultimedia ;roadcast and &ulticast Service Center )#B#3* in combination with the I- &ultimedia System )-#3*" 4owever, these smaller corrections were made without the $ossibilit to ad5ust the access technolog $ro$erl " The u$coming ,ourth Generation )%&* is $ro5ected to solve still-remaining $roblems of the $revious generation and to $rovide a convergence $latform for a wide variet of new services, from high-(ualit voice to high-definition video, through highdata-rate wireless channels" Various visions of %& have emerged recentl among the telecommunication industries, the universities and the research institutes all over the world "

There has been tremendous interest recentl

in the 1ourth &eneration )%&*

mobile communication technologies on the worldwide basis" 6esearch and develo$ment on %& technologies mainl focus on two directions. O$en 7ireless 8rchitecture )O78*, and Cost-effective and s$ectrum-efficient high-s$eed wireless transmission" -t is well $redicted that the business of %& industries will be over 9:;; billion b the ear 2;2;, and therefore ma5or develo$ed countries have alread s$ent huge 6<= funds on this emerging communication technolog " -n Euro$e, the European Commission )EC* envisions that %& will ensure seamless service $rovisioning across a multitude of wireless s stems and networ!s, from $rivate to $ublic, from indoor to wide area, and $rovide an o$timum deliver via the most a$$ro$riate )i"e", efficient* networ! available" 1rom the service $oint of view, it foresees that %& will be mainl focused on $ersonali+ed services " -n 8sia, the >a$anese o$erator ?TT =oCo#o has introduced the conce$t of #8&-C for defining %&. #obile multimedia@ an time, an where, an one@ &lobal mobilit su$$ort@ integrated wireless solution@ and Customi+ed $ersonal service, which mostl focuses on $ublic s stems and

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4G Wireless Systems treats %& as the e,tension of '& cellular service" This view is referred to as the linear 4G vision and, in essence, focuses on a future %& networ! that will generall have a cellular structure and will $rovide ver high data rates )e,ceeding 1;; #b/s*" -n general, the latter is also the main tendenc in China and 3outh 2orea " ?evertheless, even if %& is named as the successor of the $revious generations, the future is not limited to cellular s stems and %& should not be seen e,clusivel as a linear e,tension of '&" -ndia aims to lea$frog to %& )fourth-generation* wireless technologies, s!i$$ing '& technologies as it has not been found to be cost-effective" Even if %& is named as the successor of $revious 7ireless communication generations, it is not limited to cellular s stems, therefore has not to be e,clusivel understood as a linear e,tension of '&" ,i"ure1 shows the shift in $aradigm" There is clearl a need for a methodological change in the design of %&" -ndeed, in order to boost innovation and define and solve relevant technical $roblems, the s stemlevel $ers$ective has to be envisioned and understood with a broader view, ta!ing the user as its de$arting $oint" This user'centric a$$roach can result in a beneficial method for identif ing innovation to$ics at BallC the different $rotocol la ers and avoiding a $otential mismatch in terms of service $rovisioning and user e,$ectations" 8 new usercentric methodolog that considers users as the cornerstone in the design of %& and identifies their functional needs and e,$ectations, reflecting and illustrating them in ever da life situations is needed" -n this wa , fundamental user scenarios that im$licitl reveal the !e features of %&, which are then e,$ressed e,$licitl in a new framewor! D the Euser-centricF s stem D that describes the various level of interde$endenc among them" This a$$roach conse(uentl contributes to the identification of the real technical ste$-u$ of %& with res$ect to '& and thus to a less $ro$hetic and more $ragmatic definition of the forthcoming technolog "

"

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,i"ure 1 Evolution from 2G to 4G>i? 7hile 2& was focused on full coverage for cellular s stems offering onl one technolog and '& $rovides its services onl in dedicated areas and introduces the conce$t of vertical handover through the cou$ling with Wireless <ocal (rea 0et1or2 )7H8?* s stems, %& will be a convergence $latform e,tended to all the networ! la ers" #oreover, in order to boost the innovation and define and solve relevant technical $roblems, it has to be envisioned and understood the s stem level at a broader view, ta!ing $rimaril into account the user" This a$$roach can result in a beneficial method for identif ing innovation to$ics at all the different $rotocol la ers" There is clearl a need for a methodological change in the design of the ne,t wireless communication generation The design should be more user-centric to avoid $otential Eflo$F of the s stem" 1inall , it is also worth to highlight that the forthcoming technolog should be as less de$endent as $ossible from an geogra$hical matter, addressing ver different mar!ets, such as Euro$e, 8sia, and 8merica"

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Chapter 2 Service Evolution

2 1 !imensionin" Tar"ets 2 2 !imensionin" #b$ectives 2 % &ulti'technolo"y (pproach

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Service Evolution

The evolution from '& to %& will be driven b services that offer better (ualit )e"g" video and sound* than!s to greater bandwidth, more so$histication in the association of a large (uantit of information, and im$roved $ersonali+ation" Convergence with other networ! )enter$rise, fi,ed* services will come about through the high session data rate" -t will re(uire an alwa s-on connection and a revenue model based on a fi,ed monthl fee" The im$act on networ! ca$acit is e,$ected to be significant" #achine-to-machine transmission will involve two basic e(ui$ment t $es. sensors )which measure $arameters* and tags )which are generall read/write e(ui$ment*" -t is e,$ected that users will re(uire high data rates, similar to those on fi,ed networ!s, for data and streaming a$$licationsKivL" #obile terminal usage )la$to$s, 0ersonal digital assistants, handhelds* is e,$ected to grow ra$idl as the become more user friendl " 1luid high (ualit video and networ! reactivit are im$ortant user re(uirements" 2e infrastructure design re(uirements include. fast res$onse, high session rate, high ca$acit , low user charges, ra$id return on investment for o$erators, investment that is in line with the growth in demand, and sim$le autonomous terminals" The infrastructure will be much more distributed than in current de$lo ments, facilitating the introduction of a new source of local traffic. machine-to-machine" ,i"ure 2 shows one vision of how services are li!el to evolve@ most such visions are similar"

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,i"ure 2 Service Evolution @ision

2 1 !imensionin" tar"ets
8 sim$le calculation illustrates the order of magnitude" The design target in terms of 6adio $erformance is to achieve a scalable ca$acit from A; to A;;bit/s/4+/!h+ )including ca$acit for indoor use*, as shown in ,i"ure%" 8s a com$arison, the e,$ected best $erformance of '& is around 1; bit/s/4+/!m2 using 4igh 3$eed =ownlin! 0ac!et 8ccess )43=08*, #ulti$le--n$ut #ulti$le-Out$ut )#-#O*, etc" ?o current technolog is ca$able of such $erformanceKivL"

,i"ure % !imensionin" EAamples

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4G Wireless Systems

2 2 !imensionin" ob$ectives
Based on various traffic anal ses, the 7ireless 7orld -nitiative )77-* has issued target air interface $erformance figures" 8 consensus has been reached around $ea! rates of 1;; #bit/s in mobile situations and 1 &bit/s in nomadic and $edestrian situations, at least as targets" 3o far, in a 1; #4+ s$ectrum, a carrier rate of 2; #bit/s has been achieved when the user is moving at high s$eed, and %; #bit/s in nomadic use" These values will double when #-#O is introduced" Clearl , the bitrate should be associated with an amount of s$ectrum" 1or mobile use, a good target is a networ! $erformance of A bit/s/4+, rising to : bit/s/4+ in nomadic use"

2 % &ulti'technolo"y (pproach
#an technologies are com$eting on the road to %&, as can be seen in ,i"ure 4" Three $aths are $ossible, even if the are more or less s$eciali+ed" The first is the '&centric $ath, in which Code =ivision #ulti$le 8ccess )C=#8* will be $rogressivel $ushed to the $oint at which terminal manufacturers will give u$" 7hen this $oint is reached, another technolog will be needed to reali+e the re(uired increases in ca$acit and data rates" The second $ath is the radio H8? one" 7ides$read de$lo ment of 7i1i is e,$ected to start in 2;;A for 0Cs, la$to$s and 0=8s" -n enter$rises, voice ma start to be carried b Voice over 7ireless H8? )Vo7H8?*" 4owever, it is not clear what the ne,t successful technolog will be" 6eaching a consensus on a 2;; #bit/s )and more* technolog will be a length tas!, with too man $ro$rietar solutions on offer" 8 third $ath is -EEE :;2"1Ge and :;2"2;, which are sim$ler than '& for the e(uivalent $erformance" 8 core networ! evolution towards a broadband ?e,t &eneration ?etwor! )?&?* will facilitate the introduction of new access networ! technologies through standard access gatewa s, based on ET3--T-308?, -TU-T, '&00, China Communication 3tandards 8ssociation )CC38* and other standards" 4ow can an o$erator $rovide a large number of users with high session data rates using its e,isting BVUCOE 12

4G Wireless Systems infrastructureM 8t least two technologies are needed" The first )called E$arent coverageF* is dedicated to large coverage and real-time services" Hegac technologies, such as 2&/'& and their evolutions will be com$lemented b 7i1i and 7i#8N" 8 second set of technologies is needed to increase ca$acit , and can be designed without an constraints on coverage continuit " This is !nown as $ico-cell coverage" Onl the use of both technologies can achieve both targets ),i"ure 4B 4andover between $arent coverage and $ico cell coverage is different from a classical roaming $rocess, but similar to classical handover" 0arent coverage can also be used as a bac!-u$ when service deliver in the $ico cell becomes too difficult"

,i"ure 4 &ultiple #verlay (rchitecture>iv?

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Chapter % The *ser'centric system % 1 +ey ,eatures of 4G

% 1 1 *ser ,riendliness and *ser -ersonali.ation % 1 2 Terminal /etero"eneity and 0et1or2 /etero"eneity

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The *ser'Centric System

-n this section, - list and describe all the !e features derived from the $revious user scenarios" -ns$ired b the 4elioscentric Co$ernican theor KiL, the user is located in the center of the s stem and the different !e features defining %& rotate around him on orbits with a distance de$endent on a user'sensitive scale"

% 1 +ey ,eatures of 4G % 1 1 *ser ,riendliness and *ser -ersonali.ation

-n order to encourage $eo$le to move towards a new technolog , which is a $rocess that usuall ta!es a long time and a great deal of effort from the o$eratorsC side, a combination of user friendliness and user $ersonali+ation a$$ears to be the winning conce$t" User friendliness e,em$lifies and minimi+es the interaction between a$$lications and users than!s to a well designed trans$arenc that allows the users and the terminals to naturall interact )e"g", the integration of new s$eech interfaces is a great ste$ for achieving this goal*" 1or instance, consider a scenario 8, where even before leaving home to reach the $lace of a wor! a$$ointment, users would li!e to receive information about train/subwa schedules, door-to-door dela s, and so forth, as well as more $ersonali+ed information, such as !nowing how long it ta!es to wal!ing to be on schedule in order to eventuall wait for the ne,t train" 8ccording to the usersC decisions, their time-$lan must conse(uentl be scheduled in the most efficient wa " =uring their sta on the train, users would li!e to download e-mails, listen to radio, watch TV, and so

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4G Wireless Systems on" 1inall , before the get off the last $lanned train, the most time-saving e,it and wa to reach their final destination must be !nown and available in multimedia format. User $ersonali+ation refers to the wa users can configure the o$erational mode of their device and $reselect the content of the services chosen according to their $references" 3ince ever new technolog is designed !ee$ing in mind the $rinci$al aim to $enetrate the mass mar!et and to have a strongl im$act on $eo$leCs lifest les, the new conce$ts introduced b %& are based on the assum$tion that each user wants to be considered as a distinct, valued customer who demands s$ecial treatment for his or her e,clusive needs" Therefore, in order to embrace a large s$ectrum of customers, user $ersonali+ation must be $rovided with high granularit , so that the huge amount of information is filtered according to the usersC choices" This can be illustrated in scenario where users can receive targeted $o$-u$ advertisements" The combination between user $ersonali+ation and user friendliness $rovides users with eas management of the overall features of their devices and ma,imum e,$loitation of all the $ossible a$$lications, thus conferring the right value to their e,$ense"

% 1 2 Terminal /etero"eneity and 0et1or2 /etero"eneity

-n order to be a ste$ ahead of '&, %& must not onl $rovide higher data rates but also a clear and tangible advantage in $eo$leCs ever da life" Therefore, we believe that the success of %& will consist of a combination of terminal hetero"eneity and net1or2 hetero"eneity" Terminal heterogeneit refers to the different t $es of terminals in terms of dis$la si+e, energ consum$tion, $ortabilit /weight, com$le,it , and so forth ),i"ure)*" ?etwor! heterogeneit is related to the increasing heterogeneit of wireless networ!s due to the $roliferation in the number of access technologies available )e"g", U#T3, 7i#8N, 7i-1i, Bluetooth*" These heterogeneous wireless access networ!s t $icall differ in terms of coverage, data rate, latenc , and loss rate" Therefore, each of them is $racticall designed to su$$ort a different set of s$ecific services and devices" 8s e,$lained below, %& will encom$ass various t $es of terminals, which ma have to $rovide common services inde$endentl of their ca$abilities" Therefore, tailoring content for end-user devices will be necessar in order to o$timi+e the service $resentation"

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4G Wireless Systems 1urthermore, the ca$abilities of the terminal in use will determine whether or not new services are to be $rovisioned, so as to offer the best en5o ment to the user and $revent declining interest and elimination of a service offering" This conce$t is referred to as service personali.ation" -t im$licitl constrains the number of access technologies su$$ortable b the userCs $ersonal device" 4owever, this limitation ma be solved in the following wa s.

,i"ure ) /etero"eneous Terminals

% 1 2 1 ;y the development of devices 1ith 6evolutionary desi"n 7

8 naive e,am$le can clarif this conce$t. in the case where a user has a watch$hone on which he would li!e to see a football match, sim$l b $ressing a button on the watchCs side, a self e,tracting monitor with a larger dis$la can emerge" Therefore, having the most ada$table device in terms of design can $rovide customers with the most com$lete a$$lication $ac!age, thus ma,imi+ing the number of services su$$ortedKiL"

% 1 2 2 ;y mean of a 6personali.ation transfer 7

8n e,am$le can clarif this conce$t. in the case where the user has a watch-$hone on which he would li!e to see a video, he does not need to $ossess larger dis$la terminals, as all the $ublicl available terminals can be borrowed for the dis$la ing time" Therefore, the advantage for the customers is to bu a device on which the have the

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4G Wireless Systems $otential to get the right $resentation for each service, freeing it from its intrinsic restrictions" 1urthermore, in a $rivate environment, users can o$timi+e the service $resentation as the wish, thus e,$loiting the multi$le terminals the have at dis$osal" The several levels of de$endenc technolog design" in order to satisf highlighted b the Euser centricF s stem

definitel stress the fact that it is not feasible to design %& starting from the access the userCs re(uirements" 8 conte,tual and a strong $reliminar consideration of the user are a more relevant and a$$ro$riate a$$roach to the

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4G Wireless Systems

Chapter4 The 5eal Technical Step'*p of 4G 4 1 6Inte"ration7 of /etero"eneous Systems

4 2 System !esi"n 5ules 4 % -rovisionin" of /etero"eneous Services 4 4 &ultimode85econfi"urable and Inter1or2in" !evices

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4G Wireless Systems

The 5eal Technical Step'*p of 4G

4 1 6Inte"ration7 of /etero"eneous Systems

The real technical ste$-u$ of %& with res$ect to '& can be summari+ed with the word integration D seamless integration of alread e,isting and new networ!s, services, and terminals, in order to satisf ever-increasing user demands"

,i"ure 9 /etero"eneous 0et1or2s

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4 2 System !esi"n 5ules

6egardless of the actual technolog , the forthcoming generation will be able to allow com$lete intero$erabilit among heterogeneous networ!s and associated technologies, thus $roviding clear advantages in terms of.

4 2 1 Covera"e
-n 1ig" A, the shift in $aradigm is shown. while 2& was focused on full coverage for cellular s stems offering onl one technolog and '& $rovides its services onl in dedicated areas and introduces the conce$t of vertical handover through the cou$ling with wireless local area networ! )7H8?* s stems,%& will be a convergence $latform e,tended to all the networ! la ers" 4ence, the user will be connected almost an where than!s to wides$read coverage due to the e,$loitation of the various networ!s available" -n $articular, service $rovision will be granted with at least the same level of (ualit of service )Oo3* when $assing from one networ!Cs su$$ort to that of another one"

4 2 2 ;and1idth
6esource sharing among the various networ!s available will smooth the $roblem related to the s$ectrum limitations relative to '&"

4 2 % -o1er consumption
Batter drain is a chronic $roblem of wireless devices and batter technolog is not $rogressing at an a$$ro$riate $ace" 1or e,am$le, 2& mobile $hones were shi$$ed out with one batter , whereas '& ones are shi$$ed out with two batteries" Therefore, if we follow this '& rule, $ower consum$tion will increase $ro$ortionall to more advanced services" 1or e,am$le, a cellular s stem that also su$$orts short-range communications among the terminals can achieve the goals outlined above" The rationale for introducing short-range communications is mainl due to the need to su$$ort $eer-to-$eer )020* highs$eed wireless lin!s between mobile stations )#3s* and to enhance the communication

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4G Wireless Systems between an #3 and the base station )B3* b $rotocols among s$atiall fostering coo$erative communication

$ro,imate devices" This communication enhancement

$rimaril refers to higher lin! reliabilit , larger coverage, higher s$ectral efficienc , and lower $ower consum$tion due to the use of e,clusive coo$erative stations )e"g", rela stations )63s* de$lo ed b o$erators* or short-range communications among different #3s" -ndeed, the conce$t of cooperation introduces a new form of diversit where terminals are less susce$tible to channel variations and shadowing effects" This results in an im$rovement of the reliabilit of the communication and the e,tension of the coverage" 1urthermore, whereas in voice networ!s the resources are dedicated se$aratel for each user, in cellular-controlled short-range data networ!s it is $ossible to grou$ users in clusters and gain the following advantages. Onl the cluster head )C4* needs to have a dedicated channel to the B3, while the other #3s can communicate using unlicensed bands@ thus, more bandwidth is not re(uired" The C4 selection is an im$ortant issue that should ta!e into account, among other factors, the channel conditions of the short-range lin!s )63-#3 and #3-#3* and the long-range ones )B3-#3*, the available rate, the s$eed, the location, the com$utational $ower, and the residual energ of the #3s" =ue to the short range of the transmissions $erformed b the #3s to the C4, it is $ossible to reduce their $ower consum$tion and hence $rolong their batter life"

4 % -rovisionin" of /etero"eneous Services

3ervices are heterogeneous in nature )e"g", different t $es of services such as audio, video, $o$-u$ advertisements, etc"*, (ualit , and accessibilit " -n fact, at a certain time and $lace, the (ualit of and the accessibilit to a service ma not be the same due to the intrinsic heterogeneit of the networ!" 1or instance, users in $ro,imit to the sho$$ing mall but outside the coverage of a 7H8? can still receive $o$-u$ advertisements b e,$loiting a $ossible multiho$ ad hoc networ! in their surroundings" Therefore, than!s to the d namics of the networ! environment )in which the number of users, terminals, to$olog , etc" can change*, %& ma,imi+es the $robabilit to $rovide BVUCOE 22

4G Wireless Systems users with the re(uested connectivit " Therefore, contrar to the $revious generations, the services $rovided in %& will de$end on the time, $lace, terminal, and user. S2G C constD =%B S%G C f =placeBD =4B S4G C f=timeD placeD terminalD userBD =)B where the service $rovisioning de$ends on terminal and user because of terminal heterogeneit and service $ersonali+ation, and user $ersonali+ation, res$ectivel " 8$art from some soft additional emerging services )e"g", fast -nternet connection, $o$-u$ advertisements, etc"*, there is still a lac! of reall new and distinct services that will enable new a$$lications with tangible benefits for their users" Therefore, we envision that the real advantage in terms of services that %& will bring will be based on the integration of technologies designed to match the needs of different mar!et segments. 3hort-range wireless technologies, such as 7i-1i and Bluetooth, will enable machineto-machine )#2#* communications, where users sign u$ online on the waiting list, which sends them bac! the a$$ro,imate waiting time, where the can transfer content to a $ublicl available larger dis$la " -n $articular, from the sociological $oint of view, in the latter case the private and public s$heres are definitel mi,ed" This recombination can result in the enhancement of $ublic access such that the access to dis$la s will be as common as the access to $ublic tele$hone booths is nowada s" 3hort-range wireless technologies also o$en the $ossibilit ma,imi+ing the usersC $rofit" -n this wa , the to coo$erative communication strategies, which can $rovide better services at lower costs, thus increase the social coo$erative behavior and em$ower the consumer to ma!e clever use of it" 4ence, the userCs $ersonal device is no longer a mere medium for transferring information, but a social medium that hel$s to build grou$s and friendshi$s" 3ince '& networ!s are not able to deliver multicast services efficientl or at a decent level of (ualit , the s nerg of Universal #obile Telecommunication 3 stem )U#T3* and digital audio/video broadcasting )=8B/=VB* will o$en the $ossibilit to $rovide to mobile users interactive or on demand services D so called T0 data

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4G Wireless Systems casting D and audio and video streaming in a much more efficient wa than using the $oint-to-$oint switch networ! " The embedding in the user terminal of a &lobal 0ositioning 3 stem )&03* receiver will offer the essential feature of location-awareness that is necessar to $rovide users with the most com$rehensive and e,tensive level of information, thus bringing about real revolution in terms of $ersonali+ed services" The user terminal can hence $rovide not onl location based information, such as ma$s and directions to follow to reach a s$ecific $lace, but also useful information relevant in time and s$ace, such as $o$-u$ advertisements concerning offers in sho$s nearb " 4owever, &03 technolog can onl su$$ort outdoor locali+ation" -ndoor locali+ation, which is im$ortant in order to $rovide, for instance, the guided tour in a museum, re(uires the coo$eration of short-range wireless technologies" 1inall , it is worth highlighting that although users are attracted b high data rates, the would certainl be even more attracted b useful services e,$loiting high data rates" The su$$ort of imaging and video as well as high-(ualit audio gives service $roviders )30s* a m riad of $ossibilities for develo$ing a$$ealing a$$lications" These features, blended with the su$$ort of high data rates, result in a $articularl attractive combination" -ndeed, in addition to an e,$losive increase in data traffic, we can e,$ect changes on the t $icall assumed downlin!-u$lin! traffic imbalance" =ata transfer in the u$lin! direction is e,$ected to increase considerabl and, as a result of these trends, the mobile user will ultimatel become a content $rovider )C0*" -n future wireless networ!s, the C0 conce$t will broaden to encom$ass not onl the conventional small- or middlesi+e business-oriented service com$anies, but also an single or grou$ of users" #obile C0s will o$en u$ a new cha$ter in service $rovision"

4 4 &ultimode85econfi"urable and Inter1or2in" !evices

8s illustrated in 1ig" A, %& is characteri+ed b the su$$ort of heterogeneous terminals, ranging from $en-$hones to cars" 4owever, due to its wide acce$tance and usage in the $ast ten ears, the mobile $hone is still e,$ected to be on the ne,t Eedge of the waveF of the mass mar!et" -ndeed, while the $enetration of other devices will occu$ a restricted BVUCOE 2%

4G Wireless Systems niche role in the mar!et )e"g", $ersonal digital assistants )0=8s*, watch $hones, and $en$hones will continue to be restricted to an elite grou$ of tech-savv $eo$le*, the mobile $hone will still have no com$etitor in the near future, due to its si+e and weight, which guarantee high $ortabilit " #oreover, due to the casual and informal feeling it gives, $eo$le will $a more attention to the $o$-u$ advertisements/news/events the receive on it than on an other device" Hoo!ing at the latest releases of mobile $hones, the actual tendenc is to use a &eneral 0ac!et 6adio 3 stem )&063* $latform and $rovide users with the most com$lete range of a$$lications $ossible, tr ing to continuall include new additional features )e"g", digital camera recorder, etc"*" On the other hand, the emerging U-#T3 $hones essentiall $rovide the $ossibilit to su$$ort the mobile video communication" 4owever, the real enhancement that '& brings to our ever da life is not reall clear" This new a$$lication cannot necessaril be considered as the E!iller a$$lication,F as the (ualit of the video is low and it is $racticall limited to a semi-static situation that im$lies a com$lete concentration of users during the conversation )e"g", it is obviousl not $ractical to watch a mobile $hone while wal!ing in the street*, restricting the field of action and raising secondar $roblems, such as safet issues )e"g", for the driver and $edestrians while driving, etc"*" 3ince %& is based on the integration of heterogeneous s stems, the future trend of wireless devices will move toward.

4 4 1 &ultimode8reconfi"urable devices
The user terminal is able to access the core networ! b choosing one of the several access networ!s available and to initiate the handoff between them without the need for networ! modification or interwor!ing devices" This leads to the integration of different access technologies in the same device )multimodalit * or to the use of the software-defined radio )3=6* )reconfigurabilit * " 1or e,am$le, whereas the integration of Bluetooth in the user terminal will enable a $ersonali+ation-transfer service, a built-in &03 receiver will allow users to utili+e their $ersonal devices as navigators 5ust b $lugging them in their cars and thus even lighten the number of needed devices"

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4G Wireless Systems 4owever, the reconfigurabilit of the user terminal could be a !e as$ect that would ma!e the future %& technolog as highl ada$table as $ossible to the various worldwide mar!ets"

4 4 2 EAploitation of Inter1or2in" devices"

-n order to reduce the hardware embedded in the user terminal and the software com$le,it , the use of interwor!ing devices is e,$loited" 1or e,am$le, this is the case of an integrated access $oint )80* $erforming the interwor!ing between a wireless metro$olitan area networ! )7#8?* technolog and a 7H8? technolog , such as 7i#8N and 7i-1i, res$ectivel . the 7#8? is considered as the bac!bone and the 7H8? as the distribution networ!@ therefore, instead of integrating both technologies, the user terminal will onl incor$orate the 7i-1i card" The $rice to be $aid for this relief is hence an increased s stem )infrastructure* com$le,it "

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4G Wireless Systems

Chapter) +ey 4G Technolo"ies

) 1 #,!&( ) 2 Soft1are'defined 5atio ) % &ultiple input &ultiple output ) 4 Cachin" and -ico cells ) ) Covera"e

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+ey 4G Technolo"ies

3ome of the !e technologies re(uired for %& are briefl described below.

) 1 #,!&(
Orthogonal 1re(uenc =ivision #ulti$le,ing )O1=#* not onl $rovides clear advantages for $h sical la er $erformance, but also a framewor! for im$roving la er 2 $erformance b $ro$osing an additional degree of freedom" Using O=1#, it is $ossible to e,$loit the time domain, the s$ace domain, the fre(uenc domain and even the code domain to o$timi+e radio channel usage" -t ensures ver robust transmission in multi-$ath environments with reduced receiver com$le,it "

,i"ure 7 #,!& -rinciples>i?

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4G Wireless Systems 8s shown in ,i"ure 7, the signal is s$lit into orthogonal subcarriers, on each of which the signal is EnarrowbandF )a few !4+* and therefore immune to multi-$ath effects, $rovided a guard interval is inserted between each O1=# s mbol" O1=# also $rovides a fre(uenc diversit gain, im$roving the $h sical la er $erformance" -t is also com$atible with other enhancement technologies, such as smart antennas and #-#O"

) 2 Soft1are defined radio

3oftware =efined 6adio )3=6* benefits from toda Cs high $rocessing $ower to develo$ multi-band, multi-standard base stations and terminals" 8lthough in future the terminals will ada$t the air interface to the available radio access technolog , at $resent this is done b the infrastructure" 3everal infrastructure gains are e,$ected from 3=6" 1or e,am$le, to increase networ! ca$acit at a s$ecific time )e"g" during a s$orts event*, an o$erator will reconfigure its networ! adding several modems at a given Base Transceiver 3tation )BT3*" 3=6 ma!es this reconfiguration eas " -n the conte,t of %& s stems, 3=6 will become an enabler for the aggregation of multi-standard $ico/micro cells" 1or a manufacturer, this can be a $owerful aid to $roviding multi-standard, multi-band e(ui$ment with reduced develo$ment effort and costs through simultaneous multichannel $rocessing"

) % &ultiple'input multiple'output
#-#O uses signal multi$le,ing between multi$le transmitting antennas )s$ace multi$le,* and time or fre(uenc " -t is well suited to O1=#, as it is $ossible to $rocess inde$endent time s mbols as soon as the O1=# waveform is correctl designed for the channel" This as$ect of O1=# greatl sim$lifies $rocessing" The signal transmitted b m antennas is received b n antennas" 0rocessing of the received signals ma deliver several $erformance im$rovements. range, (ualit of received signal and s$ectrum efficienc " -n $rinci$le, #-#O is more efficient when man multi$le $ath signals are received" The $erformance in cellular de$lo ments is still sub5ect to research and simulations" 4owever, it is generall admitted that the gain in s$ectrum efficienc is directl related to the minimum number of antennas in the lin!"

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) 4 Cachin" and -ico Cells

#emor in the networ! and terminals facilitates service deliver " -n cellular s stems, this e,tends the ca$abilities of the #8C scheduler, as it facilitates the deliver of real-time services" 6esources can be assigned to data onl when the radio conditions are favorable" This method can double the ca$acit of a classical cellular s stem" -n $ico cellular coverage, high data rate )non-real-time* services can be delivered even when rece$tion/transmission is interru$ted for a few seconds" Conse(uentl , the coverage +one within which data can be received/transmitted can be designed with no constraints other than limiting interference" =ata deliver is $referred in $laces where the bitrate is a ma,imum" Between these areas, the coverage is not used most of the time, creating an a$$arent discontinuit " -n these areas, content is sent to the terminal cache at the high data rate and read at the service rate" Coverages are EdiscontinuousF" The advantage of coverage, es$eciall cost" when designed with caching technolog , is high s$ectrum efficienc , high scalabilit )from A; to A;; bit/s/4+*, high ca$acit and lower

) ) Covera"e
Coverage is achieved b adding new technologies )$ossibl in overla mode* and $rogressivel enhancing densit " Ta!e a 7i#8N de$lo ment, for e,am$le. first the $arent coverage is de$lo ed@ it is then made denser b adding discontinuous $ico cells, after which the $ico cell is made denser but still discontinuousl "

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,i"ure 3 -ico cell net1or2 desi"n>iv?

1inall the $ico cell coverage is made continuous either b using #-#O or b de$lo ing another $ico cell coverage in a different fre(uenc band =see ,i"ure 4B 0arent coverage $erformance ma var from 1 to 2; bit/s/4+/!m, while $ico cell technolog can achieve from 1;; to A;; bit/s/4+/!m, de$ending on the com$le,it hardware and software" These $erformances onl refer to outdoor coverage@ not all the issues associated with indoor coverage have et been resolved" 4owever, indoor coverage can be obtained b . of the terminal

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4G Wireless Systems !irect penetration@ this is onl $ossible in low fre(uenc bands )significantl below 1 &4+* and re(uires an e,cess of $ower, which ma raise significant interference issues" -ndoor short range radio connected to the fi,ed networ!" Connection via a rela to a $ico cellular access $oint"

,i"ure 4 EAample of deployment in dense traffic areas

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Conclusion

The $rovision of megabit/s data rates to thousands of radio and mobile terminals $er s(uare !ilometer $resents several challenges" 3ome !e technologies $ermit the $rogressive introduction of such networ!s without 5eo$ardi+ing e,isting investment" =isru$tive technologies are needed to achieve high ca$acit at low cost, but it can still be done in a $rogressive manner" The !e enablers are. 3ufficient s$ectrum, with associated sharing mechanisms" Coverage with two technologies. $arent )2&, '&, 7i#8N* for real-time deliver , and discontinuous $ico cell for high data rate deliver " Caching technolog in the networ! and terminals" O1=# and #-#O" -0 mobilit " #ulti-technolog distributed architecture" 1i,ed-mobile convergence )for indoor service*" ?etwor! selection mechanisms" #an other features, such as robust transmission and cross-la er o$timi+ation, will contribute to o$timi+ing the $erformance, which can reach between 1;; and A;; bit/s/4+/!m2" The distributed, full -0 architecture can be de$lo ed using two main $roducts. base stations and the associated controllers" Terminal com$le,it de$ends on the number of technologies the can wor! with" The minimum number of technologies is two. one for the radio coverage and one for short range use )e"g" 08?s*" 4owever, the $resence of legac networ!s will increase this to si, or seven"

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7
2;;1 iii

(ppendices

7 1 5eferences E Fournals and &a"a.ines

i 3imone 1rattasi, 4anane 1athi, 1ran! 4"0 1it+e!, and 6am5ee 0rasad, 8alborg Universit , #arcos =" 2at+, 3amsung Electronics, E!efinin" 4G Technolo"y from the *serGs -erspective7D $ublished b -EEE >an/1eb 2;;G ii 6Third8fourth "eneration 1ireless net1or2s7D $roceeds of the -EEE conference

2"6"3anthi, &" 3enthil 2umaran, E&i"ration to 4 GE &obile I- based Solutions7D $ublished b -EEE 2;;G

iv =" 6ouffet, 3" 2erboeuf, H" Cai, V" Ca$devielle, E4G &obile7D technical $a$er $ublished b 8lcatel" v Hinda =o le, 6;eyond %GE 4G ;ased &obile 0et1or2s7

7 2 5eferences E Websites
vi 111 1i2ipedia or" vii viii 111 alcatel com 111 ieee or"

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4G Wireless Systems iA 111 eurotechnolo"y com

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7 % <ist of ,i"ures and Tables used

1ig"1 1ig"2 1ig"' 1ig"% 1ig"A 1ig"G 1ig"I 1ig": 1ig"J

Evolution from 2G to 4G Service Evolution @ision !imensionin" EAamples &ultiple #verlay (rchitecture /etero"eneous Terminals /etero"eneous 0et1or2s #,!& -rinciples -ico cell net1or2 !esi"n EAample of deployment in dense traffic areas

1; 1% 1% 1G 2; 2' '1 '% 'A

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7 4 Glossary

Access Point(AP). 8n access $oint is a station that transmits and receives data )sometimes referred to as a transceiver*" 8n access $oint connects users to other users within the networ! and also can serve as the $oint of interconnection between the 7H8? and a fi,ed wire networ!"

Bandwidth. Bandwidth is the width of the range )or band* of fre(uencies that an electronic signal uses on a given transmission medium"

Broadband. Broadband refers to telecommunication in which a wide band of fre(uencies is available to transmit information"

CDMA. C=#8 is a form of multi$le,ing, which allows numerous signals to occu$ a single transmission channel, o$timi+ing the use of available bandwidth" The technolog is used in ultra-high-fre(uenc )U41* cellular tele$hone s stems in the :;;-#4+ and 1"J-&4+ bands"

Fourth Generation Mobile Systems. %& is the short term for fourth-generation wireless, the stage of broadband mobile communications that will su$ersede the third generation )'&*" 7hile neither standards bodies nor carriers have concretel defined or agreed u$on what e,actl %& will be, it is e,$ected that end-to-end -0 and high-(ualit streaming video will be among %&Ps distinguishing features"

GSM &3# digiti+es and com$resses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot" BVUCOE 'I

4G Wireless Systems !P. The -nternet 0rotocol )-0* is the method or $rotocol b which data is sent from one com$uter to another on the -nternet"

M!M". #-#O )multi$le in$ut, multi$le out$ut* is an antenna technolog for wireless communications in which multi$le antennas are used at both the source )transmitter* and the destination )receiver*"

"FDM. Orthogonal fre(uenc -division multi$le,ing )O1=#* is a method of digital modulation in which a signal is s$lit into several narrowband channels at different fre(uencies"

Pico Cell. Ver small cell in a mobile networ! for boosting ca$acit within buildings"

#M$S. U#T3 )Universal #obile Telecommunications 3ervice* is a third-generation )'&* broadband, $ac!et-based transmission of te,t, digiti+ed voice, video, and multimedia at data rates u$ to 2 megabits $er second )#b$s*"

WiMA%. 7i#8N )7orldwide -ntero$erabilit for #icrowave 8ccess* is a wireless industr coalition whose members organi+ed to advance -EEE :;2"1G standards for broadband wireless access ) B78 * networ!s"

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