RD Reflex Tolerances

MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSIONS (SPG8005)
INTRODUCTION TO TOLERANCES
1.
NEW CASTLE UNIVERSITY School of Mechanical & System s Engineering
INTRODUCTION TO SPECIFICATION OF DIMENSIONS AND FORM (SHAPE) Much of the information in this document is derived from BS 308: Parts 1-3 (1990), from BS 8888 (2000) and from other related documents, including PP7308, PP7309 and PP8888-2. However, the full British Standards should be consulted for complete explanation. BS 8888: Parts1-3: 2000 have now superceded BS 308: Parts 1-3 but the concepts and symbols remain.
1.1
Standards of measurement Definition of the metre original: 1/10 000 000 of distance from North Pole to Equator current: 1 650 763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of orange light from Krypton 86 Hierarchy of standards comparison of international standards national standards calibration organisation factory calibration standards workshop instruments Typical Metrology system comparison of international Master Gears national collection of Master Gears (Newcastle Univ.) Newcastle testing machines checked with Master Gears factory testing machines checked with Master Gears production gears checked on factory test machines production machinery checked by checking output
RdReflexTolerances/1
1.2
Measuring uncertainties Reading errors accuracy of using the instrument (if it can be done wrong.......) ease of reading interpolation errors beware meaning of readouts
System / fundamental errors mounting errors: of object to be measured of measuring scales (etc.) temperature differences object - equipment temperature changes during measurement dynamic errors during movement friction, dirt, shocks control system feedback error signals reversal errors Abbe Error environment calibration errors software errors
ABILITY TO READ (the scale) Lots of digits
ABILITY TO RESOLVE (be repeatable) are often fluff.
RESOLUTION Even if can resolve increments reliably,
ACCURACY does not mean that every increment is identical or accurate.
ACCURACY Correct indication on one day,
REPEATABILITY does not imply correct indication the next.
2.
FUNCTIONAL DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING Because the correct performance of any product is vital, the dimensions of each component clearly need to be controlled. However, dimensions and their tolerances must always be related to the function of the component features they control. Make sure that the features that control performance are dimensioned and toleranced directly and not by a tolerance chain of many toleranced dimensions. See the drawing for an example.
3.
DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCING The ISO system of dimensional tolerances is intended to control the limits of size of a dimension: is does not control the shape of the component or its features, just the value of the dimensioned distances. Whilst the information often refers only to round components, the system can be applied to any drawn dimension. Each dimension can be allocated any one of 18 different tolerance grades: the tolerance grades specify the different between the maximum and minimum allowable values of the dimension. The tolerance grades are known as IT grades.
2.1
3.2
Components may be required to assemble freely with some slack (a clearance fit) or may be required to need force to assemble (an interference fit). It is convenient to say that a 20mm hole is needed for a M20 bolt: however, they need (usually) to assemble easily (a clearance fit) and neither dimension should be exactly 20mm. See the diagram for a typical clearance fit and note that none of the specified dimensions are on the zero line which represents the nominal dimensions.
3.3 Each tolerance range (specified by the IT grade table) can be allocated any one of 56 different fundamental deviations: these specify the value of the dimension relative to the nominal (drawn) dimension.
3.4 In practice, most dimensions are specified from a much reduced set of IT grades and fundamental deviations: see below. These may be said to be Hole Based (used where the hole dimensions are more difficult to vary: i.e. normally) or Shaft Based used where the shaft dimensions are more difficult to control. 3.5 The Hole Basis simplified table is shown on the next sheet.
Extracted from BS 4500

Larger than nominal size NOMINAL SIZE Smaller than nominal size
Nominal sizes
BRITISH STANDARD SELECTED ISO FITS - HOLE BASIS

Clearance Fits Transition Fits Interference
(from ) Data Sheet 4500A

Fits
Tolerance (0.001mm) Tolerance (0.001mm) Tolerance (0.001mm) Tolerance (0.001mm) Tolerance (0.001mm) Tolerance (0.001mm) Tolerance (0.001mm) Tolerance (0.001mm) Tolerance (0.001mm) Tolerance (0.001mm)
Nominal sizes
Over
(mm)
to
(mm)
H11
c11 -60 -120 -70 -145 -80 -170 -95 -205 -110 -240 -120 -280 -130 -290 -140 -330 -150 -340 -170 -390 -180 -400 -200 -450 -210 -460 -230 -480 -240 -530 -260 -550 -280 -570 -300 -620 -330 -650 -360 -720 -400 -760 -440 -840 -480 -880
H9 +25 0 +30 0 +36 0 +43 0 +52 0 +62 0
d10 -20 -60 -30 -78 -40 -98 -50 -120 -65 -149 -80 -180
H9 +25 0 +30 0 +36 0 +43 0 +52 0 +62 0
e9 -14 -39 -20 -50 -25 -61 -32 -75 -40 -92 -50 -112
H8 +14 0 +18 0 +22 0 +27 0 +33 0 +39 0
f7 -6 -16 -10 -22 -13 -28 -16 34 -20 -41 -25 -50
H7 +10 0 +12 0 +15 0 +18 0 +21 0 +25 0
g6 -2 -8 -4 -12 -5 -14 -6 -17 -7 -20 -9 -25
H7 +10 0 +12 0 +15 0 +18 0 +21 0 +25 0
h6 0 -6 0 -8 0 -9 0 -11 0 -13 0 -16
H7 +10 0 +12 0 +15 0 +18 0 +21 0 +25 0
k6 +6 +0 +9 +1 +10 +1 +12 +1 +15 +2 +18 +2
H7 +10 0 +12 0 +15 0 +18 0 +21 0 +25 0
n6 +10 +4 +16 +8 +19 +10 +23 +12 +28 +15 +33 +17
H7 +10 0 +12 0 +15 0 +18 0 +21 0 +25 0
p6 +12 +6 +20 +12 +24 +15 +29 +18 +35 +22 +42 +26
H7 +10 0 +12 0 +15 0 +18 0 +21 0 +25 0 +30 0 +30 0 +35 0 +35 0 +40 0 +40 0 +40 0 +46 0 +46 0 +46 0 +52 0 +52 0 +57 0 +57 0 +63 0 +63 0
s6 34 +27 +19 +32 +23 +39 +28 +48 +35 +59 +43 +72 +53 +78 +59 +93 +71 +101 +79 +117 +92 +125 +100 +133 +108 +151 +122 +159 +130 +169 +140 +190 +158 +202 +170 +226 +190 +244 +208 +272 +232 +292 +252
Over
(mm)
To
(mm)
+60 0 +75 3 6 0 +90 6 10 0 +110 10 18 0 +130 18 30 0 +160 30 40 0 +160 40 50 0 +190 50 65 0 +190 65 80 0 80 100 +220 0 100 120 +220 0 120 140 +250 0 140 160 +250 0 160 180 +250 0 180 200 +290 0 200 225 +290 0 225 250 +290 0 250 280 +320 0 280 315 +320 0 315 355 +360 0 355 400 +360 0 400 450 +400 0 450 500 +400 0 RdReflexTolerances/6
3 6 10 18 30 40 50 65 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450
3 6 10 18 30 40 50 65 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500
+74 0
-100 -220
+74 0
-60 -134
+46 0
-30 -60
+30 0
-10 -29
+30 0
0 -19
+30 0
+21 +2
+30 0
+39 +20
+30 0
+51 +32
+87 0
-120 -260
+87 0
-72 -159
+54 0
-36 -71
+35 0
-12 -34
+35 0
0 -22
+35 0
+25 +3
+35 0
+45 +23
+35 0
+59 +37
+100 0
-145 -305
+100 0
-84 -185
+63 0
-43 -83
+40 0
-14 -39
+40 0
0 -25
+40 0
+28 +3
+40 0
+52 +27
+40 0
+68 +43
+115 0
-170 -355
+115 0
-100 -215
+72 0
-50 -96
+46 0
-15 -44
+46 0
0 -29
+46 0
+33 +4
+46 0
+60 +31
+46 0
+79 +50
+130 0
-190 -400
+130 0
-110 -240
+81 0
-56 -108
+52 0
-17 -49
+52 0
0 -32
+52 0
+36 +4
+52 0
+66 +34
+52 0
+88 +56
+140 0
-210 -440
+140 0
-125 -265
+89 0
-62 -119
+57 0
-18 -54
+57 0
0 -36
+57 0
+40 +4
+57 0
+73 +37
+57 0
+98 +62
+155 0
-230 -480
+155 0
-135 -290
+97 0
-68 -131
+63 0
-20 -60
+63 0
0 -40
+63 0
+45 +5
+63 0
+80 +40
+63 0
+108 +68
4.
GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCING Geometrical tolerancing can be used to specify:# the size & shape of each component feature & # the relative position of component features.
4.1
Toleranced feature and datum feature indications A geometrical tolerance applies to the whole extent of a toleranced feature unless otherwise specified, as for example 0.02/50 which indicates that a tolerance of 0.02 is permitted for an extent of 50 at any place on the toleranced feature.
4.2
Identification of toleranced features and datums When a geometrical tolerance applies to an axis or a median plane, the Refers to the axis arrowhead of or the median plane the leader line terminates at the dimension line as on the left. When a geometrical tolerance applies to a surface or line on a surface, the leader line with its Refers to the generating arrowhead line or the surface terminating on the contour of the feature has to be clearly separated from the dimension line as on the right.
4.3
Symbols, indications and interpretations Form tolerances limit the deviations of an individual feature from its ideal geometrical form. Orientation, location and run-out tolerances limit the deviations of the mutual orientation and/or location of two or more features. For functional reasons one or more features may be indicated as a datum. If necessary, a geometrical tolerance is applied to the datum feature in order to ensure that the datum feature is sufficiently exact for its purpose.
Toleranced Feature
Datum Feature
Area Line Area Point --------- Datum Target Indications -------
Symbol
Indication on Drawing
Tolerance Zone
Interpretation The axis of the cylinder, to which the tolerance frame is connected, is to be contained within a cylindrical zone of diameter 0.08. The surface is to be contained between two parallel planes 0.08 apart. The circumference of each cross-section is to be contained between two co-planar concentric circles 0.1 apart. The considered surface is to be contained between two coaxial cylinders 0.1 apart.
for single features only:Straight -ness
Flatness
Circularity
Cylindricity
for single or related features:Profile

of any line (bilateral)
In each section parallel to the plane of projection, the considered profile is to be contained between lines enveloping circles of diameter 0.04, the centres of which are situated on a line of theoretically exact geometrical profile. The considered surface is to be contained between two surfaces enveloping spheres of diameter 0.02, the centres of which are situated on a surface of theoretically exact geometrical form. The toleranced axis is to be contained within a cylindrical zone of diameter 0.03, parallel to the datum axis A (datum line). The axis of the cylinder is to be contained between two parallel planes 0.1 apart, perpendicular to the datum surface.
Profile
of any surface (bilateral)
for related features only:Parallelism

of a line (axis) with reference to a datum line
Perpendic -ularity
of a line (axis) with reference to a datum surface
Angularity
of a line (axis) with reference to a datum surface
The axis of the hole is to be contained between two parallel planes 0.08 apart which are inclined at 60E to datum surface A. The axis of the hole is to be contained within a cylindrical zone of diameter 0.08, the axis of which is in the theoretically exact position of the considered line, with reference to the datum surfaces A and B. The axis of the cylinder is to be contained within a cylindrical zone of diameter 0.08 coaxial with the datum axis A-B. The median plane of the slot is to be contained between two parallel planes, which are 0.08 apart and symmetrically disposed about the median plane with respect to the datum feature A. The radial run-out is to be not greater than 0.1 in any plane of measurement during one revolution about the datum axis A-B.
Position
of a line
Coaxiality
of an axis
Symmetry
of a m edian plane
Circular run-out
radial
Total run-out
radial
The total radial run-out is to be not greater than 0.1 at any point on the specified surface whilst revolving about the datum axis A-B, and with relative axial movement between workpiece and measuring instrument. With relative movement the measuring instrument or the workpiece is to be guided along a line having the theoretically exact form of the contour and being in its correct position relative to the datum axis.
Used to specify theoretical (ideal) positions of features, etc. Theoretically Exact Dimension
32m m
Theoretically Exact Dimensions have zero tolerance.
Projected Tolerance Zone
Means of specifying where adjoining components need particular dimensions. Important when assembling: consequences are often very great.
Maximum Material Condition qualification
Means of specifying maximum size of a feature, combining dimensional and geometrical tolerances.
Least Material Condition qualification Means of specifying overall size of a feature.
Envelope Requirement
R I Davidson
r.i.davidson@ncl.ac.uk

RD Reflex Tolerances

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MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSIONS (SPG8005)

NEW CASTLE UNIVERSITY School of Mechanical & System s Engineering

ABILITY TO READ (the scale) Lots of digits

ABILITY TO RESOLVE (be repeatable) are often fluff.

RESOLUTION Even if can resolve increments reliably,

ACCURACY does not mean that every increment is identical or accurate.

ACCURACY Correct indication on one day,

REPEATABILITY does not imply correct indication the next.

Extracted from BS 4500

BRITISH STANDARD SELECTED ISO FITS - HOLE BASIS

(from ) Data Sheet 4500A

H9 +25 0 +30 0 +36 0 +43 0 +52 0 +62 0

H9 +25 0 +30 0 +36 0 +43 0 +52 0 +62 0

H8 +14 0 +18 0 +22 0 +27 0 +33 0 +39 0

H7 +10 0 +12 0 +15 0 +18 0 +21 0 +25 0

g6 -2 -8 -4 -12 -5 -14 -6 -17 -7 -20 -9 -25

H7 +10 0 +12 0 +15 0 +18 0 +21 0 +25 0

h6 0 -6 0 -8 0 -9 0 -11 0 -13 0 -16

H7 +10 0 +12 0 +15 0 +18 0 +21 0 +25 0

k6 +6 +0 +9 +1 +10 +1 +12 +1 +15 +2 +18 +2

H7 +10 0 +12 0 +15 0 +18 0 +21 0 +25 0

H7 +10 0 +12 0 +15 0 +18 0 +21 0 +25 0

Area Line Area Point --------- Datum Target Indications -------

for single features only:Straight -ness

for single or related features:Profile

for related features only:Parallelism

Theoretically Exact Dimensions have zero tolerance.

Projected Tolerance Zone

Maximum Material Condition qualification

Least Material Condition qualification Means of specifying overall size of a feature.

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