CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the aspects related to research method. They are: place and time of research, research design and method, source of data, data collection technique, research procedures, trianggulation and data analysis technique.

A. Place and Time of the Research 1. Place of the Research. This descriptive qualitative research is carried out in SDN Duren 04 Pilangkenceng. It is located in Jalan Raya Duren No. 47. It has six classrooms, a teacher office, a library, a teacher toilet and two student toilets. The wide of the school is 1.350 m2, the average size of each classroom is 7x8 meters. Every classroom has a fan and its floor had been replaced by ceramics. It aimed to make students feel confidence and comfortable in teaching learning process. The extracurricular activity which exists in this school are the Scouts and Hadroh. The school has a headmaster, 5 classrooom teachers, an English teacher, a religion teacher, a sport teacher, an administration and a janitor. The headmaster is Krisna Dwi Susilowati, S.Pd. The classroom teacher of the fifth grades is Yubagyo Lestari, S.Pd. Meanwhile, the English teacher is Ninik Supriani, S.Pd.

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The researcher selects this school because the researcher wants to give an alternative method which can be used as a help to the fifth graders of SDN Duren 04 Pilangkenceng in schooling Year of 2012/2013 in solving their problem dealing about reading. 2. Time of the Research This research is going to be done from March to December 2013. The activity which done in March was pre-observation. In pre-observation, the researcher observes the students in order to find their difficulty dealing with reading. Second activity was submitting the proposal, it was done in March. Third was proposing Chapter I in March and April. Fourth activity was proposing Chapter II in May and June. Fifth, proposing Chapter III (Collecting the data), doing observation, collecting documentation, and doing interview are carried out in May. Sixth, proposing Analyzing Data is done in October and November. Last, reporting the research is done in December. To make it simple, all on the activities are clearly on tables. NO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Time of the Research ACTIVITY
March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Pre-observation Proposal Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Collecting of Data a. Observation

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b. Interview c. Documentation 6. 7. Analyzing Data Reporting the research Table 3.1 Time Schedule of the Research B. Research Method and Design 1. Research Method
Research is like detailed study of subject to discover facts. Brown and

Rodgers (2002:3) argue "Research is an exploration of experience of one kind or another, sometimes formal and technical, but not necessarily so." It means that research is thing done by a researcher to search and discover something. Furthermore, research method can be used as the instrument to get the data. Dawson (2002: 22) explains, Research methods are the tools you use to gather your data. It means that the research method is a way to collect several data needed in the research from different place or different object of the research. Moreover, qualitative method is used in this research, because it emphasizes on a design that requires some processes of research. According to Dawson (2002: 14), Qualitative research explores attitudes, behaviour and experiences through such methods as interviews or focus groups. In qualitative research, the researcher investigates attitude, behavior and background of certain object. By using a method like interview, a researcher can know more about participants opinion.

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Furthermore, qualitative research can be used to explore a particular phenomenon. According to Auerbach and Silverstein (2003: 3), Qualitative research is research that involves analyzing and interpreting texts and interviews in order to discover meaningful patterns descriptive of a particular phenomenon. When the researcher finds an interesting phenomenon to investigate it, he/she was interviewing an object that related with the phenomenon. After that, he/she analyze and clarify the result of interview; it aimed to know more about the interesting phenomena. Based on the explanations above, this research uses qualitative method. It is because the researcher uses it to interprets and descibes the data research of process teaching reading using Cashflow (monopoli) game for fifth graders of SDN Duren 04, Pilangkenceng. 2. Research Design Design of a research is required to decide the way that used in doing research. According to Ragin in Flick (2009:128), Research design is a plan for collecting and analyzing evidence that will make it possible for the investigator to answer whatever questions he or she has posed. The design of an investigation touches almost all aspects of the research, from the minute details of data collection to the selection of the techniques of data analysis. The quotation above means research design is a plan which possibles for the researcher to collect and analyze evidence in answering the questions. Research design included collecting data and data analysis technique. In a line with Flick definition, Bogdan and Biklen (2007:54) said, Design is used in research to refer to the researchers plan how to proceed. It shows that

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research design is the researchers concept about what will they do to collect data research. In simplifying, those theories though that research design is a plan which possibles for the researcher to collect the data and analyze the technique. Moreover, the suitable research way of this study is descriptive research. Kothari (2004:37) said, Descriptive research studies are those studies which are concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular individual, or of a group. It can be said that descriptive research studies are one kinds of research design which describe the object that is observed whether individual or group. Therefore, this research uses participant observation as a way to get the research data naturally, in which the researcher takes part in daily activities of subject research. Here, this research is conducted by active participatory observation. According to Jupp (2006: 214), Participant observation is a qualitative method of social investigation, whereby the researcher participates in the everyday life of a social setting, and records their experiences and observations. It means that participatory observation allows the researcher to follow the subject research activities and observes it directly in order to get the information deeper. Another expert, Given (2008: 598) has similar definition about participatory observation. He siad that, Participant observation is

characterized by emergent design involving a variety of methods including

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direct observation of human behavior and the physical features of settings, informal interviewing, and document analysis. Participant observation here means a researcher as participant to observe directly the subject of research; it is include their behavior and environment. The researcher can do informal interviewing with the people as their subject of research, then analyze the data or document that gotten from observation and interview. Based on the explaination above, it can be concluded that research design is a particular rule which is used to control the way of collecting and analyzing the data of a research. The research design that used in this research is descriptive research. The researcher observes them as they really are. The data which is put in the report consists of facts gotten as long as the research. In this research, the researcher has role as an active participant/observation. C. Source of Data In research process, the researcher gets several data or information from participant. Participant is individual or group who take a part in doing research. According to Given (2008:598), Participants are usually considered to be individuals or groups who agree to take part in a research process. It means that research subjects are referred as subjects, respondents or interviewees who are agreeing to take a part in the research. On the other hand, Flick (2009:91) states, People to be studied are selected according to their relevance to the research topic. They are selected for constructing a (statistically) representative sample of a general population. It shows that research subjects selected based on their relevance of the research topic as

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representation of population. In simplifying, those theories though that research subjects selected based on their relevance of the research as representative of population. Moreover, the participants of this research are the fifth grades which consists of 18 students includes 8 males and 8 females of SDN Duren 04 Pilangkenceng in the schooling year 2012/2013. In this research, the researcher uses purposive sampling technique. Berg (2001:32) states Purposive samples are selected after field investigations on some group, in order to ensure that certain types of individuals or persons displaying certain attributes are included in the study. It means that purposive sampling is a technique used by the researcher in selecting the samples of the population but the samples choose based on the specific characteristics. The theory above supported by Bernard in Patton, (2002:230) who says, "Purposeful sampling is sometimes called purposive or judgment sampling: in judgment sampling, you decide the purpose you want informants (for communities) to serve, and you go out to find some. It indicates that purposive sampling is used to decide the informants based on the researcher want to search. It focuses on special informant that will be reported as well as the research purposes. In simplifying, those theories are though that purposive sampling is a technique to decide the samples, based on specific characteristics that the researcher want to search as the goals of the research

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The researcher uses way which is compatible with research that is purposive technique because the most sample characteristics are suitable with the research problems. It can be said that using purposive sampling based on goal of the research and characteristics of the research is relevant with population. D. Data Collecting Technique Data are important in a research activity. They are related with the facts and used to get information from the problems statement. In collecting data, the researcher have to appropriate methods. The selection of appropriate methods for collecting data will influence the result of the research. Furthermore the research use some methods for collecting data, as explained below: 1. Observation Observation results in a remark about something which is watched. Thomas (2003: 60) states "Gathering information by means of observation involves watching and/ or listening to events, then recording what occured." It indicates that observation is an activity of watching, listening, and recording anything happened in an event. On the other hand, Marshall in Sugiyono (2005:64) argues, Through observation, the researcher learn about behavior and the meaning attached to those behavior. It means that observation makes the researcher learn about behavior and the meaning inside those behavior. In simplifying, those theories though that observation is an

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activity which done by the researcher through watching, listening and recording to learn and know the meaning of an event. In this research, the researcher uses participant observation. Participant observation is one kind of observation that the researcher observe the object of the research, participated in the research, and interaction to get the data from the object of the research. It is supported by Marshall and Rossman (2006: 101) who say, "This method (participant observation) for gathering data is basic to all qualitative studies and forces a consideration of the role or stance of the researcher as a participant observer-her positionality." It means that in qualitative research uses participant observation to collect the data in which the researcher participated in the research and interaction to get the data from the object of the research. In this research the observation conducted based on the lesson plan that was wrote by researcher. The observation involve watching and listening to event. Then, taking pictures about what is happening in the teaching reading using Cashflow (monopoli) game. It is used to know the impact of Cashflow (monopoli) game in teaching reading at fifth grades of SDN Duren 04, Pilangkenceng in schooling years of 2012/2013. 2. Interview Interview is carried out to the interviewee, Thomas (2003: 63) states "Interviews usually involve a researcher orally asking questions for individuals to answer orally". It means that interview is done orally by giving some questions of the researcher to the interviewee. Then, another expert also

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argues that interview needs a meeting between the researcher and an interviwee. Esterberg in Sugiyono (2005:72) states "Interview is a meeting of two persons to exchange information and idea through question and responses, resulting in communication and joint construction of meaning about a particular topic." It indicates the researcher will give some questions to the interviewee to get the information needed. In simplifying those theories though that interview is a way in getting information through give some questions to the interviewee. In this research, the researcher use in-depth interview to obtain information for research aims. According to Marshall and Rossman (2006: 101), "In-depth interviews typically are much like conversations than formal events with predetermined response categories." It means that in-depth interviews is informal conversations. Based on the statements above, it can be concluded that interview is a way in getting information through give some questions to the interviewee. The researcher uses in-depth interview in asking questions which related in the researcher study to the subjects research/participants. In this research the researcher will take interview with the fifth grades and English's teacher of SDN Duren 04, Pilangkenceng in scholling year of 2012/2013. 3. Documents Documentation is one of collecting technique to find the data include photograph, lesson plan and others. Creswell (2003:190) argues The recording of documents or visual materials can be based on the researchers

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structure for taking notes. It means that documentation can used by the researcher as a structure for taking note an information. In addition, Given (2008:232) says, A document is a text- based file that may include primary data (collected by the researcher) or secondary data (collected achieved or published by other) as well as photographs, charts, and other visual materials." it indicates that documentation is primary data that collected by participant observation. It is including transcriptions of interviews, observations, field notes and photographs. In simplifying those theories though that documentation is primary data that collected by participant observation. It is including transcriptions of interviews, observations, field notes and photographs. E. Research Procedures In this research, the researcher explains that research procedure is the way the researcher conduct the research in planning. According to Denscombe (2007: 288), A great deal has been written on the procedures that ought to be used when analyzing qualitative data...most experts in the field would recognize five stages involved...in logical order these are: 1) preparation of the data, 2) familiarity with the data, 3) interpreting the data including of developing codes, categories and concepts, 4) verifying the data, and 5) representing the data. From the quotation, it indicates that research procedure the procedure consists of five steps. The first is the preparation of data. Here, the researcher should prepare and make plans for a set of the action research. The second is familiarity with the data, it means that the researcher should have background knowledge to find and determine research variables. The third is interpreting

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the data including of developing codes, categories and concepts it indicates the researcher should have a deep understanding of the data acquired to be expressed in the analysis. The fourth is verifying the data. Here, the researcher should be able to present and prove the data obtained is relevant and suitable with the research. It clarified by data that supported by the relevant theories. The last is representing the data. It means that the researcher should describe and present the data clearly based on the research problems. Based on the explanation above, the researcher will be elaborated the research procedures as follow; First, preparation of the data. Before conduct the reserach, the researchers have to prepare the data first. The first thing that should the researcher do is proposing the title of the research. Then, the researcher gets the permission letter from institution to do research at school. After that is getting the permission letter from the school. Finally is arranging the research methodology. Besides that, the researcher has to collect the data through interview, observation, and documents. Documents here includes lesson plan, syllabus, activity of teaching learning process, and name list of students. Second, familiarity with the data. Here, the researcher should be read the data in several times. It is purposed to know more what the data means and what should be done with the data. Third, interpreting the data. After prepare and familiar with the data, the researcher should process the data by developing into paragraphs include aspects of research. Each of

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them related to topic or title even purpose of research. Fourth, representing the data. After some procedures of research are done, the result of data is ready to be presented or reported into form of thesis. F. Data Validaty Technique Validating of the data is the way the researcher measure the data with the suitable theories. The researcher use triangulation to measure the validating of the data. It has several type of triangulation based on theorists. As Denzim in Berg (2001:5) give statement that: "Triangulation actually represents varieties of data, investigators, theories, and methods. Denzin (1978: 295) outlines these four categories as follows: (1) Data triangulation has three subtypes: (a) time, (b) space, and (c) person. Person analysis, in turn, has three levels: (a) aggregate, (b) interactive, and (c) collectivity. (2) Investigator triangulation consists of using multiple rather than single observers of the same object. (3) Theory triangulation consists of using multiple rather than simple perspectives in relation to the same set of objects. (4) Methodological triangulation can entail within-method triangulation and betweenmethod triangulation." From the quotations above, it indicates that triangulation divided into several types which are represents to measure the validating data. The triangulation provides the use of multiple techniques to investigate phenomenon. On the other hand, Flick (2009:445) gives another opinion about triangulation : Triangulation means that researchers take different perspectives on an issue under study or more generally speaking in answering research questions. These perspectives can be substantiated in using several methods and/or in several theoretical approaches. Both are or should be linked. From the quotation above it indicates that trianggulation is a method that done by the researcher in finding the different perspevtives on a problem study or in answering research questions. these perspectives that choose by

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the researcher can proved through several methods and/or in several theoretical approaches that interlinked. Based the definitions about triangulation above, the researcher concluded that triangulation is a method that done by the researcher to find the different perspectives on the problem study or to answer the research question. The triangulation provides the use of multiple techniques to investigate phenomenon. The researcher can use several method, several theoritical approaches or both at the same time to prove the perspective. In this research, the researcher uses three techniques in validating of the data. They are data triangulation, theory triangulation and methodology triangulation.

G. Data Analysis Technique The step after collecting the data is analyzing the data gotten. Creswell (2003: 190) defines, Data analysis involves using open-ended data, for the most part. This requires asking general questions and developing an analysis from the information supplied by participants. It means that data analysis for most part involves collecting open-ended data which based on general question and analysis information from participants. Moreover, the researcher needs to choose the technique of analyzing the data by himself. Bogdan in Sugiyono (2005: 88) states, Data analysis is the process of systematically searching and arranging the interview transcripts, field notes and other materials that you accumulate to increase your own understanding of them and to enable you to present what you have discovered to others.

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The quotation above means that data analysis is a process to search and arrange data systematically such as, the interview transcript, field notes and other materials, so the research result can understood easily and discover to the other. In simplifying those theories though that data analysis technique is examining the data collected in order to discover more information about it. In this research, the researcher uses three steps of data analysis technique. They are data reduction, data display, and conclusion. They are explained as follow: 1. Data Reduction In this step, the data gotten from the field is reduced by the researcher. Data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that appear in written-up field notes or transcriptions. Berg (2001:35) states, Data reduction acknowledges the voluminous nature of qualitative data in the raw. It directs attention to the need for focusing, simplifying, and transforming raw data into a more manageable form. It shows that in data reduction the researcher tries to focus, simplify and transform the raw data into a transcription data." In this research, the researcher selects the data of interview with the English teacher and students, observation as long as the learning process, and documentation. The researcher eliminates and chooses the data into the important ones which are useful for the research.

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2. Data Display After reducing the data, the researcher will displays the data. A display is an organized, compressed assembly of information that permits conclusion drawing and action. Berg (2001:35-36) states, Data display is intended to convey the idea that data are presented as an organized, compressed assembly of information that permits conclusions to be analytically drawn. Displays may involve tables of data; tally sheets of themes; summaries or proportions of various statements, phrases, or terms; and similarly reduced and transformed groupings of data. The qoutation above shows that data display is a way for the researcher to convey the idea and present an organized data into concluded analytically. It can be done through in a short description, tally sheets of themes, summaries or proportions of various statements, phrases, charts, tables etc. Here, the researcher will use data display of tables and charts. The researcher decides what data to be entered in a row or column of a table too. These activities are needed in order to make it less difficult in reading the data gotten. 3. Conclusion Drawing Conclusion drawing is the last thing to do by the researcher. conclusion drawing can be done by the researcher only the activity of collecting the data is over. Berg (2001:36) defines, Conclusions drawn from the patterns apparent in the data must be confined (verified) to assure that they are real, and not merely wishful thinking on the part of the researcher. It shows that conclusion drawing should be proved by the clear pattern and the verified data.

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In this step, the data which have been displayed is concluded by the researcher. Then, that data which have concluded will be explained by the researcher. The explanation is about description of the conclusion made by the researcher.