Beef Cattle production Issues in Malaysia & world 1. Cattle integration with oil palm plantation 2.

Mean for infant development and mother by world nutritionist 3. BSE/ Mad cow 4. Dioxine in milk and meat contamination cancer hazard, severe reproductive and developmental problem 5. FMD affecting hoofed mammal 6. Brucellosis zoonotic disease and carrier animals (infected cows transferring the disease) 7. Gelatin in almost 70% food products Current scenario 1. Beef cattle prod still belong to smallholder (free roaming in kampong/urban area)/ subsistence type of prod system 2. Most production in Kedah / Kelantan 3. Type cattle: KK Cattle 4. Total prod in Malaysia ~approx 800,000 5. Open pasture majuternak farm 6. Newly prod system integration with palm oil plantation 7. Small scale feedlot operations in Selangor, Johor, Pahang, Perak, Penang 8. Beef importation >rm3 billion/annum 9. Imported from India (70%), Aussie (20%), Others (10%) Breeds 2 type of domestic cattle 1. Bos indicus (KK Cattle, Brahman, Sahiwal, Nellore, Yellow Cattle China) 2. Bos Taurus (Hereford, Angus, Limousin, Simmental, Shorthorn, Charolis) Bos Indicus characteristic/features 1. Have dewlap-flabby skin under neck (gelambir) to increase surface area,repel insect, better heat dissipation 2. Have hump (bonggol), pendulous prepuce (in Brahman) 3. Well adapted to local climate 4. Hardiness, good resistance to tropical environment 5. Resistant breed 6. Immune to local disease 7. Low maintenance requirement usually small in size 8. High fertility 9. Slow growth/low ADG 10. Poor shape 11. Zebu cattle suitable for work cattle 12. Gone through Natural Selection good as adaptive traits in crossbreeding for beef cattle production in tropical environment

KK Cattle 1. Male: 330-350 kg 2. Female:180-250kg 3. Age at first calving: 26-50 kg 4. Conception rate: >90% 5. Calving rate: >85% 6. Mortality rate: < 5% 7. Birth weight: 15-16 kg 8. Waning wt.(6 mnth): 55-10 kg 9. ADG: 0.3-0.4 KG/DAY Bos Taurus 1. Beefy,round,body shape (square rear view) 2. Improved animal breeding & selection a. Selected for traits that: fast growth, high fertility, high calving rate. Good mothering ability, good conformation, high dressing %, high libido 3. Usually less adaptable to tropics a. Heat stress b. Parasites problem c. High maintenance requirement Wild Cattle types / Other Bovidae 1. Bos Gaurus (Gaur) a. Seladang b. Huge head c. Gestation period: 9 mnth d. Gross with cattle selembu (sterile offspring) 2. Bos javanicus/ Bos sondaicus (Banteng/tembadau) 3. Bos mutus yak 4. Bos bison 5. Bubalus bubalis / bos bubalis (buffalo) Mating methods 1. Natural mating a. Used of selected bulls b. Ratio male: female 1:20 (due to estrous cycle female 20 days) 2. Artificial insemination (A.I) a. Usually for research in beef cattle breeding / using exotic European type cattle for mating with zebu b. Eg: i. Hereford x KK cows ii. Charolis x KK iii. Limousin x KK c. Imported frozen semen used d. Teaser bulls used for estrous detection is more efficient in beef cattle mating program using A.I i. Kk teaser bull penile deviation at right abdomen

Mating system 1. Seasonal mating a. Bull + cow for 3 months , 1 or 2 times/year b. Arrange according to rainy season/pasture prod c. Advantages: i. planned calving periods ii. calves similar ages & uniform in sizes iii. management seasonal d. Disadvantages i. Calves crops ii. Busy/heavy duty iii. Some cows escape 2. Continuous mating system a. Continuously throughout years b. Advantage: All fertile cows pregnant, no escape / empty cow c. Disadvantage: disorganized management of calves

Management of beef calves Quality important for 1. Replacement 2. Beef production Required.. 1. Good planning 2. Management strategy (reproduction, breed selection, nutrition , disease control)

Mating and breeding management 1. Joining bull + cows 2. Pregnancy diagnosis 3. Separating of pregnant cows to nearest paddocks 4. Calving Feeding pregnant cows 1. provide excess to high quality grass 3. give concentrate feed high energy diets Calving period cows sign 4. Isolating herself from herd & nervous 5. Stop eating 6. Swollen udder 7. Tails base ligament relax 8. Swollen vagina & appear reddish

9. Right sign : water bag come out from vagina. 3 hrs later..give birth. If no parturition after 3 hrs?? Need assistance After calving 1. Cow lick the calf 2. Clear nostrils from slime & placenta 3. Put tincture iodine at navel 4. Weight the calf birth weight 5. Make sure newly born calves have colostrums from the dam <36 hrs 6. Stored colustrum can be used 7. Let calf with the cow-preweaning period 8. Beef calves wean at age of 6-7 months Weaning 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. At age of 6-7 mnths (200 days) Send cows to far paddocks to recover again for next calving Treatment required deworming, weighing, tag ID Selected for replacement calves / to become feeder calves for falttening Use adjusted 200 days weaning weight for selection

Production system beef cattle 1. Open pasture 2. Integrated with palm oil plantation 3. Intensive system feedlot system for flattening

Beef production system 1. Open pasture a. Improved pastures/local grasses b. Extensive/range prod system c. Suitable pasture: - guinea grass + legumes, Setaria grass + legumes, Briachiara decumbens d. Stocking rate / carrying capacity depends on production of dry matter of pastures **method determining carrying capacity SR = GGR X ME content / MEVI Normal animal offer ad libitum feeds 2. Integrated with primary crops (LICRO system)