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EFFECT OF OVERVOLTAGES PERFORMANCE ON LV SIDE ARRESTER OF TRANSFORMER IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Cunyi Yu, Preecha Sakarung and Yutana chongjarearn


Dhurakijpundit University Thailand

Pradit Fuangfoo
Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) Thailand

Arwut Takkabutra
Precise Electric Co.,Ltd. Thailand

Abstract
This paper presents the main results related to the effect of overvoltages on LV side arrester of distribution transformer. The study was carried out with two steps: first, to investigate the overvoltage behavior of LV side distribution transformer. Second, to find the performance of LV surge arrester effecting on distribution transformer. Three methods have been adopted: Laboratory test, Field test and simulation. Lightning, switching and temporary overvoltages were investigated in PEA distribution network. Research results indicated that the LV side surge arrester can effectively reduced occurred overvoltages. The peak value of lightning overvoltages could reach about 4 kV (LV side) for 22 kV network (with arrester). The switching overvoltage transfer to LV side could reach highest 4 p.u. in short time (less than 20 sec) for 400 V network. The temporary overvoltage values depend on network configuration, types of fault and etc. For the case of floated neutral point of secondary winding it could reach around 2 p.u. The fault of line to ground is most dangerous when the fault location is close to substation. The time duration of temporary overvoltage depends on the time of fault clearance. Many methods have been used to investigate and it is recommended to reduce the overvoltages. Study also confirmed that ZnO gapless and SiC with gap arrester can effectively clamp and damp the overvoltages. Therefore, the LV arresters are necessary. However, from the long run point of view a suitable specification of arrester should be considered.

Keywords
Overvoltage, lightning, switching, temporary and surge arrester

more important. In addition every power utility has own particular case therefore the investigation is still necessary. In recent years on PEA distribution network many events related to LV surge arresters failure occurred. But these events are not truly recognized. A research project has been established from July 2001 in order to investigate effect of overvoltage on LV side arrester of distribution transformer. The research team consisted of three organizations: The Power System Engineering Research Center, Dhurakijpundit University; The Research Division, Provincial Electricity Authority; The Surge Protection Division, Precise Electric Co.,Ltd. The study was divided in two steps: first to investigate the overvoltage behavior of LV side distribution transformer, the study was carried out by simulation, Lab test and field test. Second, to find performance of LV surge arrester affecting on Overvoltages. The Lab. test was carried out at HV Laboratory, Chulalongkorn University on 28-29 Jan 2002. The field test was carried out in Precise Co.,Ltd on 24 March 2002. PSCAD/EMTDC version of EMTP has been used for simulation. Laboratory test results confirmed that the modelings of equipment proper are correct for simulation. Field test and simulation results confirmed that switching and temporary overvoltages exist in the PEA distribution network. Results also indicated that the ZnO gapless and SiC with gap arrester are effective to clamp and damp the overvolatge. Many methods have been investigated to reduce the overvoltage. Based on the study, the recommendations for the present and future have been made.

1 INTRODUTION
The overvoltage has been a long-standing concern of distribution engineers. The effect of overvoltage on LV side arrester of distribution transformer from various source have been investigated. However, it has still been investigated in recent years. This may be in recent years the distribution network has been developed in many developing countries. The economics and thus the reliability of distribution network are getting more and

2 FUNDAMENTALS
Overvoltages on HV side of distribution transformer are dangerous for HV equipment. These overvoltages can transfer to LV side of transformer and serious for home applicances if no protection device. Overvoltages in a power system can generally be classified into two main types: 1. External overvoltages: Generated by atmospheric disturbances, lightning is the most common and most severe.

2. Internal overvoltages: Generated by change in the operations of the network. Internal overvoltages can be divided into (a) switching overvoltage and (b) temporary overvoltage.

1. 2. 3.

Broken neutral point Ferroresonance Line to ground fault

3 LABORATORY TEST
The objectives of this Lab Test is to confirm lightning overvoltage in distribution network when lightning stroke hit the primary side of transformers and transfer to secondary side, and to find the factor can mitigate the overvoltage. A circuit diagram of lab test is as following.

Figure 1. The relative time, and per unit overvoltage magnitude normally expected on power system.[7]

2.1 Lightning Overvoltages


Overvoltages due to lightning in LV distribution networks can be classified as follows A. Transferred overvoltages B. Induced overvoltages C. Direct stroke overvoltage

a)

Figure 2. A diagram of the studied system and the possible origins of the lightning overvoltages according to the classification above.[6]

2.2 Switching Overvoltage


Switching overvoltage magnitudes depend on system voltage and their shape depends on system impedance. Their voltage rise is less steep and their duration is longer than lightning surge. Switching surges can occur when almost anything that is switched in or out of the power system. In distribution system, capacitor switching is of most concern when discussing switching surges. b) Figure 3. Circuit Diagram and Waveform of Lab. Test In Fig. 3 a) The voltage impulse 1.2/50 sec (85.5 kV) direct strike on primary side of transformer without HV arrester and without LV arrester b) Oscillogram of Impulse Waveform. Either the impulse voltage surge (1.2/50sec) or impulse current surge (8/20 sec) can represent the lightning surge. However, to avoid the transformer damage, the impulse voltage surge was used in the Lab. test. Meanwhile, the magnitude of the voltage surge is set to be the appropriate value, which does not damage the transformer and should be higher the arrester protection level to allow the arrester to operate. In Fig. 4 a) The voltage impulse 1.2/50 sec (85.5 kV) direct strike on primary side of transformer with HV arrester and without LV arrester b) Oscillogram result. Figure 3 and 4 conformed the simulation modelings. Fig. 5 shows that both type of arrester can reduce overvoltage to about 3.0 3.5 kV that transferred from

2.3 Temporary overvoltages


Temporary overvoltage has two dimension, magnitude and time. There are many causes to generate the temporary overvoltage, for example line to ground faults, ferroresonance and etc. Temporary overvoltages differ from transient switching overvoltages in that they last for longer durations, typically from few cycles to few seconds. Fundamental frequency overvoltages that exceed arrester temporary overvoltage (TOV) limits can result in arrester thermal breakdown. Though arresters can fail in these cases, they will still provide proper overvoltage protection. Some of the most important events leading to the generation of temporary overvoltage are below.

primary side to secondary side. Table 1 is the summary of Lab. test.

a)

5 c) Figure 5. a) The voltage impulse 1.2/50 sec (85.5 kV) direct strike on primary side of transformer with HV arrester and with LV arrester and b) Oscillogram of waveform (SiC) c) Oscillogram of waveform (ZnO) Voltage response of ZnO arrester shown in Fig. 5c) oscillated with damping resulting from the nonsmoothing input voltage as shown in Fig. 4b).

4 FIELD-TEST
The objective of this field test is to confirm switching overvoltage in distribution. When lightning stroke hit the primary side of transformers and transfer to secondary side, and to find the factor can mitigate the overvoltage. The circuit diagrams of field-test as following.

b) Figure 4. Voltage Test and Waveform of Lab Test Table 1 HVC (kV) LVC(kV) Description 85.5 14.8 without HV arrester and without LV arrester 59.6 12.7 with HV arrester and without LV arrester 59.6 3.0 to 3.5 with HV arrester and with LV arrester (SiC and ZnO)

Figure 6. Circuit diagram of the field test

Summary
1. 5 a) 2. In case of Energization without capacitor bank the voltage in the secondary side (spike voltage) is higher ( ~ 4 p.u), than that from energization with capacitor lower (~2 p.u.). Magnitude of spike voltage can reach 3 p.u. on primary side and 4 p.u. on secondary side of transformer. In the field test in case De-energizations with capacitor bank, ferroresonance phenomena occured and the amplitude was around 2 p.u. in both side of transformer. In case when De-energization with capacitor bank the overvoltage occurred since SiC arrester did not response for this overvoltage level since it is lower than spark overvoltage but ZnO arrester could reduce overvoltage level.

3.

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5 b)

5. SIMULATION 5.1 Case of PEA Regulation on the installation of LV Arrester


Surge arrester installation and secondary neutral grounding standard has been published in 1976. Nowadays the increasing volume of electronic systems that even the protective devices have been used, but the lightning surge can still damage electronic systems. Use of transient overvoltage protectors provide means of solving this problem. A customer solution to reduce magnitude of the overvoltage at the LV winding, LV arrester installation is effective for this problem. Goals of this section are to investigate and estimate performance PEA regulation. Conforming to PEA regulation, the lightning arrester installation are as following: [14] 1. At transformer station 2. At the end of lines and of long branch line, when line length exceeding 200m. 3. At distribution lines where the distance between the lightning arresters shall not exceed 1,000 m, and in areas of high isokeraunic level.

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5.1.1 Modeling
Frequency dependent model has been used to simulate the lightning phenomena. 7.

Apply surge arrester both primary and secondary side at the main transformer. The most importance location for install surge arrester is transformer station, primary and secondary side. Any other location on the LV line it is important also but not severe than at transformer station. In case of impulse surge current 30 kA and ground rod 5 with LV ZnO arrester, ZnO arresters are effective in LV protection (less than 4 kV). Comparing with same condition but no arrester install voltage can reach ~19 kV. The use of surge arresters can substantially improve the lightning performance of distribution lines. The number and location of arresters installed on the line depends on many factors: desired improvements, line construction, arrester characteristics, etc. Simulation results show that PEA regulation is useful to protect LV distribution network from lightning strike on HV side of transformer. Simulation results show that LV arrester is needed to install on LV distribution systems conformed to by PEA reguration. Simulation results show that the resistance of ground rod effected the overvoltage. Resistance of ground rod should be decreased to lowest values. Simulation results show that test with impulse current 8/20 sec, current magnitude around 30 90 kA, resistance of ground vary from 5, 25 and 50 , the current magnitudes flow through LV ZnO arrester were lower than 2.5 kA.

5.2 Impact of Overvoltage when the neutral point of Secondary winding floated
A 4-wire multigrounded system, which is far different from the most popular, means that substation is grounded and the fourth wire, the neutral wire, is carried along with the phase wire and grounded periodically. In PEA, neutral wire must be grounded at least five times per kilometer, otherwise it must be grounded at every pole. Sometimes the transformer is grounded through impedance in an effort to limit short circuit levels.

5.2.1 Modeling
This phenomenon can be arranging in-group II slow front surges, frequency range between 50/60 Hz to 20 kHz representation mainly for switching overvoltages. [8]

5.2.2 Simulation Results


The conclusions from the simulation results are as follows: 1. The grounded resistance effects the voltage level significantly. Lower ground resistance effects the lower overvoltage when neutral lines broken. 2. Magnitude of voltage between neutral and earth ground was increasing depend on the direct resistance of ground rod at neutral line broken. 3. In case of neural line broken at transformer, overvoltage can reach 332.57 V.

Figure 7. circuit diagram of simulation circuit

5.1.2 Simulation Results


The highest values of overvoltage occurred at the case of without arrester. Proper application of arrester in low voltage distribution system may require all or a combination of the following

4. 5.

6.

7.

In case of neural line broken at between tower 3 and tower 4, overvoltage can reach 310.43 V. Ground rod resistance should be as low as possible because simulation results give overvoltage lowest. If some area can not provide lower ground resistance, balance load could solve this problem. Suggestion by PEA regulation on LV arrester installation. LV ZnO arrester rated can be selected from 250 500 V. In order to obtain an accurate estimation of arrester rated voltage, it is necessary to take into account other factors such as ground wire size, ground rod spacing, fault resistance, earth resistivity, system impedance and arrester temporary overvoltage capability. LV SiC arrester can not operate with this overvoltage level that occurred from neutral point floated phenomena.

5.3.2 Simulation Results


The conclusions from the simulation results are as follows: 1. The grounded resistance effects on overvoltage level in LV side and current flow via earth ground path, voltage between N-G. 2. Single line to ground fault is the most dangerous when it occurred at point close to substation. 3. Lower Ground rod resistance, will give lower values of overvoltage also. For protecting this fault, it should separate between HV ground and LV ground about 20 meter (PEA regulation). 4. PEA regulation design for LV arrester rated is 250 500 V. By this rated values it can effect overvoltage that occurred on LV distribution systems. Many parameters can cause damage at LV arresters. That is depending on fault time, fault current, fault voltage and temporary overvoltage (TOV) capabilities.

Figure 8. circuit diagram of simulation circuit Figure 9. circuit diagram of simulation circuit

5.3 Impact of overvoltage when the line to ground fault occurred at HV side
The single line to ground fault, the most common type of fault, is caused by lightning or by conductors making contact with grounded structures. Temporary overvoltage at 50 Hz on low voltage distribution systems can occur when an HV fault occurs. This is overvoltage with 50 Hz and a duration exceeds a few periods.

6. CONCLUSION
After theoretical study, Lab test, field test and many simulations the conclusions from the research results can be drawn as followings. 1. Both type of arrester ZnO and SiC can reduce overvoltage (test with Voltage Impulse 1.2/50 sec) to about 3 4 kV that transfer from primary side to secondary side. 2. In case of De-energization with capacitor bank can cause overvoltage. SiC arrester did not affect this overvoltage but ZnO arrester can reduce this overvoltage.

5.3.1 Modeling
This phenomenan can be arranged in-group II, slow front surges, frequency range between 50/60 Hz to 20 kHz representation mainly for switching overvoltages [8].

3.

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The PEA reguration is proper for protect LV side arrester of distribution transformer from lightning strike on HV side of transformer. Apply both primary and secondary surge arrester at the main transformer. The most importanct location for surge arrester installation is at transformer station, primary and secondary side. The resistance of ground rod effected the overvoltage. The resistance of ground rod should decrease to the lowest values. Suggestion by PEA regulation on LV arrester installation, LV ZnO arrester rated can select from 250 500 V. In order to obtain an accurate estimation of arrester voltage rated, it is necessary to take into account factors such as ground wire size, ground rod spacing, fault resistance, earth resistivity, system impedance and arrester temporary overvoltage capability. Further research on LV distribution is needed to improve performance of LV distribution systems such as induced voltage when lightning strike to ground near LV distribution line.

10. Cun Yi Yu, at-el. Ferroresonance Overvoltages and its Mitigation in PEA Distribution Network. IPEC2001. 11. IEEE Working Group 3.4.11. Modeling of Metal Oxide Surge Arresters. IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery. Vol. 7, No.1, 1992. 12. J. Bak-Jensen, B. Bak-Jensen, S.D. Mikkelsen, and C.G. Jensen. Parametric Identification In Potential Transformer Modelling. IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery. Vol. 7, No 1, 1992 13. S.M. Islam, K.M.Coates and G. Ledwich. Identification of High Frequency Transformer Equivalent Circuit Using MATLAB From Frequency Domain Data. IEEE Industry Application 1997. 14. PEA Reguration on installation of LV arrester ,1976.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Research Team consists of the Dhurakijpundit University (DPU), the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) and Presice Electric Co.,Ltd. All team members would like to express their sincere appreciation to the people who made contributions to the research work, particularly, to Mr.Montri rakraruk, power system research center (DPU) for his help in laboratory testing and all member in Chulalongkorn High-voltage Laboratory for their help.

REFERENCE
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