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sg GCE O Level Oct/Nov 2008 8 Biology 5 5094/5100 0 Paper 1 S Suggested d Answers s

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ngs/Remar rks Workin

Xylem ve essel is a hollo ow tube (absenc ce of protoplas sm) to allow fo or ease of transp port of water and disso olved mineral salts. s 4 riboso ome on rough endoplasmic re eticulum is the e site for protein synthesis 1 protein products (su uch as enzyme) ) released from m secretory vesicle (2), which h pinches off mbrane of golg gi bodies (3) whose w purpose are a to modify and a store chem mical products from mem produced d in the cell, an nd to secrete the ese outside the e cell. Active tra ansport is a pro ocess by which h substances ar re transported f from a region of o lower concentra ation to a regio on of higher co oncentration, with w the expenditure of energy y.

Therefore e, to absorb sub bstance by acti ive transport, concentration c in nside cell has to t be greater than that outside cell. The great test difference in concentratio on would require the most en nergy. For blood d to be pumped d by the heart, water must be incompressibl le so that it cou uld circulate around th he body. Fat (lipid d) is made up of o one glycerol and three fatty y acids molecu ules. Digestion n of protein (e.g. egg-white) t takes place in the t stomach, an n acidic enviro onment due to presence of HCl, by the e action of enzy yme protease. Therefore, T this s implies that optimum o e is about that of o HCl. working pH of protease Lacteal absorbs a fatty ac cids and glycer rol. Hepatic portal p vein is th he blood vessel that drains bl lood from digestive system. It therefore contains all the nutrient ts (such as gluc cose) that have e been absorbed d from the sma all intestine. v is the bloo od vessel that d drains blood fro om liver, which h would have taken t up Hepatic vein glucose from f the blood supply for its cellular energy y production.

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D B C C C

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B D B A B

Palisade mesophyll (B) ) layer contains s the most num mber of chlorop plast because it is the layer of f cell in the e leaf that is cl losest to the sun nlight. Phloem m (D) transports s sugar in the form f of sucrose, but b not starch. Enzyme works w best at optimum o tempe erature. Low te emperature ina activates enzym me while high temperatu ure denatures enzyme. e There efore, rate of re eaction is low a at low temperat ture, highest at t optimum m temperature, and a zero at hig gh temperature. . Transpira ation is the loss s of water vapo our from the in nternal tissues in i plant throug gh the stomata (in leaves s) and lenticels s (in stem). Water va apour moves th hrough stomata a via diffusion. Compani ion cells functi ioned to produc ce ATP (by hav ving a large nu umber of mitoc chondria) to provide energy e for activ ve transport of f food substances in phloem sieve s tube cells s. As tempe erature increase es, rate of wate er vapour loss increase, carry ying latent heat t away to cool plant dow wn. As air ge ets drier (lower r water potentia al), water vapour in the leaves (higher water r potential) diffuses out o at a faster rate. r

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Coronary y arteries carry blood to cardi iac (heart) mus scle, supplying cardiac cells with w oxygen and disso olved nutrients. If blood flow w is partially blo ocked, the cells s could not pro oduce sufficient t ATPs (due to o the lack of ox xygen and disso olved nutrients s) and therefore e the heart muscle co ould not work properly (coro onary heart dise ease).

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Group B contains anti-A A antibody, wh hich would atta ack type A anti igen as a foreig gn substance in the bod dy.

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Group O contains anti-A A and anti-B a antibodies, which would attac ck type A and B antigens as foreign su ubstances in th he body. *Antigen n maybe protein n, carbohydrat te etc molecule e found on the s surface of red blood b cell, character rizing the blood d type. (i.e. Group B contains s type B antige en) At W, as pressure in lef ft ventricle incr reases due to contraction c of left ventricle, bicuspid b valve closes to prevent backfl flow of blood in nto left atrium from left ventr ricle.

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At X, sem mi-lunar valve opens as blood d flows into ao orta from left ventricle, increa asing pressure in aorta. mi-lunar valve closes as left v ventricle starts to relax (as ind dicated by decr reasing At Y, sem pressure in left ventricle) to prevent backflow b of blo ood into left ve entricle from ao orta. t ventricle is re elaxed (low pre essure), causing g the blood to flow f from left atrium At Z, left through the t opened bicu uspid valve.

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C B A C C

Z: Enzym me carbonic an nhydrase cataly yses this reactio on. Cell X co ontains cilia, which w sweep du ust particles tra apped in the mu ucus up the trac chea into the pharynx. Diaphrag gm muscle contracts causing the diaphragm m to flatten and move downwa ards. This increases s volume of tho oracic cavity an nd decreases th he pressure in t the lungs. Air flows f into the lungs. Excretion n is the remova al of metabolic c waste product ts from the bod dy. Carbon dioxide is the metabolic c waste produc ced by respirati ion reaction in cells. Dialysis fluid flowing in should not co ontain urea so that urea from m patients bloo od would ut down the co oncentration gr radient, thus rem moving waste product from patients p diffuse ou blood. Homeost tatic control inv volves a recept tor which detec cts the change against the nor rm and an effector which w brings ab bout a correcti ive measure, en nsuring the con nditions remain n favourable.

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Water co ontent in ileum is dependent o on the volume of water intake e. pH in duo odenum is kep pt relatively con nstant by mixtu ure of acidic ch hyme from stom mach and alkaline intestinal i juice.

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A B
Ciliary muscles m contrac ct, reducing the e tension in the e suspensory lig gament and cau using the lens to becom me more convex x. Iris radia al muscles relax x and circular m muscles contra act, reducing th he size of pupil l. This prevents too much light t from entering g the eyes in ve ery bright light t condition, pro otecting the sitive retina fro om damage by strong light. light-sens Dorsal ro oot ganglion is characterized structure of sen nsory neurons. . Relay neu uron is found in i grey matter of o spinal cord. Kidney is s an osmoregul latory and excr retory organ. Pollen gr rains (male gam metes) are foun nd in anther (1) ) and eggs (fem male gametes) are a found in ovule (4) ). Anthers must m be held ou utside of flowe er so that polle en grains could be easily carri ied away in the air wh hen wind blow ws. Light pol llen grains cou uld be easily blo own away and travelled a fur rther distance away. a Gaseous exchange take es place in plac centa. One sper rm and one egg g fuse together to form a zygo ote. Cell divis sion that occur rs in growth is mitosis, which h produces genetically identic cal cells.

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D C B C B C

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Homolog gous chromoso omes are a pair of chromosom mes, one from e each parent, tha at have relatively y similar structu ures.

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Prophase e: Chromatin co ondenses and b becomes visibl le as chromoso omes under the light microsco ope. Telophas se: Chromatids arrive at oppo osite poles of ce ell and new me embranes form m around the daughter nuclei. The ch hromosomes di isperse and are no longer visi ible under the light l microsco ope.

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Gamete contains c a hapl loid set of chro omosomes.

Prophase e I of meiotic division d i) Bivalent formatio on two homo ologous chromosomes paired d up Ch hiasmata forma ation non-sist ter chromatids of homologou us chromosome es twist around d eac ch other makin ng contact at se everal points (c chiasmata) alon ng their length. Ge enetic crossing g over the bre eakage and rejo oining between n the two non-s sister chr romatids at the e chiasmata, resulting in exch hange of geneti ic material

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ii) iii)

Metaphas se I of meiotic division orie entation of each homologous pair of chromo osomes on the equatoria al plate of spind dle is independ dent of other pa airs. (i.e. there is independent t assortment of matern nal and paterna al chromosome es into daughte er cells) Fertilizat tion fusion of f sperm and eg gg is a random process p

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B B

Restrictio on enzyme cuts s DNA molecu ule at the restriction site into fragments. f Dominan nt allele only means m the trait i it encodes is ex xpressed in phe enotype when two t different alleles ar re present in the e same cell.

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Recessive allele only means m the trait i it encodes is no ot expressed in n the phenotype e when two different alleles are present in the sam me cell. There is only o one type of o allele (IA) pr resent in blood d group A homozygote. This will w be passed on to the offspring. ant, while IO is recessive. r IA and IB are co-domina

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Blood gro oup and gende er are fixed at b birth. They do not n change ove er time due to variation v in environm mental factors. Natural selection: s Nature selects those e organisms, which w are better r adapted to the e environment to continu ue in its surviv val and reprodu uction.

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2- Those organisms tha at could not ada apt to changing g environment died before the ey reach . maturity. 3- Organ nisms that survi ived reproduce e and pass on th he favorable ge enes to their of ffspring. 4- Differe ent organisms possess differe ent genes, and therefore diffe erent adaptation ns. 6- Surviv val of the fittest. If flowers were not poll linated, fertiliz zation would no ot take place. Therefore, T ovar ry would not be develo oped into fruit. Bats wou uld be most aff fected as fruit is its only food source. The trans sfer of energy from f one troph hic level to the next decreases s due to the los ss in energy as heat, was ste etc. Therefore e, an organism m from successi ive trophic leve el has to feed o on a large numb ber of organism ms from previou us trophic level to achieve su ufficient energy y.

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